1、Discovering useful words and expressionsEx. 11. victim2. physician3. analyse4. defeat5. challenge6. enquiry 7. pump8. blame9. absorb10. link toEx. 2 Simon Lee was a famous footballer but his career came to an end when he developed a _ illness. His doctor _ that Simon had been _ to a new virus. All a

2、ttempts by the _ to _ him failed. Simon _ that he would not get better and _ that he must leave football. Finally, he _ that he would make a new career coaching young football players. At his last match all his fans _ and praised him by singing the popular song “Thanks for the memory”.severesuspecte

3、dexposedexpertscureforesawconcludedannouncedattendedEx. 3to suggestto decideto planto contributeto speakto be noisyto changeto describeto investigatemake a suggestionmake a planmake a speechmake a changemake an investigatemake a decisionmake a conclusionmake a noisemake a descriptionDiscovering usef

4、ul structuresEx. 11. helping ordinary people exposed to cholera. (attributive)2. He immediately told the astonished people (attributive)3. He became interested in two theories. (predicative)4. Neither its cause, nor its cure was understood. (predicative)Ex. 2Past Participle as the Attribute (1)Past

5、Participle as the Attribute (2)1. terrified people1. people terrified of (cholera)2. reserved seats2.3. polluted water3.4. a crowded room4.5. a pleased winner5.6.6. children astonished at / by7.7. a vase broken by8.8. a door closed by 9.9. the audience tired of 10.10. an animal trapped in / by aston

6、ished childrena broken vasea closed doorthe tired audiencea trapped animalseats reserved by water polluted by a room crowded with a winner pleased with Ex. 31. He got _ about losing the money.2. The painter looked so _ after working for a whole day.3. I was _ with the film I saw last night. I had ex

7、pected it to be better.4. Everybody was _ to hear of the death of the famous film star.5. Everybody is really _ about the new Olympic stadiums.6. His wound became _ with a new virus.blamed / upsettireddisappointedshocked / depressedexcitedinfectedThe Past Participle (1) as the Attribute and Predicat

8、ive Unit 1 Grammar在必修4中, 我們已經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)了非謂語動(dòng)詞的-ing形式，在本冊書中我們將學(xué)習(xí)非謂語動(dòng)詞的另一種形式過去分詞我們將在本冊書的前三個(gè)單元講解過去分詞。本單元我們先學(xué)習(xí)過去分詞作定語和表語。 a lighted candle一支點(diǎn)燃的蠟燭a used stamp一枚用過的郵票Translationa broken coin一枚破損的硬幣一名退休教師a retired teacheran injured finger一個(gè)受傷的手指一個(gè)醉漢a drunken man基本形式和意義過去分詞是動(dòng)詞的一種非限定形式。過去分詞兼有動(dòng)詞、副詞和形容詞的特征，可以帶補(bǔ)語或受狀語修飾

9、。過去分詞和補(bǔ)語或狀語一起構(gòu)成過去分詞短語。過去分詞的基本形式是“動(dòng)詞+-ed”+-ed”，但也有不規(guī)則的形式。The Past Participle- Look at the excited boy! Why is he so happy?- He has got the first prize in the contest.- No wonder he is excited!Look at the dialogue and find the use of the past participle.Past Participle as the AttributeExample: So many

10、 thousands of terrified people died. Now find two more examples in the reading passage.1. But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.2. With this evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the disease.1. 分詞可以用作前置定語，

11、此時(shí)分詞和名詞之間有兩種語意關(guān)系：一種是分詞表示主動(dòng)（但時(shí)間上已經(jīng)過去）；一種是分詞表被動(dòng)。 過去分詞作定語Eg a lost necklace 一條丟失的項(xiàng)鏈 A 單個(gè)的過去分詞作定語時(shí)一般兼有被 動(dòng)和完成的意義，常作前置定語。 注意：及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞作定語時(shí)，有被動(dòng)意義和完成的意義。 e.g.：stolen car 被盜的轎車 polluted water 污染了的水a(chǎn) fallen leaves 一片落葉 the risen sun 升起來的太陽the advanced countries 發(fā)達(dá)國家 a retired teacher 一名退休教師by-gone days 過去的歲月表

12、示位移或狀態(tài)改變的不及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞只有完成的意義。e.g. How I regretted the hours wasted in the woods! 我多懊悔在樹林浪費(fèi)的時(shí)光啊! I like wearing clothes made of this kind of cloth 我喜歡穿這種布料做的衣服。B 過去分詞作后置定語，表示被動(dòng)和完成意義。e.g. The books written by Lu Xun are popular 魯迅寫的書很受歡迎。 Well go to visit the bridge built hundreds of years ago 我們要去看那座建于

