1、譯文:海岸隊(duì)、國(guó)家安全以及漁業(yè)作者：.中尉海岸隊(duì)在國(guó)際或雙邊區(qū)域中使用與各種、協(xié)議相關(guān)的方式來(lái)負(fù)責(zé)或則參與，具體來(lái)說(shuō)就是在公?；騽t管轄的海域上能夠法律。登艙、審核、檢查、搜索、發(fā)動(dòng)以及逮捕，以防止、檢測(cè)或抑制檢查收集的的準(zhǔn)確性，然后檢查魚(yú)艙來(lái)確保魚(yú)艙的東西符合船的日志以及趕寫(xiě)的的操作。準(zhǔn)確反映了船舶這個(gè)領(lǐng)域的法律，其中 1976 年的法案在 1990 年進(jìn)行了修訂，它為美國(guó)的漁業(yè)保護(hù)和管理建立了框架。它的分章節(jié)題目為：外國(guó)漁船和國(guó)際漁業(yè)協(xié)議，在某些指定的異常中，即 1977 年 2 月 28 號(hào)以后，在專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)海域不再撈溯河產(chǎn)卵的物種以及專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)以外的漁業(yè)資源。法案賦予外國(guó)漁船進(jìn)行捕長(zhǎng)、交通

2、部長(zhǎng)以及海岸隊(duì)的責(zé)任，這也可能就是他們的目的。利用、服務(wù)、設(shè)備以及機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)施，并且包括國(guó)防部的所有元素。法案最初構(gòu)想是為了創(chuàng)建商業(yè)漁業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)來(lái)豐富國(guó)家海岸資源，沿海水域的捕魚(yú)都是借助于外國(guó)漁船來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的，法案規(guī)定 200 英里海域之內(nèi)屬于專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)，由于的海岸線是是世界上最長(zhǎng)的。自從法案成為法律之后，海岸警衛(wèi)隊(duì)在專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)進(jìn)行巡邏，逮捕那些在此海域進(jìn)行捕撈的船只，憑借其較大的巡邏艇來(lái)制止各種。與漁業(yè)相關(guān)的協(xié)議直接由海岸隊(duì)執(zhí)行，甚至部分章節(jié)在一定程度上證明關(guān)系的前沿問(wèn)題。此外，它執(zhí)行了許多國(guó)了斷言，斷言，在重要領(lǐng)域，服務(wù)是際漁業(yè)協(xié)定，被稱作為 GIFAS；在法案下，某些國(guó)家可以在的專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)進(jìn)行捕撈

3、，海岸隊(duì)參與的一些重要協(xié)議的關(guān)注是跨海岸資源，即存在于專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)和公海；另一個(gè)關(guān)注是跨界資源，即存在于多個(gè)專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)內(nèi)。問(wèn)題是魚(yú)200 英里的限制。國(guó)家之間一些重要的爭(zhēng)端是關(guān)于跨海岸資源，一位學(xué)者寫(xiě)道：缺乏公?？赡苁菄?guó)際漁業(yè)法決策最突出的問(wèn)題。在 1995 年 8 月 4 號(hào)協(xié)議規(guī)定施行在 1982 年 12 月 10 日制定的的海洋法公約，公約是有關(guān)跨海岸漁業(yè)資源的保護(hù)和管理，在紐約的大會(huì)上采納了“公海遷移漁業(yè)資源”的一個(gè)政黨簽署了在 1996）已經(jīng)擱置的協(xié)議，30年 8 月 21 號(hào)以及 12 月 4 日被存放的協(xié)議，三個(gè)國(guó)家（包括個(gè)國(guó)家才能使協(xié)議生效 。目前 42 個(gè)國(guó)家已經(jīng)簽署了這個(gè)協(xié)

