1、目錄How are Task 2 answers assessed?Ways to develop a paragraph（論證方法）（論證方法） 雅思議論文論證結(jié)構(gòu)雅思議論文論證結(jié)構(gòu)大作文分類大作文分類Examiners assess the answers according to these criteria Task Response (i.e. how fully and appropriately the candidate has answered all parts of the task; the extent to which the candidates ideas ar

2、e relevant, developed and supported; the extent to which the candidates position is clear and effective) Examiners assess the answers according to these criteria Coherence連貫性 and Cohesion銜接 (i.e. how well the information and ideas are organised and presented i.e. paragraphing; how well the informati

3、on is linked) Examiners assess the answers according to these criteriaLexical Resource詞匯資源詞匯資源 (i.e. the range of vocabulary used, how accurately it is used and how appropriate it is for the task) Examiners assess the answers according to these criteria Grammatical Range and Accuracy (i.e. the range

4、 of structures used, how accurately they are used and how appropriate they are for the task)段落的組織 250字，4段至5段話，4段更容易操作 第一段：2至4句 第二段：4至6句 第三段：4至6句 第四段：2至4句 Introduction: state your view Body: support your view with reasons, arguments, examples Conclusion: restate your view 主體段落：Topic sentence + suppor

5、ting sentencesArgumentative devices - Ways to develop a paragraph（論證方法）（論證方法） exemplification（舉例說明），（舉例說明），explanation（解釋說明），（解釋說明），cause and effect（因果論證），（因果論證），comparison and contrast（比較與對比）（比較與對比）concession and refutation（讓步與反駁），（讓步與反駁），classification（分類）（分類）Exemplification Example: a specific fa

6、ct, idea, person, or thing that is used to explain or support a general idea, or to show what is typical of a larger group 舉例相關(guān)關(guān)聯(lián)詞： For example For instance Take (Consider)as an example A case in point such as includingSome people think that animals should be treated as friends. Yet others only cons

7、ider animals as sources of food and clothing. To what extent do you agree or disagree?Sample AnswerThere is a growing tendency nowadays for some people to treat animals as living meat and walking fur. This leads to the cruel slaughter of animals all over the world every year. Yet, in my opinion, ins

8、tead of killing animals, human beings should treat them as their friends.It is an undeniable fact that animals play a vital role in maintaining the subtle balance of the earths ecological system. The lack of this essential part will bring about the destruction of the whole world. Therefore, to some

9、extent, killing animals is equal to digging our own graves.For thousands of years, many animals have given loyal service to humans. Pigeons convey messages in wartime, and dogs help to detect crime. Even pigs, which many people think are the most stupid animals, are used in the battle against drugs.

10、 There is no doubt that our lives would be far less convenient without a little help from our animal friends. Animals also help humans in a spiritual way. There is nothing better than keeping a cat or a dog if you want your kids to be more independent and responsible. It is also noted that senior ci

11、tizens live longer if they keep pets after their retirement.To sum up, animals are human beings friends. Those who regard animals as merely a source of food and clothing should at least bear one thing in mind: Being kind to animals is being kind to ourselves. Therefore, for our own future benefit, p

12、lease treat animals with love and care. Topic sentence: A growing number of environmental problems are no longer confined to a certain region or country. For example, oil spills can pollute international waters and the loss of the ozone layer may lead to the melting of ice caps and glaciers, which i

13、n turn, may raise sea levels worldwide.練習 Topic sentence: The advertisements on TV, newspaper and other kinds of media may confuse consumers and make them rush to purchase products which they dont really need. Take the cell phone for example. Its functions and practical use are often exaggerated in

14、advertisements. Whats more, the advertisements even create a fashionable atmosphere for cell phones which appeals to young people to change their phones continuously while ignoring the basic service of cell phones is just to make a phone call.Explanation 解釋：解釋： It means That is to say In other words

15、 To put it another way By that I meanI believe the traditional family, with both parents providing emotional support and role-models for their children, is the most satisfactory way of bringing up children.Education after birth plays a significant role in ones development. Education, which helps chi

16、ldren develop their thinking and accumulate their knowledge, is a deciding factor of ones success. For example, a high-school level person commonly may not succeed to the extent of a person who has received a university education. This is not only because of the greater breadth of knowledge acquired

17、, but also due to a more critical and focused way of thinking that is imparted and refined during ones senior education.I think an ability to keep clear perspectives in life is a more essential factor in achieving happiness. By that I mean an ability to have a clear sense of what is important in our

