1、English for Biology西華師范大學(xué)生物技術(shù)專(zhuān)業(yè)English for Biology2022/6/3MenuNew words and expressionsBackground and TranslationQ&APart Part Part English for BiologyEnglish for BiologyPart Background and TranslationCharles DarwinRonald Aylmer Fisher(1871), The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex.(1930

2、), The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection(1967),Extraordinary Sex RatiosW. D. Hamilton群體遺傳學(xué)群體遺傳學(xué)是研究群體的遺傳結(jié)構(gòu)及其變化規(guī)律的遺傳學(xué)分支學(xué)科。應(yīng)用數(shù)學(xué)和統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法研究群體中基因頻率和基因型頻率以及影響這些頻率的選擇效應(yīng)和突變作用，研究遷移和遺傳漂變等與遺傳結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)系，由此探討進(jìn)化的機(jī)制。群體遺傳學(xué)最早起源于英國(guó)數(shù)學(xué)家哈迪和德國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)家溫伯格于1908年提出的遺傳平衡定律。以后，英國(guó)數(shù)學(xué)家、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)家、遺傳學(xué)家費(fèi)希爾（Fisher）、遺傳學(xué)家霍爾丹(Haldane JBS)和美國(guó)遺傳學(xué)家賴(lài)特(W

3、right S)（群體遺傳學(xué)三大奠基人）等建立了群體遺傳學(xué)的數(shù)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)及相關(guān)計(jì)算方法，從而初步形成了群體遺傳學(xué)理論體系，群體遺傳學(xué)也逐步發(fā)展成為一門(mén)獨(dú)立的學(xué)科。群體遺傳學(xué)是研究生物群體的遺傳結(jié)構(gòu)和遺傳結(jié)構(gòu)變化規(guī)律的科學(xué)，它應(yīng)用數(shù)學(xué)和統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的原理和方法研究生物群體中基因頻率和基因型頻率的變化，以及影響這些變化的環(huán)境選擇效應(yīng)、遺傳突變作用、遷移及遺傳漂變等因素與遺傳結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)系，由此來(lái)探討生物進(jìn)化的機(jī)制并為育種工作提供理論基礎(chǔ)。從某種意義上來(lái)說(shuō)， 生物進(jìn)化就是群體遺傳結(jié)構(gòu)持續(xù)變化和演變的過(guò)程， 因此群體遺傳學(xué)理論在生物進(jìn)化機(jī)制特別是種內(nèi)進(jìn)化機(jī)制的研究中有著重要作用Ronald Fisher in 19

4、13Ronald Fisher in 1930Ronald Fisher in 1950Photos of Fisher in different periods Sir_Ronald_Aylmer_Fisher_Inverforth_House_North_End_Way_NW3 Fisher lived here from 1896 to 1904費(fèi)希爾出生于英國(guó)倫敦的東芬奇利，是七位子女中的老幺。父親喬治費(fèi)希爾，是一位事業(yè)有成的藝術(shù)品商人，這使得他的童年生活相當(dāng)順?biāo)?，受到其母親、三位姐姐與一位哥哥的溺愛(ài)。不過(guò)在他14歲時(shí)，母親卡蒂費(fèi)希爾過(guò)世，18個(gè)月后，費(fèi)希爾的父親因幾次不明智的交易，而

5、失去了事業(yè)Fisher worked at Rothamsted Research for 14 years from 19191918年戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束之后，原本卡爾皮爾遜邀請(qǐng)他進(jìn)入當(dāng)時(shí)著名的高爾登實(shí)驗(yàn)室（Galton Laboratory），但是由于費(fèi)希爾認(rèn)為自己與皮爾遜之間的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)關(guān)系是一種職業(yè)障礙，因此放棄了這個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)。直到1919年，費(fèi)希爾才選擇進(jìn)入一所名為羅森斯得實(shí)驗(yàn)站（Rothamsted Experimental Station）的農(nóng)業(yè)試驗(yàn)所。這間農(nóng)業(yè)試驗(yàn)所，位在英格蘭赫特福德郡（Hertfordshire）的哈平登（Harpenden）。費(fèi)希爾除了在其中擔(dān)任一名統(tǒng)計(jì)員之外，所長(zhǎng)約翰羅素（