4、議，然而，將按區(qū)域組織和其他結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)處理跨海岸漁業(yè)資源，目的是為了實(shí)現(xiàn)協(xié)議的主要條款。保護(hù)北太平洋的溯河產(chǎn)卵資源的公約于 1993 年開(kāi)始生效，并且建立了一個(gè)北太平洋溯河產(chǎn)卵漁業(yè)委員會(huì)。公約給予海岸隊(duì)登陸和檢查漁船的權(quán)利，這些船只可能是捕撈溯河產(chǎn)卵的漁業(yè)，并且登艙認(rèn)為這些漁船可能會(huì)偶爾捕撈溯河產(chǎn)卵的漁業(yè)資源。海岸在 1993隊(duì)可以抓住這些船只并且逮捕船員。年和中國(guó)達(dá)成了協(xié)議，規(guī)定有效實(shí)施大會(huì)關(guān)于流網(wǎng)作業(yè)的56-215。協(xié)議提供登陸可疑捕撈船只的互惠權(quán)利，或則為在北太平洋公海進(jìn)行流網(wǎng)作業(yè)提供設(shè)備。在這個(gè)協(xié)議之下，海岸隊(duì)幫助中國(guó)執(zhí)行分配的任務(wù)。1995 年，海岸隊(duì)花費(fèi)很多時(shí)間并且成功制止了公海流網(wǎng)作

5、業(yè)活動(dòng)。有關(guān)保護(hù)中的鱈魚(yú)資源的公約通常被稱為“甜甜圈洞”條約，建立 24小時(shí)注意保護(hù)海域的所有輸運(yùn)的魚(yú)類以便有機(jī)會(huì)觀察到卸貨船只。最近的一個(gè)例子是有關(guān)海岸隊(duì)參與漁業(yè)的手腕，這是例子是-俄間的咨詢委員的第八次會(huì)議，會(huì)議在舉行，時(shí)間是 1996 年 2 月。會(huì)上和俄就跨海岸資源簽署了協(xié)議，也就是所謂的鄂海的“花生洞”。一旦生效，這項(xiàng)協(xié)議可能會(huì)給漁民優(yōu)先進(jìn)入?yún)^(qū)域的權(quán)利，該區(qū)域要求漁業(yè)資源能夠自動(dòng)恢復(fù)。海岸隊(duì)在國(guó)際關(guān)系中比在漁業(yè)領(lǐng)域有更大的作用，在冷期，海岸警衛(wèi)隊(duì)副指揮官，中將 Arthur Henn 回憶說(shuō)：當(dāng)小國(guó)與或則結(jié)盟的時(shí)候，他們建立了，這些國(guó)家更加專注于國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)，他們使用執(zhí)行海防任務(wù)，并且納

6、入自己的實(shí)際操控之中，他們希望得到海岸隊(duì)的建議和培訓(xùn)，最近想和克斯坦進(jìn)行核擴(kuò)散，但是對(duì)方不感，然而，副指揮官補(bǔ)充說(shuō)，他們不想和海岸隊(duì)進(jìn)行。海岸隊(duì)已經(jīng)準(zhǔn)備了“模型海事服務(wù)代碼“，這用于在外國(guó)的訓(xùn)練，利用樣本規(guī)定建立自己的海岸隊(duì)。漁業(yè)仍然是一個(gè)的任務(wù)，健康和豐富的海洋生物資源是和其他國(guó)家都要優(yōu)先考慮的問(wèn)題，海岸隊(duì)參與到這一領(lǐng)域，要和緊密合作，減少誤解和爭(zhēng)端的可能性。不同水平的參與是為了加強(qiáng)國(guó)際和國(guó)內(nèi)漁業(yè)管理法律和，海岸隊(duì)非常適合完成這項(xiàng)任務(wù)，因?yàn)樗麄兊目焖夙憫?yīng)能力和操作的靈活性。它的國(guó)際聲譽(yù)、人道具。的高可見(jiàn)度以及軍事方面的低調(diào)使這項(xiàng)服務(wù)成為了中越來(lái)越重要的工在冷期這是緊急的威脅，在某種程度上，國(guó)