18、 lives (the welfare of our families, the quality of our relationships, making other people happy, etc.) and what is not (a problem at work, getting annoyed about trivial things, etc.)Cause and EffectCause:because ofas a result ofdue tothanks toowing tobecauseassinceforResult:as a resultas a conseque

19、nceaccordinglyin this waythushencesotherefore練習 婦女不應該當兵，因為她們的體力不如男子。 Women should be join in the army Women should not be a member of the army Women should not take up a military career because they are not as strong as men because they are inferior to men in physical strength because of their physi

20、cal inadequaciesIn many countries schools have severe problems with student behavior.What do you think are the causes of this?What solutions can you suggest?范文：Poor student behavior seems to be an increasingly widespread problem and I think that modern lifestyles are probably responsible for this.In

21、 many countries, the birth rate is decreasing so that families are smaller with fewer children. These children are often spoilt, not in terms of love and attention because working parents do not have the time for this, but in more material ways. They are allowed to have whatever they want, regardles

22、s of price, and to behave as they please. This means that the children grow up without consideration for others and without any understanding of where their standard of living comes from. When they get to school age they have not learnt any self control or discipline. They have less respect for thei

23、r teachers and refuse to obey school rules in the way that their parents did.Comparison and Contrastsimilarlylikewisein the same mannerin the same waybutwhilewhereaswhilston the contraryin contrastby contraston the other handinsteadratherconversely Plane is the fastest means of transportation. It us

24、ed to take us about 10 hours to go to a place by car. Now, we can go there in no more than 1 hour by air. What used to take us 10 hours by car can now be covered within 1 hour by air. Concession and Refutation although while admittedly it is true that it is often the case that but however neverthele

25、ss Although old people are unlikely to face physically challenging tasks, there are many jobs that are especially suitable for old people, such as jobs that call for more experience and wisdom than physical power. With their rich experience in both work and life, many old people would make good cons

26、ultants, instructors, coaches, doctors and psychologists, to mention only a few. Girls also appear to be less aggressive than boys. In adulthood, it is men, not women, who prove to be the aggressors in crime and in war. Obviously, in raising children, a more patient, gentle manner is preferable to a

27、 more aggressive one. Although there are certainly gentle men and aggressive women, by and large, females are less likely to resort to violence in attempting to solve problems.論證方法總結(jié)及分類論證 婦女是否應當參軍？ In many countries, women are not able to join in the army to share equal basis with men and some peopl

28、e think that only men should be a member of the army, navy and air force. To what extent do you agree or disagree?應當；不應當；主體客體分類Why should?戰(zhàn)爭的狀態(tài)和要求The way battles are fought has undergone dramatic changes and so women have an equal basis as men.參軍的職責Just as men have the responsibility of bringing up

29、children with women, so women should bear the burden of protecting their own country by joining in the army.Why should not?（軍人必備的條件？物質(zhì)/非物質(zhì)？）婦女體力不行（婦女不應當當兵是因為她們的體力不如男子。）男女分工不同Culturally speaking, women are not fit for the position of killing.分類：主體/客體主體分類：什么婦女？客體分類：當什么兵？ 完整文章分析： Many people believe th

30、at women make better parents than men and that this is why they have the greater role in raising children in most societies. Others claim that men are just as good as women at parenting. Write an essay expressing your point of view.Sample Answer:The view that women are better parents than men has sh

31、own itself to be true throughout history. This is not to say that men are not of importance in child-rearing; indeed, they are most necessary if children are to appreciate fully the roles of both sexes. But women have proven themselves superior parents as a result of their conditioning, their less a

32、ggressive nature and their generally better communication skills.From the time they are little girls, females learn about nurturing. First with dolls and later perhaps with younger brothers and sisters, girls are given the role of career. Girls see their mothers in the same roles and so it is natura

33、l that they identify this as a female activity. Boys, in contrast, learn competitive role far removed from what it means to nurture. While boys may dream of adventures, girls conditioning means they tend to see the future in terms of raising families.Girls also appear to be less aggressive than boys

34、. In adulthood, it is men, not women, who prove to be the aggressors in crime and in war. Obviously, in raising children, a more patient, gentle manner is preferable to a more aggressive one. Although there certainly exist gentle men and aggressive women, by and large, females are less likely to res

35、ort to violence in attempting to solve problems.Finally, women tend to be better communicators than men. This is shown in intelligence tests, where females, on average, do better in verbal communication than males. Of course, communication is of utmost importance in rearing children, as children ten