6、John Russell）也讓他設(shè)立了一個(gè)統(tǒng)計(jì)實(shí)驗(yàn)室。期間發(fā)表了自然選擇的遺傳理論 “The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection”。我們可以通過(guò)這部著作了解這位群體遺傳學(xué)的奠基人的主要功績(jī)。The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection was first published in 1930 by Clarendon Press and is dedicated to Leonard Darwin. A core work of the neo-Darwinian modern evolutionary synthes

7、is,20 it helped define population genetics, which Fisher founded alongside Sewall Wright and J. B. S. Haldane, and revived the idea of sexual selection,21 neglected since Darwins death. Commonly cited in biology books, it outlines many important concepts, such as: Parental investment, is any parenta

8、l expenditure (time, energy etc.) that benefits one offspring at a cost to parents ability to invest in other components of fitness,2223（親代投資） Fisherian runaway, explaining how the desire for a phenotypic trait in one sex combined with the trait in the other sex (for example a peacocks tail) creates

9、 a runaway development of the trait.（費(fèi)希爾失控理論） Fishers principle, which explains why the sex ratio is mostly 1:1 in nature. *Reproductive value which implies that sexually reproductive value measures the contribution of an individual of a given age to the future growth of the population.2425（費(fèi)希爾原理） F

10、ishers fundamental theorem of natural selection, which states that “the rate of increase in fitness of any organism at any time is equal to its genetic variance in fitness at that time.”26（費(fèi)希爾自然選擇基本定理） Fishers geometric model, an evolutionary model of the effect sizes on fitness of spontaneous mutat

11、ions proposed by Fisher to explain the distribution of effects of mutations that could contribute to adaptative evolution（費(fèi)希爾幾何模型） Sexy son hypothesis, which explains why females choose promiscuous, unreliable fathers for their children in the hope of having similar sexy sons who give them lots of g

12、randchildren.（性感兒子假設(shè)） Mimicry, a similarity of one species to another that protects one or both（擬態(tài)） Dominance, a relationship between alleles of one gene, in which the effect on phenotype of one allele masks the contribution of a second allele at the same locus.2829（顯性） Heterozygote advantage30 whic

13、h was later found to play a frequent role in genetic polymorphism.（雜種優(yōu)勢(shì)）Memorial plaque over remains of Ronald Aylmer Fisher, lectern-side aisle of St Peters Cathedral, Adelaide，AustraliaIn 1957, a retired Fisher emigrated to Australia where he spent time as a senior research fellow at the Australia

14、n Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Adelaide, where he died in 1962, with his remains interred within St Peters Cathedral.English for BiologyPart Background and TranslationParagraph English for BiologyPart Background and TranslationTheThe evolution of sex ratios

15、 has produced, in evolution of sex ratios has produced, in most plants and animals with separate sexes, most plants and animals with separate sexes, approximately equal numbers of males and females. approximately equal numbers of males and females. Why should this be so? Why should this be so? Two m

16、ain kinds of answers have been offered.Two main kinds of answers have been offered.OneOne is couched in terms of advantages to is couched in terms of advantages to population. It is argued that the sex ratio will population. It is argued that the sex ratio will evolve so as to maximize the number of

17、 meetings evolve so as to maximize the number of meetings between individuals of the opposite sex. This is between individuals of the opposite sex. This is essentially a “group selection “argument. essentially a “group selection “argument. The other, and in my view correct, type of answer was first

18、put forward by Fisher in 1930.This “genetic“ argument starts from the assumption that genes can influence the relative numbers of male and female offspring produced by an individual carrying the genes.That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have an

