1、.,1,如何確定英語語篇模式?,劉力,.,2,什么是語篇呢？,“它可以是一個(gè)詞它可以是一個(gè)詞組或短語它可以是一個(gè)小句它可以是一幅對聯(lián)、一首小詩、一篇散文、一則日記、一部小說（三部曲或其中的章節(jié)）；它也可以是一句口號(hào)、一支歌曲、一次對話、一場口角、一次長達(dá)兩三個(gè)小時(shí)的講演” Roughly speaking, it refers to attempts to study the organization of language above the sentence or above the clause, and therefore to study larger linguistic unit

2、s, such as conversational exchanges or written texts. Linguistic communication always appears in textual form.,.,3,英語語篇的模式,英語中有多種語篇模式，常見的模式是： 問題解決 一般特殊 主張反應(yīng) 提問回答,.,4,問題解決模式的宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)一般由情景（situation）、問題（problem）、反應(yīng)（response）、評(píng)價(jià)（evaluation)或結(jié)果（result）四部分組成。,Situation (optional),Aspect of situation requirin

3、g a response (i.e. Problem),Response,Positive Evaluation,Positive result,Positive Result/ evaluation combined in a single statement,Basis (optional),positive Evaluation (optional),Most people like to take a camera with them when they travel abroad. But all airports nowadays have X-ray security scree

4、ning and X rays can damage film. One solution to this problem is to purchase a specially designed lead-lined pouch. These are cheap and can protect film from all but the strongest X rays.,問題解決模式是英語中極為常見的語篇模式，經(jīng)常用于 說明文、廣告、科技文章、實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告、新聞報(bào)道以及故事、 小說等文學(xué)作品中。,.,5,一般特殊模式又可稱作概括具體模式，其宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)由三個(gè)成分組成：概括陳述、具體陳述和總結(jié)陳述。其

5、表現(xiàn)形式有兩種：先概括再舉例；先整體后細(xì)節(jié)。,General statement,Specific statement 1,Specific statement 2,Specific statement 3,General statement,General statement,Specific statement,Even more specific,Even more specific,General statement,Knowledge often results only after persistent investigation. Albert Einstein, after a

6、 lengthy examination of the characteristics of matter and energy, formulated his famous Theory of Relativity, which now acts as a basis for further research in nuclear physics. Using plaster casts of footprints, fingerprints, and stray stands of hair, a detective pertinaciously pursues the criminal.

7、 After years of work, Annie Jump Cannon perfected the classification of the spectra 0f some 350,000 stars. Investigations into the causes of polio have provided us with the means for prevention and cure of this dreaded disease only after many years of research. As students, we too are determined in

8、our investigation to find, retain, and contribute to the store of human knowledge.,這一模式在宣傳材料、自然科學(xué)、社會(huì)科學(xué)的論說文 中，在文學(xué)作品、百科全書中很常見。,.,6,主張反應(yīng)模式也叫做主張反主張模式（claimresponse/counterclaim pattern)。其宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)包括“情景”，“主張”, “反應(yīng)”三部分。,Situation,Claim,Reason for claim,Denial or negative evaluation of claim,Correction,Reason f

9、or correction,Affirm,Reason for affirm,Reason for denial,I have in my possession a copy of a press release from Sir Aaron Klug, the president of the Royal Society dated April 1996a month after it was officially admitted that BSE was probably the cause of the new variant CJD. In it he stated that “th

10、e sheep from the disease, called Scrapie, is known not to infect humans.” we know no such thing. What we know is that we do not know whether Scrapie can infect humans and cause CJD, a very different matter.,這一模式的詞匯標(biāo)志包括：提出主張的詞匯有：assertion, assumption, Belief, claim, conclusion, expect, guess, illustr

11、ation, speculation, Suggestion, theory, think等；在反應(yīng)部分，標(biāo)志詞匯有：affirm, agree, Confirm, concur, evidence, fact, know, real; contradict, challenge, Correct, deny, dismiss, disagree, mistake, object to, not true等。,.,7,提問回答模式一般是在語篇的開頭提出一個(gè)問題，然后語篇的展開主要是尋求對所提問題的令人滿意的回答。其宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)是情景、提問、回答與肯定或否定評(píng)價(jià)。情景可有可無，若對回答是否定評(píng)價(jià)，則

12、預(yù)示著模式的循環(huán)，直到令人滿意的回答。,(Situation),Question,Answer,Positive evaluation,Rejection,與問題解決模式不同的地方在于：提問-回答模式通常在 語篇開頭有顯性的帶有疑問號(hào)的疑問句；二是這種模式的動(dòng) 機(jī)是尋求一個(gè)令人滿意的回答；三是提問回答模式是匹配 -比較型，而不是序列型，模式主要是通過重復(fù)法獲得信號(hào) 標(biāo)志，提問與回答之間沒有邏輯順序關(guān)系。 提問回答模式經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在演說、政論、說教、報(bào)道等語篇中。,.,8,Hartwell ,.,11,4）原因結(jié)果型： 其常用語篇指示詞有：as a result, consequently, thu