7、家安全的定義是關(guān)于經(jīng)濟(jì)的，在世界海洋中魚(yú)類數(shù)量減少的問(wèn)題在各國(guó)之間以及漁民之間產(chǎn)生了爭(zhēng)論，用軍官的話來(lái)說(shuō)，海上資源的消耗直接影響威脅到沿海國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)安全，為了應(yīng)對(duì)威脅他們已經(jīng)開(kāi)始擴(kuò)展了專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)的控制，正是這些控制擴(kuò)張帶來(lái)了漁業(yè)糾紛，這些糾紛可能升級(jí)為事件，因?yàn)檠睾?guó)家在他們專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)之外操作。然而，目前的漁業(yè)糾紛的解決是不可避免的，這樣將會(huì)在公海加強(qiáng)進(jìn)一步的力度。這種前景將會(huì)給海岸隊(duì)帶來(lái)額外的責(zé)任，在不用調(diào)用安全措施的情況下保護(hù)國(guó)家的漁業(yè)管轄權(quán)。為了不斷滿足日益增長(zhǎng)的任務(wù)，海岸隊(duì)的一般規(guī)模會(huì)增加，尤其是適合航海的船的數(shù)量。英文原文The U.S. Coast Guard, National

8、Security, and Fisheries Law EnforcementAuthor: utenant MicheouzianeSource: Naval War College Review, Wer 1997，Vol. L, No. 1The U.S. Coast Guard is responsible for, or involvedhe enforcement of, or inother ways assoted with, a wide variety of sutes and agreements national,ernational,bilateral, and re

9、gional. Specifically, it is emered to make inquiries, examinations,inspections, searches, seizures, and arrests upon the high seas, as well as waters over which theUnited Ses has jurisdiction, to prevent, detect, or suppress violations of American law.13Boarding officers check reports of harvesting

10、for accuracy, inspect the fish holds to make suret their contents match the ves logs andt any required catch reports properly reflectthe ves operations.Of U.S. lawshis area, the Magnuson Act of 1976, as amended in 1990, is themost important. It establishes the framework for fisheries conservation an

11、d management forthe United Ses. Its subchapter entitled “Foreign Fishing and ernational FisheryAgreemems” ses in part，and with certain specified exceptions,t “After February 28，1977，no foreign fishing is authorized withhe exclusive economic zone，or for anadromousthe exclusive economic zone.”14 The A

12、signs enforcement responsibilities to the Secretaryof Commerce，the Secretary of Transporion, and the Coast Guard，who may for this pure“by agreement . . . utilize thenel，servi, equipment (including aircraft and ves),and facilities of any other Federal agency, including all elements of the Department

13、ofDefense.，15The Magnuson Act was originally conceived to create a U.S. commerl fishingindustry to harvest the resour off the nations shores. Most fishing in U.S. coastal watershad been done by fleets of foreign factory trawlers. The Act codifies the Americantwo-dred- EEZ, which, because of the leng

14、th of the U.S. coastline, is the largestheworld. Since the Magnuson Act became law, the U.S. Coast Guard has patrolled the EEZ withspecies i.e., thoset ascend rivers to breed or Continental Shelf fishery resourships and aircraft, seizing foreign ves fishing illegallyhe zone, with its larger cuttersm

15、aaining a continuous presence to prevent incurs.As for fisheries-related agreementbject to direct enforcement by the U.S. CoastGuard, even a partial summary (see Table 2) lends considerable credence to the assertiontthe service is in the forefront of diplomatic relations in this important area. In a

16、ddition, itenfor a number of erning ernational Fishery Agreements，known as GIFAs，bywhich, under the Magnuson Act, certain foreign nations may legally fish withEEZ (Table 3).he AmericanSome of the most important such agreements, with which the Coast Guard isheavily involved, concern “straddling stock

17、s，” fisht exist in bon EEZ andthe adjoining high seas, and also “transboundary stocks，” fisht existoren oneadjacent EEZ. The problem is, of course,t fish do not observe the two-dred- limits.Some of the most contentious disputes betn nations, including the United Ses, are overstraddling stocks.16 Exp

