1、本科畢業(yè)生外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯 學(xué)生姓名：陳頔指導(dǎo)教師：李?lèi)?ài)傳所在學(xué)院：信息技術(shù)學(xué)院專(zhuān) 業(yè)：電氣工程及其自動(dòng)化中國(guó)大慶2010 年 6月Summary of single-chip applicationsSingle-chip integration, functionality, performance, architecture has been the rapid development, has been able to integrate a complete powerful performance computer applications. However, the applicat

2、ion of many single-chip unit remains in the chip without the use of low-grade single-chip ROM, such as the state, both in system design, the use of maintenance, the economic benefits of this are uneconomical. This situation must change. This article on the status of the development of single-chip sy

3、nthesis, hoping to improve the domestic level of single-chip technology has been promoting.1 MCU development historyThe single-chip computer called the Single Chip Microcomputer Chip (your), it is composed of the Microcomputer functional parts, such as the central processor, the CPU, random access m

4、emory read-only memory ROM, RAM I/O interface circuit and timing/counter and serial communication interface components in a production of integrated chips, constitute a complete micro computer.With the development of technology, now has many kinds of SCM. For example:adopt double CPU structure in or

5、der to improve the ability to handle R65C29,The data bus increased width - 78, internal muon PD using 16-bit data bus,using line structure of SM - 689,serial bus SCC84C4 structure,floating-point calculations are very strong ability of digital signal processor,other special processing capacity of SCM

6、,2 The characteristics of single-chipSince single-chip paths with the microprocessor is different. Toward high-speed microprocessor computing, data analysis and processing power, storage capacity, such as large-scale development to improve the performance of general-purpose computer. Its interface i

7、s to meet the peripherals and network interface design. Single-chip industrial monitoring and control from the object, the environment, interface characteristics, and strive to enhance control and improve the reliability of industrial environments, the composition of the application of flexible comp

8、uter system interface direction. Therefore, the single-chip has its own characteristics, mainly: species diversity, model range. Species models to expand year by year to meet the needs. System developers have great freedom of choice. CPU from 4,8,16,32 to 64, some also using RISC technology; improve

9、 performance and expand capacity. Integration has reached more than 2 million transistors. Bus speed has reached tens of microseconds. Working frequency of 30MHz or 40MHz. Instruction execution cycles reduced to tens of microseconds. RAM memory capacity development to 1K, 2K, RO M developed to 32K,

10、64K; increased control functions, an extension to the external interface. The origin of the external chip functionality into the chip. Todays single-chip has been developed in a piece of the chip contains a CPU, with the exception of embedded RAM, ROM memory and I / O interface, there are A / D, PWM

11、, U ART, Timer / Counter, DMA, Watchdog, Serial Port , Sensor, driver, also display driver, keyboard control, function generator, comparator, which form a complete powerful computer application systems; Low power consumption. Supply voltage from 5V down to 3V, 2V or 1V or so. MA current level from t

12、he level down to A. In the production process to the CMOS instead of NMOS, and the transition HCMOS; application software package. Provides a software library, including the standard application software, the model design. Single chip enables users to develop applications more quickly and easily. Mi

13、ght be able to do so with a week to develop a new application products; system expansion and configuration. External circuit are used for expansion bus architecture of the three DB, AB, CB, constituted to facilitate a variety of applications. Network system based on single-chip, multi-machine power

14、system expertise to develop the characteristics of single-chip serial bus. In addition, equipped with special sensors, human-computer dialogue, such as multi-channel network interface to form networks and multi-machine system.3 The development trend of the MCUTo reduce power consumption, SCM in proc

15、ess has all CHMOS adopted. At present, we are in high quality and variety in the direction of development, and the development trend of the chip will further toward low-power, small volume, large capacity, high performance, low price and mixed-signal integration, etc.Below is the main trend of sever

16、al single-chip:Low power management in almost all the microcontroller have standby power, low power operation modes etc. CMOS chip except with low consumption, but also has the characteristic of power control, make SCM can work fine management in power. In addition, some SCM by the clock technology,

17、 namely high and low two clock. The low power to improve the products reliability and anti-interference.The wider the working voltage range at present, general MCU voltage range is 3.3-5.5 V, some products to 2.2 6V, minority type - the lowest voltage has dropped 1.8 V. Wider range for a long time i

18、n the province electricity chip mode, also facilitate production portable products.High-performance mainly refers to the further improvement of CPU performance, accelerate the speed of operation instruction and improve the reliability of the control system. Now 100MIPS has reached the highest speed

19、instructions, and strengthen the processing function, and the timing control function.Mixed information integration, mixed information combination of digital - analog integrated technology, is the development direction of the increased internal resources.Serial extension techniques in a very long pe

20、riod of time, the universal microcontroller through parallel 3 bus structure expand peripheral devices become the mainstream of SCM. As I m C, SPI serial bus interface and etc, promote the microcontroller single application development, structure of single-chip foot can design more saving, make SCM

21、system structure simplified and standardization.Small size, low price to meet the requirements of the embedded microcontroller, can reduce it by the internal resources and change to realize the encapsulation, such as reducing memory, reduce the external pins etc, make it smaller, low price.Based on

22、the ISP and CaXie fast development environment ISP memory and development, promote the development of the ISP technology. Its function is to put on PC Numbers program through JTAG defined interfaces with the three online download SPI interface, namely direct transmission and burn to the memory chip.