13、幾百年前的橋。1. He told us of the great wrong done to him.= He told us of the great wrong _ to him. which had been done注：本句中的過去分詞作定語， 既表被動(dòng)又表完成。Change the following past participles into clauses.2. The United States is a developed country. = The United States is a country _.which has developed注: :本句中的過去分詞作

14、定語，只表示 完成。3. Have you noticed the bridge being built there? = Have you noticed the bridge _ there?which is being built注: :本句中的過去分詞作定語，表示被 動(dòng)的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。過去分詞短語有時(shí)亦可用作非限制性定語，前后常有逗號。 Some of them, born and brought up in rural villages, had never seen a train. 他們當(dāng)中有一些人, 生長在農(nóng)村，從未見過火車。用來修飾人的過去分詞有時(shí)可以轉(zhuǎn)移到修飾非人的事物，變

15、成所謂的轉(zhuǎn)移形容語。這種過去分詞在形式上不直接修飾人，但它所修飾的事物仍與人直接有關(guān)。The general stared at him in startled admiration.將軍以驚訝而贊賞的眼光注視著他。Attentioneg. We asked two of Chinas many talented journalists to tell us more about news. I want to write about people addicted to drugs.過去分詞短語用作定語時(shí)，一般皆置于其所修飾的名詞之后，其意義相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句，但較從句簡潔，多用于筆語中。T

16、rucks and buses were driven on gas carried in large bags on the roof.卡車與公共汽車皆燒煤氣，煤氣是裝在車頂上的袋中。我們已經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)了動(dòng)詞-ing形式作定語, 這里就有一個(gè)問題了, 動(dòng)詞-ed形式作定語和動(dòng)詞-ing形式作定語有什么區(qū)別呢？接下來我們就談?wù)勊鼈兊膮^(qū)別。1 1）語態(tài)不同）語態(tài)不同-ing表主動(dòng)、進(jìn)行；表主動(dòng)、進(jìn)行；-ed表被動(dòng)、完成表被動(dòng)、完成-ed 作定語與-ing 作定語的區(qū)別：an inspiring speech 鼓舞人心的演說the inspired audience 受鼓舞的聽眾the falling

17、leaves 落葉（正往下落的)the fallen leaves 落葉（已落到地面的)the changing worldthe changed world（正在變化的）（變化了的）boiling waterboiled water（正在沸騰的) )（已經(jīng)沸騰過的）fading flowers faded flowers( (正在凋謝的) )（已經(jīng)凋謝的）a developing countrya developed country( (發(fā)展中的) )（發(fā)達(dá)的） 2）時(shí)間關(guān)系不同）時(shí)間關(guān)系不同-ing 表表“正在正在 進(jìn)行進(jìn)行”或或“與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)進(jìn)進(jìn)行行”或或“經(jīng)常性經(jīng)常性”

18、。-ed 表動(dòng)作先于謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作。表動(dòng)作先于謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作。Do you know the boy lying under the bigtree? “Cant you read?”Mary said, angrilypointing to the notice.The woman selling vegetables has gone. 3）及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式都可表示被動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)式都可表示被動(dòng), , 但但-ed表示表示一個(gè)完成了的動(dòng)作一個(gè)完成了的動(dòng)作, , 而而being done多表多表示一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。示一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 Th

19、e problem discussed yesterday has something to do with us. The problem being discussed now has something to do with us. The building being built is our library.1. The Olympic Games, _ in 776 B. C., didnt include women until 1912. A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be playin

20、g考點(diǎn)點(diǎn)撥簡析簡析: 首先首先, 根據(jù)語法分析根據(jù)語法分析可知可知, 待選部分是一個(gè)作定待選部分是一個(gè)作定語、修飾語、修飾 The Olympic Games的后置分詞短語的后置分詞短語; 再再根據(jù)根據(jù) The Olympic Games 對對于動(dòng)詞于動(dòng)詞 play 來說只能是被來說只能是被動(dòng)承受動(dòng)承受, 且已完成且已完成 (in 776 B. C.)。因此。因此, 該題應(yīng)選該題應(yīng)選C。2. Whats the language _ in Germany? A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak 簡析: 該題應(yīng)選B。測試過去分詞作后置定語表

21、達(dá)被動(dòng), 等于定語從句 which is spoken。3. Most of the artists _ to the party were from South Africa. A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. had been invited簡析: 該題應(yīng)選A。測試過去分詞作后置定語表達(dá)被動(dòng), 等于定語從句who were invited。4. The computer centre, _ last year, is very popular among the students in this school. A. open B. o

