1、The Appropriate WordThe Appropriate WordDevelop the habit of selecting words that are appropriate and exact for your purposes. One way you can show sensitivity to language is by avoiding slang, clichs, pretentious words, and wordiness. Warm-up Activities Write a short paragraph as part of a letter o

2、f self-introduction.1. The paragraph of self-introduction will be part of a letter to a job interviewer.2. The paragraph of self-introduction will be delivered to your classmates.Stylistic effects1. Penalties for overdue books will be strictly enforced. (written, formal) You have got to pay fines fo

3、r overdue books. (spoken, informal)2. The price of meat has been declining alarmingly. (written, formal) The price of meat has been going down steeply. (spoken, informal)Stylistic effects3. They approved of the plan for the development of the inner city. (formal) They went along with the plan for th

4、e development of the inner city. (informal)4. They made a decision to abandon the project. (formal) They decided to walk out on the project. (informal)SOME people feel they can improve their writing by using fancy, elevated words rather than more simple, natural words.Here are some examples:1. His i

5、nstructional technique is a very positive one.Natural: He is a good instructor.2. I observed the perpetrator of the robbery depart from the retail establishment.Natural: I saw the robber leave the store.Formal and generalPlease compare the following two sentences: The meeting adjoured at 5 p.m. with

6、out any consensus being reached. The meeting finished at 5 and we didnt reach any agreement.Formal and generalPlease compare the following two sentences: After a double attempt to assert himself through the window, Michael conceded failure. After two tries at climbing in through the window, Michael

7、gave up.Formal and general General Formal General Formal end ternimate buy purchase have possess wet humid leave depart use utilize quit resign cut down reduce look into investigateFormal and generalThe graeat enemy of clear language is insincerityColloguial and slangColloguial and slang colloquiali

8、sm contractions: dont , wasnt, wont, gonna, etc. clipped words: TV, dorm, fridge awfully (very), mad (angry), sure (certainly), kind of/sort of (somewhat)Colloguial and slangColloguial and slang Slang is usually out of place in formal writing. Here are some examples of slang expressions:The violin v

9、irtuosos performance on the cello was a real bomb.I finally told my parents to get off my case.The movie really grossed me out. TIP: The use of slang can be an evasion of the specfic details that are often needed to make ones meaning clear in writing. Colloguial and slangColloguial and slang The aut

10、hor has made a lifetimes study of film history, and the knowledge she has accumulated is tempered by a fine sense of judgment. She devotes a whole chapter to an analysis of horror films. These films, according to her, do much more than just frighten us; they enable us to forget our worries.Style and

11、 audienceStyle and audienceFormal: extensive vocabularyformal and abstract wordsabsence of slangno contractions or clipped wordsobserve grammatical distinctionsStyle and audienceStyle and audienceInformal: vocabulary: mostly generaloccasional contractions or clipped wordsinconspicuous slange express

12、ionsStyle and audienceStyle and audienceInformal: In spoken English sentences tend to be short and simple. Some sentences are incomplete. Can you find examples from the text? “(Is the letter) From a child or maybe a grandchild?” “(You) Went to school together?” “Time.” “(I have) Enjoyed talking with

13、 you.”Style and audienceStyle and audienceInformal: Besides, in conversation people are liable to use words or phrases that are not usually used in written English, for example, sort of, kind of, you know, I think, I guess, I take it, well, go ahead, hang out, its no fun to go sth, not much of a han

14、d at doing sth., a couple of, every now and then, an awful lot.Style and audienceStyle and audienceColloquial:general and colloquial wordsfrequent contractions and clipped wordsmore slang wordsStyle and audienceStyle and audienceWhich sentence in the following pair is formal?1. The results of a lot

15、of different projects have been pretty good. The results of numerous different projects have been pretty encouraging.Style and audienceStyle and audienceWhich sentence in the following pair is formal?2. Many college students are gonna take part in the postgraduate entrance examination. Many college

16、students would like to take part in the postgraduate entrance examination.Style and audienceStyle and audienceActivities: (P19)1. If there is an accident or incident that may be covered by this policy, notify us in writing as soon as possible. You can give this notice to any of our authorized agents

17、.Style and audienceStyle and audienceActivities: (P19)1. hang on: wait for a short time.2. Chicken out: decide not to do sth. because on is afraid.3. cut out: stop doing, using or consuming sth.Style and audienceStyle and audience Compare the style of your writing in the Warm-Up Activities with your