23、 This method is to use programmer cheaper and convenient.單片機(jī)應(yīng)用技術(shù)綜述單片機(jī)在集成度、功能、性能、體系結(jié)構(gòu)方面都有了飛速發(fā)展，已能集成一個(gè)完整的功能強(qiáng)大、性能優(yōu)良的計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)。但目前國(guó)內(nèi)許多單片機(jī)應(yīng)用單位仍停留在采用片內(nèi)無(wú)ROM等低檔單片機(jī)的狀態(tài)，無(wú)論在系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)上、使用維護(hù)上、經(jīng)濟(jì)效益上這都是不合算的。這種狀況必須改變。本文就單片機(jī)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行綜述，希望能對(duì)提高國(guó)內(nèi)單片機(jī)技術(shù)的應(yīng)用水平有所促進(jìn)。1. 單片機(jī)發(fā)展歷史 單片機(jī)的全稱(chēng)為單片微型計(jì)算機(jī)（Single Chip Microcomputer），它是把組成微型計(jì)算機(jī)的各功能

24、部件，如中央處理器CPU、隨機(jī)存儲(chǔ)器RAM、只讀存儲(chǔ)器ROM、I/O接口電路、定時(shí)/計(jì)數(shù)器以及串行通信接口等部件制作在一塊集成芯片中，構(gòu)成一個(gè)完整的微型計(jì)算機(jī)。隨著技術(shù)的發(fā)展，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)很多型號(hào)的單片機(jī)。例如：l 采用雙CPU結(jié)構(gòu)以提高處理能力的R65C29；l 增加數(shù)據(jù)總線寬度的PD7800，內(nèi)部采用16位數(shù)據(jù)總線；l 采用流水線結(jié)構(gòu)的SM812；l 串行總線結(jié)構(gòu)的SCC84C4；l 浮點(diǎn)運(yùn)算能力非常強(qiáng)的數(shù)字信號(hào)處理器；l 其他專(zhuān)項(xiàng)處理能力的單片機(jī)；2. 單片機(jī)的特點(diǎn)單片機(jī)問(wèn)世以來(lái)所走的路與微處理器是不同的。微處理器向著高速運(yùn)算、數(shù)據(jù)分析與處理能力、大規(guī)模容量存儲(chǔ)等方向發(fā)展，以提高通用計(jì)算

25、機(jī)的性能。其接口界面也是為了滿(mǎn)足外設(shè)和網(wǎng)絡(luò)接口而設(shè)計(jì)的 。單片機(jī)則是從工業(yè)測(cè)控對(duì)象、環(huán)境、接口特點(diǎn)出發(fā)，向著增強(qiáng)控制功能、提高工業(yè)環(huán)境下的可靠性、靈活方便的構(gòu)成應(yīng)用計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)的界面接口的方向發(fā)展。因此，單片機(jī)有著自已的特點(diǎn)，主要是： 品種多樣，型號(hào)繁多。品種型號(hào)逐年擴(kuò)充以適應(yīng)各種需要。使系統(tǒng)開(kāi)發(fā)者有很大的選擇自由。CPU從4、8、16、32到64位，有些還采用RISC技術(shù)； 提高性能，擴(kuò)大容量。集成度已達(dá)200萬(wàn)個(gè)晶體管以上?？偩€工作速度已達(dá)數(shù)十微秒。工作頻率達(dá)到30MHz甚至40MHz。指令執(zhí)行周期減到數(shù)十微秒。存儲(chǔ)器容量RAM發(fā)展到1K、2K，RO M發(fā)展到32K、64K； 增加控制功能，

26、向外部接口延伸。把原屬外圍芯片的功能集成到本芯片內(nèi)?，F(xiàn)今的單片機(jī)已發(fā)展到在一塊含有CPU的芯片上，除嵌入RAM、ROM存儲(chǔ)器和IO接口外，還有AD、PWM、U ART、TimerCounter、DMA、Watchdog、Serial Port、Sensor、driver、還有顯示驅(qū)動(dòng)、鍵盤(pán)控制、函數(shù)發(fā)生器、比較器等，構(gòu)成一個(gè)完整的功能強(qiáng)的計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)； 低功耗。供電電壓從5V降到3V、2V甚至1V左右。工作電流從mA級(jí)降到A級(jí)。在生產(chǎn)工藝上以CMOS代替NMOS，并向HCMOS過(guò)渡； 應(yīng)用軟件配套。提供了軟件庫(kù)，包括標(biāo)準(zhǔn)應(yīng)用軟件，示范設(shè)計(jì)方法。使用戶(hù)開(kāi)發(fā)單片機(jī)應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)時(shí)更快速、方便。使有可能做到用一周時(shí)間開(kāi)發(fā)一個(gè)新的應(yīng)用產(chǎn)品； 系統(tǒng)擴(kuò)展與配置。有供擴(kuò)展外部電路用的三總線結(jié)構(gòu)DB、AB、CB，以方便構(gòu)成各