19、d hence the number of gene copies transmitted. Supposed that the population consist mostly of females; then an individual who produced sons only would have more grandchildren. In contrast, if the population consisted mostly males, it would pay to have daughters. If , however, the population consiste

20、d of equal numbers of males and females, sons and daughters would be equally valuable. Thus a one-to-one sex ratio is the only stable ratio; it is an “evolutionarily stable strategy”. Although Fisher wrote before the mathematical theory of games had been developed, his theory incorporates the essent

21、ial feature of a game that the best strategy to adopt depends on what others are doing.English for BiologyPart Background and TranslationThe evolution of sex ratios has produced, in most plants and animals with separate sexes, The evolution of sex ratios has produced, in most plants and animals with

22、 separate sexes, approximately equal numbers of males and females. approximately equal numbers of males and females. The evolution of sex ratios has produced approximately equal numbers of males and females. The evolution of sex ratios has produced approximately equal numbers of males and females. i

23、n most plants and animals with separate in most plants and animals with separate sexessexes 翻譯：翻譯：在絕大多數(shù)性別各異的動(dòng)植物中，性別比例進(jìn)化產(chǎn)生了幾乎數(shù)目相等的雌雄個(gè)體。翻譯要點(diǎn)：1、翻譯時(shí)，首先要提取主干，其他修飾的成分加到主干部分被修飾的部分的前面，最后實(shí)現(xiàn)整體翻譯。2、這句話中，numbers為名詞，在翻譯過(guò)程中轉(zhuǎn)化為形容詞來(lái)修飾“雌雄個(gè)體”，以使得更符合中文的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。English for BiologyPart Background and Translation翻譯：翻譯：何以應(yīng)該如

24、此呢？這里，（科學(xué)家）已經(jīng)提供了兩種主要的答案。翻譯要點(diǎn)：這里翻譯成中文時(shí)，我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，這是一個(gè)被動(dòng)句。一般英翻中時(shí)，多把被動(dòng)改為主動(dòng)，但此時(shí)我們發(fā)現(xiàn)缺少主語(yǔ)，聯(lián)系上下文，補(bǔ)充“科學(xué)家”作為主語(yǔ)，由于是根據(jù)意思添加的，所以加括號(hào)。這也提示我們，先全局（全文）后局部，能夠確保翻譯方向的準(zhǔn)確性。Why should this be so? Why should this be so? Two main kinds of answers have been offered.Two main kinds of answers have been offered.English for BiologyP

25、art Background and Translation翻譯翻譯1：一種就是從對(duì)群體有利的方面進(jìn)行闡述的。該觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為，性別比例會(huì)進(jìn)化，以便使得兩性個(gè)體之間相會(huì)的數(shù)量得以最大化。這本質(zhì)上是一種“群體選擇”的論點(diǎn)。翻譯要點(diǎn)：這里主要是對(duì)句子表達(dá)意思的理解，兩種翻譯方式不同，前者偏重于直譯，后者通過(guò)對(duì)句意的理解，將詞性轉(zhuǎn)化，使得更符合中文表述。OneOne is couched in terms of advantages to population. It is argued that the sex ratio will is couched in terms of advantages t

26、o population. It is argued that the sex ratio will evolve so as to maximize the number evolve so as to maximize the number of meetings between individuals of the opposite sexof meetings between individuals of the opposite sex. . This is essentially a “group selection “argument. This is essentially a