18、ressing a wide consensus, one scholar writes effective high seas enforcementt the “l(fā)ack ofmay be the major outstanding problem of deci makingheernational 17 law offisheries.” On 4 August 1995 the “Agreement for the Implemenion of Provis of theUnited Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 Dec

19、ember 1982 Relating to theConservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks”was adopted in New York by a UN conference convened on the ie. The United Ses, aparty to the conference, signed on 4 December; on 21 August 1996 it deited its instrumentof ratification of

20、 the agreement. Three nations, of which the United Ses is one, edeited such instruments; thirty are needed to bring the agreement o force. Forty-twoernmentse signed it. The United Ses will, nevertheless, press regionalanizationsand other structures dealing with straddling fish stocks to implement th

21、e key proviagreement.s of thisThe Convention for the Conservation of Anadromous Stockshe North PacificOcean, which enteredo force in 1993，established a North Pacific Anadromous FishCommis. The Convention gives the IIS. Coast Guard the right to board and inspect fishingves (belonging to sest are part

22、y to the Convention)t are fishing for anadromousstock ort boarding officers beve maye incidental catches of anadromous stocks onboard. The Coast Guard may seize such vese may prosecute them).s and arrest their crews (though only the flagIn 1993 the United Ses an agreement with the Peoples Republic o

23、fChina on the effective implemenion of UN General Assembly Resolution56-215 regarding driftnet fishing. This agreement provides for reciprocal authority toboard vespected of conducting, or of being equipped to conduct, large-scale driftnetfishing on the high seas of the North Pacific Ocean. Under it

24、, the U.S. Coast Guard hasembarked Chi enforcement officers on each of its cutters assigned to the mis. In fiscalyear 1995 the Coast Guard devoted 129 cutter-days and 295 aircraft-hours to a very suceffort to deter high seas driftnet activity.sfulThe Convention on the Conservation of Pollock Resourh

25、e Central BeringSea, commonly referred to as the “Doughnut Hole” treaty, establishes twenty-four-hournotification of all transshipments of fishe an opportunity to observe the vehe Convention area sos offload.19t enforcement offilsA recent example of Coast Guard involvement in the diplomacy of fisher

26、iesenforcement was the eighth meeting of the U.S.-Russian erernmental ConsuliveCommittee, in Washington, D.C.，during February 1996. At this meeting the United Ses(with two Coast Guard officers in the delegation) and Russia initialed an agreement on theconservation of straddling stockshe so-called “p

27、eanut hole” of the central Sea of Okhotsk.Once in force, this agreement may give U.S. fishermen preferential acs to the area shouldstocks there recover sufficiently to allow a resumption of fishing.The Coast Guard has an even broader role in, effectively, ernational relationsnVicehe area of fisherie

28、s. “he Cold War days，” recalls Vice Admiral Arthur Henn, thedant of the U.S. Coast Guard, “when smaller countries aligned themselves witheither the United Ses or the Soviet Union, they built up their navies. Today these countriesare more domestically focused. They want to use their navies to do coas

29、t guard-like miss,and they are looking to the U.S. Coast Guard for advice and training. Recently the UnitedSes wanted toe nuclear proliferation talks with Kazakhstan, but they werenterested. However，” the Vicedant added, “they did want to talk with 20the U.S. Coast Guard.” The Coast Guard has prepar

30、ed a “M Maritime Service Code”t it uses for training in foreign countries, with sample regulations for those wishing to“stand up” their own coast guards.Fisheries enforcement continues to be a vital mis. Healthy and abundant livingmarine resour are a priority for the United Ses as well as for the re

31、st of the world. TheCoast Guard's participation in t area, working closely with the Se Department,diminishes the sibility of misunderstanding and dispute. Participating at every level toensureternational and domestic fisheries management laws and regulations are enforced,the Coast Guard is uniqu

32、ely suited for this responsibility because of its ra responsivenessand operational flexibility. Itsernational repuion, high visibility in humanitarian efforts,and i:he low profile of its military aspects make the service an increasingly important instrument of diplomacy.This threat is an urgent one for thet-Cold War era，in which national securityis being to some extent