13、s, because, according to, therefore, since, for, so, hence等。,.,12,幾種思維模式的圖式,Example 對照式結(jié)構(gòu)(結(jié)構(gòu)形式上是一正一反)。,1. 考查對文章整體結(jié)構(gòu)的把握；,文章絕不是互不相干的句子雜亂無章的堆砌。理清文章脈絡(luò)，把握語篇實(shí)質(zhì)。這就要求學(xué)生不但要理解文章的細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容，還要把握文章的整體結(jié)構(gòu)和行文脈絡(luò)，即句與句，段與段之間的邏輯關(guān)系，切忌只注重詞和句的理解而忽視對語篇結(jié)構(gòu)的分析。,.,19,(2)了解文章的論證方法。從論證方法上 講，常見的議論文結(jié)構(gòu)有以下兩類： Put forward a question Analy

14、ze the question Solve the question (提出問題分析問題解決問題); Argument/Idea Evidence Conclusion/Restating the idea (由論點(diǎn)到論據(jù)到結(jié)論或者強(qiáng)調(diào)論點(diǎn))。,1. 考查對文章整體結(jié)構(gòu)的把握；,.,20,對于推測出作者接下來要敘述的事件或?qū)⒁l(fā)表的觀點(diǎn)題，同學(xué)們要在正確理解篇章內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上對文章的發(fā)展作出合理的推斷。這些推斷往往不是憑空臆斷，同學(xué)們需要重點(diǎn)依據(jù)篇章最后一段(特別是最后一句話)作出判斷。作者總會(huì)給讀者充分的證據(jù)對文章的發(fā)展進(jìn)行推測：或是說明了兩個(gè)對象中的一個(gè)；或是只講了區(qū)別，沒講聯(lián)系；或是只給出

15、了理論解釋，而缺少事例的證明。,2. 考查根據(jù)現(xiàn)有文章預(yù)測后文內(nèi)容的能力,.,21,了解文章的修辭手法。從修辭手法上講，在高考閱讀中主要考查下定義、分類說明、列舉例證和對比等寫作手法。其中，“引用”和“例證”是議論文和說明文中最常用的寫作手法，是歷年高考閱讀試題中必不可缺的命題方向?！耙谩焙汀袄C”的共同目的就是增強(qiáng)說服力，以更好地達(dá)到說理和說明的目的。“引用”和“例證”的共同功能就是服務(wù)于段落或篇章的主題。,3. 考查考生對文章寫作手法、修辭手段的鑒賞能力 。,.,22,由于題目提問方式較為單一，無非是文章或段落的發(fā)展方法，因此解題的關(guān)鍵在于找出文章或段落中表示層次發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵詞如記敘文以人

16、物為中心，以時(shí)間或空間為線索，按事件的發(fā)生、發(fā)展、結(jié)局展開故事；論述文則包含論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)、論證三大要素，通過解釋、舉例來闡述觀點(diǎn)。可根據(jù)文章的特點(diǎn)，詳讀細(xì)節(jié)，以動(dòng)詞、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、事件、因果等為線索，找出關(guān)鍵詞語，在大腦中勾畫出一幅完整清晰的文章主題和細(xì)節(jié)的認(rèn)知圖。,Attention,.,23,2013重慶卷節(jié)選 In the mid1700s, a Frenchman came up with a new design of roada base layer(層) of large stones covered with a thin layer of smaller stones. A Sc

17、otsman improved on this design in the 1820s and a strong, lasting road surface became a reality. At around the same time, metal hubs(the central part of a wheel) came into being,真題再現(xiàn),.,24,followed by the pneumatic tyre(充氣輪胎) in 1846. Alloy wheels were invented in 1967, sixty years after the appearan

18、ce of tarmacked roads(柏油路). As wheel design took off, vehicles got faster and faster.,.,25,66. How is the last paragraph mainly developed? A. By giving examples. B. By making comparisons. C. By following time order. D. By making classifications. 解析 C篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題。該段看似舉例，但這些例子均是按時(shí)間順序由遠(yuǎn)及近敘述的。,.,26,2013重慶卷節(jié)選 I

19、t is easy to imagine the Atlantic trying to draw breathperhaps not so noticeably out in midocean, but where it meets land, its waters bathing up and down a sandy beach.It mimics(模仿) nearly perfectly the steady breathing of a living creature. It is filled with symbiotic existences, too;,.,27,unimagin

20、able quantities of creatures, little and large alike, mix within its depths in a kind of oceanic harmony, giving to the waters a feeling of heartbeat, a kind of subocean vitality. And it has apsychology. It has personalities: sometimes peaceful and pleasant, on rare occasions rough and wild; always

21、it is strong and striking.,.,28,71. In the last paragraph, the Atlantic is compared to _ A. a beautiful and poetic place B. a flesh and blood person C. a wonderful world D. a lovely animal,解析 B寫作方法題。該文通過詩詞和擬人化的描寫把大西洋比作有血有肉的人。,.,29,2013陜西卷節(jié)選 According to sociologists(社會(huì)學(xué)家), every modern industrial so

22、ciety has some form of social stratification(階層). Class, power and status are important in deciding peoples rank in society. Class means a persons economic position in society. A commonly used classification is lower class, middle class and upper class.,.,30,While sociologists disagree on how these

23、terms should be exactly defined, they do describe societies like the United States quite well. One study shows that 53% of Americans belong to the lower class, 46% the middle class, and 1% the upper class. Interestingly, a surgeon earning $ 500,000 a year and a bus driver earning $ 50,000 a year bot

24、h regard themselves as the middle class!,.,31,Power refers to the amount of control a person has over other people. Obviously, people in positions of great power (such as governors) exercise(行使) big power, but people who take orders from others have less power. Power and class do not always go hand in hand, however. For example, the governor of a state has great power