36、d to learn from and adopt the communication styles of their parents.Thus, while it is all very well to suggest a greater role for men in raising children, let us not forget that women are generally better suited to the parenting role.雅思議論文論證結(jié)構(gòu)雅思議論文論證結(jié)構(gòu) Argument Some people think that Others believe

37、that Discuss and give your opinion.題目特點：題目當中包含著針鋒相對的兩種觀點。要求討題目特點：題目當中包含著針鋒相對的兩種觀點。要求討論并且提出你自己的觀點。論并且提出你自己的觀點。平衡式平衡式交代雙方觀點交代雙方觀點觀點一及其理由觀點一及其理由觀點二及其理由觀點二及其理由我的觀點（傾向性我的觀點（傾向性-一或二或折中）一或二或折中）注意：中心思想常在末段首句注意：中心思想常在末段首句雅思議論文論證結(jié)構(gòu)雅思議論文論證結(jié)構(gòu) Some people believe that money spent on space research benefits all o

38、f humanity. Others take the opposite view and say that money for this type of research is wasted. Discuss these views and give your opinion.雅思議論文論證結(jié)構(gòu)雅思議論文論證結(jié)構(gòu)Sample Answer：For over fifty years, a number of nations have been involved in the exploration of outer space. This research has been very cost

39、ly, of course. Has this money been well spent or wasted?Some people believe that all or most space research should be eliminated because of its incredible expense, not only in terms of money, but also in terms of scientific and human resources. These people point out the fact that it cost billions o

40、f dollars to send astronauts to the moon, but all they brought back were some worthless rocks. These people say that the money and effort now being wasted in outer space could be spent on more important projects right here on earth, such as providing housing for homeless people, improving the educat

41、ion system, saving the environment, and finding cures for diseases.雅思議論文論證結(jié)構(gòu)雅思議論文論證結(jié)構(gòu) However, other people believe that space research has provided many benefits to mankind. They point out that hundreds of useful products, from personal computers to heart pacemakers to freeze-dried foods, are the d

42、irect or indirect results of space research. They say that weather and communication satellites, which are also products of space programs, have benefited people all over the globe. In addition to these practical benefits, supporters of the space program point to the scientific knowledge that has be

43、en acquired about the sun, the moon, the planets, and even our own earth as a result of space research.雅思議論文論證結(jié)構(gòu)雅思議論文論證結(jié)構(gòu) I agree with those people who support space research and wish to continue. Space research, as shown, has already brought many benefits to humanity. Perhaps it will bring even mor

44、e benefits in the future, ones that we can not even imagine now. Moreover, just as individual people need challenges to make their lives more interesting, I believe the human race itself needs a challenge, and I think that the peaceful exploration of outer space provides just such a challenge.練習練習 S

45、uccessful sports professionals can earn a great deal more money than people in other important professions. Some people think this is fully justified while others think it is unfair. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion題解：題解：和從事其他重要職業(yè)的人士相比，成功的職業(yè)運動員能掙和從事其他重要職業(yè)的人士相比，成功的職業(yè)運動員能掙多得多的錢。一些人認為

46、這是完全合理的，而其他人認為多得多的錢。一些人認為這是完全合理的，而其他人認為不公平。討論這兩種觀點并提出你的看法。不公平。討論這兩種觀點并提出你的看法。雅思議論文論證結(jié)構(gòu)雅思議論文論證結(jié)構(gòu)范文：范文：As a result of constant media attention, sports professionals in my country have become stars and celebrities, and those at the top are paid huge salaries. Just like movie stars, they live extravagan

47、t lifestyles with huge houses and cars.Many people find their rewards unfair, especially when comparing these super salaries with those of top surgeons or research scientists, or even leading politicians who have the responsibility of governing the country. However, sports salaries are not determine

48、d by considering the contribution to society a person makes, or the level of responsibility he or she holds. Instead, they reflect the public popularity of sport in general and the level of public support that successful stars can generate. So the notion of “fairness” is not the issue.雅思議論文論證結(jié)構(gòu)雅思議論文

49、論證結(jié)構(gòu)范文：范文：Those who feel that sports stars salaries are justified might argue that the number of professionals with real talent are very few, and the money is a recognition of the skills and dedication a person needs to be successful. Competition is constant and a player is tested every time they pe

50、rform in their relatively short career. The pressure from the media is intense and there is little privacy out of the spotlight. So all of these factors may justify the huge earnings. Personally, I think that the amount of money such sports stars make is more justified than the huge earnings of movi