18、 partners and see how they differ. Try to improve your writing by changing the style of some words.Style and audienceStyle and audience Model 1 Besides, I have attended several sports meetings held in Beijing. I am also the volunteers of China Tennis Open, Chinese Badminton Masters . Through these I

19、 have a deeply understanding of my majorsports training. 除此以外，我還參加了在北京舉行的許多運動會。我還是中國網(wǎng)球公開賽，羽毛球大師賽的志愿者。通過這些，我對運動訓(xùn)練專業(yè)有了一個更深刻的了解。 Style and audienceStyle and audience Model 2 Im an Aries. Arians are supposed to be courageous leaders but troublesome followers. Half true. Im definitely a troublesome follo

20、wer. (我是牧羊座的。 牧羊座的人據(jù)說是很有膽識的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人物，但同時也是很會惹麻煩的部屬。說對了一半，我的確是個麻煩的部屬。) I love shopping! My mom(friends) says, I should become a legislator cause I bring so many bills into the house. 我酷愛買東西！所以我媽（朋友）說我應(yīng)該當國會議員的。我酷愛買東西！所以我媽（朋友）說我應(yīng)該當國會議員的。因為，我把那么多的因為，我把那么多的bill(賬單賬單/請愿書請愿書/法案法案)帶進了帶進了the house(家里家里/議院議院)。 Ple

21、ase translate the following sentences:1. 他身體很好2. 他只說了幾句話，這讓我們很失望。 We were quite disappointed that he just said a few words.3. 他雙目失明。Chinglish: Avoid literan translation宣傳： propagate: spread an idea or a piece of information and try to make people believe it and support itadvertise: 1.make (sth) gene

22、rally or publiclly known 2. praise (sth) publicly in order to encourage people to buy or use it.Chinglish: Grasp the connotation個人主義：individualism： feeling or behaviour of a person who likes to do things his/her own way, regardless of what other people do. 我行我素selfish: thinking first of ones own int

23、erests, needs, etc without concern for others; not sharing what one has with othersChinglish: Grasp the connotationP21 Which words in the following sentences should be crossed out?a. Everyone feels unanimously that doesnt seem to be true.b. That idea sounded very interesting, and the two ideas happe

24、ned to merge together.c. The high-jumper has set a new world record.Chinglish: Avoid repetition of meaning1. He is a person of much ambition and full of expectation of future. He is an ambitious young man, full of great expectations.2. He is always ready to give encouragement to any of his friends w

25、ho are in need of it. He is always ready to encourage any of his friends who need it.Chinglish: Avoid repetition of meaningCompare:Absolutely essential essentialAt this point in time at this time, nowBalance against one another balanceIn spite of the fact that though, althoughDuring the course of du

26、ringJoined together joinedChinglish: Avoid repetition of meaning1. a. How are you? b. Your opinions will be appreciated. c. You must have had a tiring journey/ day. Well done. That was a hard job.Chinglish: Classroom Activities2. a. torture: inflict severe pain on (sb) 使（某人）極其痛苦，折磨 b. illusion: fals

27、e idea, belief, or impression; delusion 錯誤的觀念，幻覺，錯覺 c. eliminate: remove, kill 清除，排除；干掉 d. lie: statement one knows to be untrue 謊言，假話 Chinglish: Classroom ActivitiesClichs: expressions that have been worn out through constant use. Some typical clichs are listed below:At a loss for wordsBetter late

28、than neverDrop in the bucketEasier said than doneHad a hard time of itIt goes without sayingSigh of reliefTime and time againUnder the weatherTIP: Clichs are common in speech but make your writing seem tired and stale. Also, they are often an evasion of the specific details in your writing. You shou

29、ld, then, avoid clichs and try to express your meaning in fresh, original ways.Activity 1. Write a check mark beside the sentence in each pair that makes more effective and appropriate use of words.2. And see if you can answer the following questions:-Which pair contains a sentence with slang? -Which pair contains a sentence with a clich? -Which pair contains a sentence with pretentious words? -Which pair contains a wordy sentence? 1) _ After a bummer of a movie, we pigged out on a pizza. _ After a disappointing movie, we devoured a pizza.2