27、 “group selection “argument. 翻譯翻譯2：一種就是從對(duì)群體有利的方面進(jìn)行闡述的。該觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為，性別比例之所以會(huì)進(jìn)化，就是為了最大程度上增加兩性的個(gè)體相會(huì)的數(shù)量。這本質(zhì)上是一種“群體選擇”的論點(diǎn)。English for BiologyPart Background and Translation翻譯要點(diǎn)：對(duì)于人名的翻譯，一般的原則是翻譯的同時(shí)，標(biāo)注原文。因?yàn)橛行┤嗣怯泄潭ㄗg法的（比如馬克思），為了確保萬(wàn)無(wú)一失，標(biāo)注是最好不過(guò)了。翻譯：翻譯：另外一種，在我看來(lái)是正確的，答案是費(fèi)希爾（Fisher）于1930年首先提出來(lái)的。這個(gè)基于“遺傳水平”的論點(diǎn)始于這樣一個(gè)假設(shè)，即基

28、因能夠影響攜帶有該基因個(gè)體的雌雄后代的相對(duì)數(shù)量。The other, and in my view correct, type of answer was first put forward by Fisher in 1930.This “genetic“ argument starts from the assumption that genes can influence the relative numbers of male and female offspring produced by an individual carrying the genes.English for Bio

29、logyPart Background and Translation翻譯要點(diǎn)：理解原文的基礎(chǔ)上，進(jìn)行中文表達(dá)的翻譯，也就是思想上忠實(shí)于原文。譯文2以短句居多，更符合中文“形散神聚”的行文習(xí)慣。翻譯翻譯2：（生物體更愿意選擇）：（生物體更愿意選擇）那樣的性別比例，那樣的性別比例，（在這樣的性比中），個(gè)體（在這樣的性比中），個(gè)體擁有最大數(shù)量的后代，并且因此而擁有最大數(shù)量的后代，并且因此而（給（給后代）后代）傳遞了最大數(shù)量的基因拷貝。假設(shè)群體主要由雌性個(gè)體組成，那么，僅是產(chǎn)生雄性后代，個(gè)體就會(huì)有更多子孫。傳遞了最大數(shù)量的基因拷貝。假設(shè)群體主要由雌性個(gè)體組成，那么，僅是產(chǎn)生雄性后代，個(gè)體就會(huì)有更多子

30、孫。相反，如果群體主要由雄性組成，個(gè)體會(huì)因?yàn)閾碛懈啻菩院蟠@得更多益處。但是，如果相反，如果群體主要由雄性組成，個(gè)體會(huì)因?yàn)閾碛懈啻菩院蟠@得更多益處。但是，如果群體中雌雄個(gè)體相等，群體中雌雄個(gè)體相等，無(wú)論后代是雌性還是雄性，價(jià)值都會(huì)是相等的。無(wú)論后代是雌性還是雄性，價(jià)值都會(huì)是相等的。That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted. Supposed

31、 that the population consist mostly of females; then an individual who produced sons only would have more grandchildren. In contrast, if the population consisted mostly males, it would pay to have daughters. If , however, the population consisted of equal numbers of males and females, sons and daugh

32、ters would be equally valuable. 翻譯翻譯1：那種那種使得個(gè)體擁有最大數(shù)量的后代并因此而傳遞了最大數(shù)量的基因拷貝的使得個(gè)體擁有最大數(shù)量的后代并因此而傳遞了最大數(shù)量的基因拷貝的性別比例會(huì)受到青睞。假設(shè)群體主性別比例會(huì)受到青睞。假設(shè)群體主要由雌性個(gè)體組成，那么，僅產(chǎn)生雄性后代的個(gè)體會(huì)有更多的子孫；相反，如果群體主要由雄性個(gè)體組成，那么，擁要由雌性個(gè)體組成，那么，僅產(chǎn)生雄性后代的個(gè)體會(huì)有更多的子孫；相反，如果群體主要由雄性個(gè)體組成，那么，擁有雌性后代將獲得更多益處。但是，如果群體有相同數(shù)量的雌雄個(gè)體，雌性后代與雄性后代的價(jià)值都會(huì)是相等的。有雌性后代將獲得更多益處。但是，