51、e stars, but at the same time, it indicates that our society places more value on sport than on more essential professions and achievements.雅思議論文論證結(jié)構(gòu)雅思議論文論證結(jié)構(gòu)用詞多樣：用詞多樣：“收入高收入高”，題目中用的是，題目中用的是earn a great deal of money，文中幾處地方分別改寫成了文中幾處地方分別改寫成了are paid huge salaries, super salaries, huge earnings?！罢J為認為

52、”，文中分別用了，文中分別用了find, feel, 和和think等。等。句型多變：句型多變：長短句結(jié)合：例如第二段和第三段論證用的長句和總結(jié)時長短句結(jié)合：例如第二段和第三段論證用的長句和總結(jié)時的短句。的短句。分類式分類式 交代雙方觀點并指出其復雜性，進行分類交代雙方觀點并指出其復雜性，進行分類情形一及做法情形一及做法情形二及做法情形二及做法總結(jié)總結(jié)Agree or Disagree?To what extent do you agree or disagree? Do you agree or disagree with this view?同意不同意題型的幾種開頭寫法：同意不同意題型的幾

53、種開頭寫法：直接提出觀點，同意：直接提出觀點，同意：情景情景+觀點：觀點： 讓步反駁：讓步反駁：事實事實+對方觀點及理由對方觀點及理由+反駁并提出自己觀點反駁并提出自己觀點直接提出觀點，同意：直接提出觀點，同意： Creative artists should always be given the freedom to express their own ideas (in words, pictures, music or film) in whichever way they wish. There should be no government restrictions on what

54、 they do. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?創(chuàng)造性藝術(shù)家應該擁有以自己想要的任何方式通過文字、創(chuàng)造性藝術(shù)家應該擁有以自己想要的任何方式通過文字、圖畫、音樂或影像來表達思想的自由。對此政府不應該加圖畫、音樂或影像來表達思想的自由。對此政府不應該加以任何限制。你在何等程度上同意還是不同意這個觀點？以任何限制。你在何等程度上同意還是不同意這個觀點？展示展示+練習練習范文一：范文一： On the specific issue of creative freedom versus government rest

55、rictions, I am fully of the opinion that the latter should give place to the former. 范文二：范文二： To a very large extent, I believe that the work of creative artists should not be restricted by any government.Using a computer every day can have more negative than positive effects on young children.Do yo

56、u agree or disagree?每天用電腦對小孩來說弊大于利。你同意還是不同意？每天用電腦對小孩來說弊大于利。你同意還是不同意？范文：范文： I tend to agree that young children can be negatively affected by too much time spent on the computer every day. This is partly because sitting in front of a screen for too long can be damaging to both the eyes and the physic

57、al posture of a young child, regardless of what they are using the computer for.我同意小孩每天花太多時間在電腦上會受到負面影響。部我同意小孩每天花太多時間在電腦上會受到負面影響。部分原因在于無論小孩用電腦從事什么活動，長時間坐在屏分原因在于無論小孩用電腦從事什么活動，長時間坐在屏幕前對小孩的眼睛和身體姿勢有害。幕前對小孩的眼睛和身體姿勢有害。情景情景+觀點：觀點： Should dangerous sports such as boxing or motor-racing be banned? 范文：范文： Mil

58、lions of people play sport every day, and, inevitably, some suffer injury or pain. Most players and spectators accept this risk. However, in my opinion, dangerous sports such as boxing should be banned.讓步反駁讓步反駁 Universities should accept equal numbers of male and female students in every subject. To

59、 what extent do you agree or disagree?大學應該在每一個學科都招收同等數(shù)量的男女學生。你在大學應該在每一個學科都招收同等數(shù)量的男女學生。你在何等程度上同意或不同意這個觀點？何等程度上同意或不同意這個觀點？范文：范文： Although some people may think that it is fair to maintain gender equality in every discipline in the university, I tend to believe that such a rigid rule is impractical and

60、 even harmful.雖然有的人認為大學里每個學科維持性別均等很合理，但雖然有的人認為大學里每個學科維持性別均等很合理，但我認為這種僵化做法不切實際，甚至有害。我認為這種僵化做法不切實際，甚至有害。改寫的三種方法：改寫的三種方法：Paraphrase換詞性；換詞性；使用同義詞；使用同義詞；改變句型。改變句型。改寫練習改寫練習1：The position of women in the society has changed greatly in the past 20 years.Womens social status has undergone dramatic changes in