22、pening C. having opened D. opened 簡析: 該題應(yīng)選D。測試過去分詞短語作定語放在所修飾的名詞后, 可以用非限制性定語從句“which was opened last year”代替。5. The first textbooks _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written 簡析: 該題應(yīng)選D。測試過去分詞作后置定語表達(dá)被動(dòng), 等于定語

23、從句thatwere written。 另外, 分詞作狀語時(shí), 如果其邏輯主語與整個(gè)句子的主語不一致時(shí),需要獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)或 with 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)來替代。(此時(shí), 也可把該分詞看成介詞的賓語補(bǔ)足語。)例: The murderer was brought in, with his hands _ behind his back. A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied 簡析: 很顯然, 待選部分的邏輯主語是 his hands, 而不是句子的主語 The murderer,而 his hands 對于動(dòng)詞 tie來說, 只能是被動(dòng)承受。

24、因此, 該題應(yīng)選D。 Translation work:令人恐怖的場景受了驚嚇的馬令人失望的孩子感到失望的孩子a frightening sighta frightened horsea disappointing childa disappointed childPast Participle as the PredicativeExample: But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people. Now find two more examples in the reading passage.1. 過

25、去分詞作表語，表示主語的特點(diǎn)或 所處的狀態(tài)，其前的系動(dòng)詞有包括be 在內(nèi)的多種形式。 Everyone present was very inspired at hisspeech聽了他的發(fā)言，在場的所有人都很振奮。You seem frightened.你似乎受了驚嚇。 過去分詞作表語，強(qiáng)調(diào)主語的特點(diǎn)或 所處的狀態(tài)；而被動(dòng)語態(tài)中，主語是 動(dòng)詞所表示動(dòng)作的承受者。 This shop is now closed 這家商店現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)關(guān)門了。(狀態(tài)) This shop is closed at 6 pm every day 這家商店每天下午6點(diǎn)關(guān)門。(動(dòng)作) 2. 過去分詞作表語，構(gòu)成的系表結(jié)構(gòu)

26、與被動(dòng)語態(tài)的區(qū)別：過去分詞作表語一般用來表示感受或狀態(tài)（系動(dòng)詞+ +過去分詞) ) No wonder he is excited! (predicative) 可以用作表語的常見的過去分詞有：delighted, disappointed, upset, astonished, excited, frightened, experienced, interested, qualified, puzzled, exhausted, satisfiedComplete the sentences using the past participle as the predicative.1. 丟了

27、錢他自責(zé)不已。(get, blame)He _ about losing the money.2. 你為什么總是看上很疲勞？這些日子睡 得好嗎？(look tire)Why do you always _ ? Do you sleep well these days?got blamedlook so tired3. 我對昨晚看的電影很失望。我原以為它 能好些。 I _ the film I saw last night. I had expected it to be better.4. 聽說那位明星死了，人人都很驚訝。shockEverybody _to hear the death of

28、 the famous film starwas disappointed withwas shocked5. 要去動(dòng)物園了，孩子們非常興奮。 The children _ going to the zoo6. 他的傷口感染了一種新病毒。(infect)His wound _ with a new virusare really excited aboutbecame infected 1. _ in the traffic accident _ taken to hospital. A. An injured, was B. The injured, has C. The injuring,

29、 were D. The injured, have beenChoose the best answer.2. The girl _ forward to buying a new gold watch. A. referred to look B. referred to looking C. referred to looks D. referring to looks3. From the date _ on the gold coin, we decided that it was made 500 years ago. A. marking B. marked C. to be m

30、arked D. having been marked4. Experts think that we need to eat meat because it contains vitamins and minerals _ in vegetables. A. not finding B. not to be found C. not found D. which is not found5. The business of on-line shopping so far has been _ for the sellers who are already offering their ser

31、vices. A. disappointed B. disappointing C. disappoint D. to be disappointedUnit 1Using Languagemovement backward spin enthusiastic cautious reject universen. 移動(dòng); 運(yùn)動(dòng); 動(dòng)作adv. & adj. 向后地(的)相反地(的); 退步地(的)vt. & vi. (使)旋轉(zhuǎn); 紡(線或紗)adj. 熱情的; 熱心的adj. 小心的; 謹(jǐn)慎的vt. 拒絕; 丟棄; 拋棄n. 宇宙; 世界Words preview(be) st

32、rict withmake sense對嚴(yán)格的講得通; 有意義Expressions preview神舟6號 Listening費(fèi)俊龍聶海勝被授予英雄航天員榮譽(yù)稱號 神舟6號 Who is the famous rocket expert in China?Qian Xuesen Qian Xuesen is one of the best-known scientists in China. His work has been very important for the development of China. What do you know about Qian Xuesen?1.

33、Before you listen to the tape, look at the screen and read the new words in the material : astronomer (天文學(xué)家) astronaut (宇航員) institute (研究所)2. Listen to Parts 1 and 2 of the tape for the first time and write down the main idea.A. Qian Xuesen a great Chinese scientistB. Qian Xuesen father of the Chin

34、ese space programmeC. Our dream to land on the Mars3. Now listen to Part 1 again and answer these questions.1. What did Qian Xuesen study first? He first studied to be an engineer.2. What experience did he get in America that was very useful for China? He began to work on space rockets so that he wa

35、s able to develop a space programme when he came back to China.3. What was Qian Xuesens achievement when he returned to China from America? He set up a space institute to begin training people in how to design and build rockets.4. How has he been honored in China?The father of the Chinese space prog

36、ramme5. How would Steve honor him?He would put Qian Xuesens picture on Mars4. Listen to Part 2 and fill in the chart below.Chinas achievements in spaceSteve Smiths ambitions1. astronauts in space2. satellites in pace1. become a rocket scientists2. be the first to land on MarsA GREAT CHINESE SCIENTIS

37、T Father of the Chinese space programme Yu Ping (YP) is talking to her friend Steve Smith (SS) about Qian Xuesen and his work as a rocket scientist. Part OneYP: What do you want to be when you grow up, Steve? SS: I want to be an astronomer and visit stars. I wish to visit Mars one day.YP: I think Id

38、 like to work in the space industry too. Id like to be a rocket scientist like Qian Xuesen.SS: What did he have to do to become a rocket scientist?YP: Well, he first studied at university to be an engineer. Later he went to America to study for his doctors degree. It was then he began to work on roc

39、kets.SS: So it was lucky for our space programme that he came back to China.YP: Very much so. There was no work on space rockets in China before he began his institute to design and build rockets to go into space. Part 2SS: Do you think he wanted to travel into space in one of his rockets?YP: I have

40、 no idea but I believe he looked forward to the first space flight by a Chinese astronaut.SS: Yes. Now that China has sent satellites into space. I hope well be the first to land on Mars. That would really be something special and if I were that astronaut I would put Qian Xuesens picture on Mars to

41、show how much we admire his work.YP: Indeed. He is rightly called the father of the Chinese space programme. He is my hero and he is why I want to be a rocket scientist.SS: Well, wed better get on with our homework. We need good grades to get into university.YP: Right you are. See you, then.SS: See

42、you. COPERNICUS REVOLUTIONARY THEORYReading1.Do you know what is the center of the solar system?2.Can you name the nine planets in the solar system?Warming upNine Planets In the Solar System .水星水星金星金星地球地球火星火星木星木星天王星天王星海王星海王星冥王星冥王星土星土星My Very Easy Method: Just Set Up Nine Planets.Ptolemy托勒密(公元2世紀(jì)的古希臘

43、天文學(xué)家、地理學(xué)家、數(shù)學(xué)家,地心說的創(chuàng)立者) Zhang Heng張衡Do you know any famous person in the field of space and universe?Galileo伽利略(1564-1642,意大利物理及天文學(xué)家) Copernicus哥白尼(1473-1543,波蘭天文學(xué)家,現(xiàn)代天文學(xué)創(chuàng)始人) Hubble哈勃 Stephen Hawking史蒂芬霍金Copernicus We know the first scientist is Copernicus. He was one of the first scientists to use m

44、athematical observations to collect information. He believed the sun is the center of the universe and the earth and other planets went around it. The chart on P.7 shows his theory.Pre-readingObserve the Mars from the earth in different time.1. confuse ones mind2. make sense3. in the sky4. punish sb

45、. for sth.5. suggest such an idea6. make the world7. for that reason8. move backward9. go forward in a loop10.appear bright11.go round12.think long and hard about13.find an answer14.collect observations of15.use ones knowledge to使某人心煩意亂使某人心煩意亂有道理；講得通有道理；講得通在天空中在天空中為某事懲罰某人為某事懲罰某人暗示這樣一個(gè)想法暗示這樣一個(gè)想法/主意主意

46、創(chuàng)造世界創(chuàng)造世界由于這種原因由于這種原因往后移動(dòng)往后移動(dòng)成環(huán)狀向前移動(dòng)成環(huán)狀向前移動(dòng)顯得明亮顯得明亮圍繞圍繞旋轉(zhuǎn)旋轉(zhuǎn)苦思冥想苦思冥想找到答案找到答案收集觀測到收集觀測到的數(shù)據(jù)的數(shù)據(jù)用某人的知識去做用某人的知識去做Useful expressions for readingwork onshow privately tomake change toplaceat the center ofin the movement of在在be enthusiastic for (about) sth.publish ones ideabe attacked bylie dyingreject ones t

47、heorybe against ones ideabuild on the base ofreplace the idea offall to eartha direct link betweenand 16.致力于致力于17.私下里將私下里將給給看看18.對對作出修改作出修改19.將將放在放在的中心位置的中心位置20.的運(yùn)動(dòng)中的運(yùn)動(dòng)中21.對某事熱心對某事熱心22.將某人的想法公諸于眾將某人的想法公諸于眾23.遭到遭到的攻擊的攻擊24.在臨終前在臨終前25.拒絕接受某人的理論拒絕接受某人的理論26.違背某人的觀點(diǎn)違背某人的觀點(diǎn)27.將將建立在建立在的基礎(chǔ)上的基礎(chǔ)上28.改變改變/取代取代的看

48、法的看法/觀念觀念29.掉落到地上掉落到地上30.與與間的直接聯(lián)系間的直接聯(lián)系1. At Copernicus time, Christian Church was in charge of many western countries.2. Copernicus noticed that observed from the earth, some planets appear in front of or behind the earth.3. Copernicus didnt show his new theory to his friends until he completed it.

49、4. His friends were not interested in his ideas.5. Since he was not afraid of being attacked by the Christian Church, Copernicus published his book immediately he finished working on it. 6. Newton, Einstein, and Hawking are all scientists who made contributions to the study of the universe.Listen to

50、 the passage, and tell whether the following statements are True or False.Before Copernicus theoryShowing Copernicus theoryThe solar system with the earth at its centreThe solar system with the sun as its centreRead carefully and try to draw the two theories of the universe.Reading comprehension.1.

51、Nicolaus Copernicus felt frightened because_. A. his conclusion was against the Christian Churchs theory.B. the Christian Church would punish him by killing himC. he thought the world would come to an endD. he thought the Christian Church had cheated the whole world.2. The possible reason why the Ch

52、ristian Church insisted that the earth was the center of the solar system might be_. A. it was God that created the world and human beingsB. whatever the Christian Church said could never be changedC. the Christian Church tried to cover the truthD. that the earth was the center of the world was actu

53、ally true3. Copernicus disproved the opinion that the earth was the center of the earth by describing _. A. the way of some planets movement and the location of the planets B. the distance of the planets in between and the different brightness of the planets C. the different direction of the planets

54、 movement and their different brightness at different timeD. the size and the movement of some planets 4. Which of the following descriptions about the fact that Copernicus was very cautious about his new discovery is NOT correct?A. He over again and again confirmed his conclusion and made a model o

55、f solar system.B. He only told his discovery in secret. C. He had his new theory published before he was dying.D. He felt very much frightened when the new theory came to his mind.5. The main idea of the last paragraph is_. A. Copernicuss new theory laid the foundation of all our idea of the univers

56、e B. Copernicuss new theory was seriously rejected by the Christian Church C. new things must replace the old onesD. without Copernicus there were Isaac Newton, Albert Einstein and Stephen Hawking Complete the short passage according to the text, using the right form. Nicolaus Copernicus born in 147

57、4, in Poland, was a great astronomer. His theory that the earth and other planets m_ round the sun has become the b_ on which all of our ideas of the universe are f_. And his new discovery is considered to be r_, because it has changed peoples understanding about the universe. When Copernicus drew a

58、 conclusion that the earth was not the center of the world, he felt f_ and c_. In order to t_ his discovery, he worked on and on, meanwhile, he even made a model to explain that not the earth but the sun is the center of the solar system. All he did proved that the opinion the Christian Church insis

59、ted didnt make s_. Copernicus was very c_ and he dared not announce his finding in public but only showed it to his friends p_. Because once his theory was announced, it must be r_ by the Christian Church and he himself would be p_. It was not until 1543, the time he was d_, did he have his discover

60、y p_. oveasisoundedevolutionaryrightenedonfusedestenseautionrivatelyejectedunishedyingublishedLanguage Points1. Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense. = The movements of the other planets in the sky make sense only if you put the sun there. “Only + 狀語狀語” 位于句首位于句首, 句子的謂