33、如果群體有相同數(shù)量的雌雄個(gè)體，雌性后代與雄性后代的價(jià)值都會(huì)是相等的。English for BiologyPart Background and Translation翻譯要點(diǎn)：前后句之間的聯(lián)系，需要我們?cè)诜g的時(shí)候補(bǔ)齊。翻譯：翻譯：因此，一個(gè)“一比一”的性別比例是唯一穩(wěn)定的比例，它是一種“進(jìn)化穩(wěn)定策略”。盡管費(fèi)希爾在數(shù)學(xué)上的博弈論建立之前就寫(xiě)了自己的理論（note ：Fishers principle費(fèi)希爾原理 ) ，但是他的理論囊括了博弈論的本質(zhì)特征，即所能采用的最佳策略取決于他者正在做什么。Thus a one-to-one sex ratio is the only stable ra

34、tio; it is an “evolutionarily stable strategy”. Although Fisher wrote before the mathematical theory of games had been developed, his theory incorporates the essential feature of a game that the best strategy to adopt depends on what others are doing.背景補(bǔ)充：費(fèi)希爾的這個(gè)理論，據(jù)稱(chēng)并非原創(chuàng)，盡管這并不影響費(fèi)希爾的歷史地位，具體如下：In his

35、book The genetical theory of natural selection, R. A. Fisher proposesa simple, and now well known, theory of the evolution of the sex ratio (1930,141143), a theory that is the foundation of much subsequent work. Beforepresenting the theory, he quotes a paragraph from Darwins Descent of man inwhich D

36、arwin writes that he cannot see how a 1:1 sex ratio could be the resultof natural selection. Darwins paragraph concludes “I formerly thought thatwhen a tendency to produce the two sexes in equal numbers was advantageousto the species, it would follow from natural selection, but I now see thatthe who

37、le problem is so intricate that it is safer to leave its solution for thefuture.” As Bulmer (1994, 207208) has pointed out, the paragraph occursin the second edition of Darwins book (1874, 252256). Neither Fisher, norany scholar prior to Bulmer, appears to have noticed that the section in whichit oc

38、curs replaces a section in the first edition that contains the essence ofFishers theory!2 I quote from Darwin (1871, 316)Osborne, Martin J. “Darwin, Fisher, and a theory of the evolution of the sex ratio” ，1996English for BiologyPart Background and TranslationLet us now take the case of a species pr

39、oducing from the unknowncauses just alluded to, an excess of one sexwe will say of malesthese being superfluous and useless, or nearly useless. Could thesexes be equalized through natural selection? We may feel sure, from all characters being variable, that certain pairs would produce a somewhat les

40、s excess of males over females than other pairs. The former, supposing the actual number of the offspring to remain constant, would necessarily produce more females, and would therefore be more productive. On the doctrine of chances a greater number of the offspring of the more productive pairs woul

41、d survive; and these would inherit a tendency to procreate fewer males and more females. Thus a tendency towards the equalization of the sexes would be brought about.(1871), The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex.English for BiologyPart Background and TranslationEnglish for BiologyPart

42、 Background and TranslationParagraph English for BiologyPart Background and TranslationSinceSince fishers time, it has been realized that genes can sometimes influence the chromosomes or gametes in which they find themselves so that the gametes will be more likely to participate in fertilization. If

43、 such a gene occurs on a sex-determining (X or Y ) chromosome, then highly aberrant sex ratios can occur. But more immediately relevant to game theory are the sex ratios in certain parasitic wasp species that have a large excess of females. In these species, fertilized eggs developed into females an

44、d unfertilized eggs into males. A female stores sperm and can determine the sex of each egg she lays by fertilizing it or leaving it unfertilized. By Fishers argument, it should still pay a female to produce equal numbers of sons and daughters. Hamilton, noting that the eggs develop within their hos

45、t the larva of another insect and that the newly emerged adult waps mate immediately and disperse ,offered a remarkably cogent analysis. Since only one female usually lays eggs in a Since only one female usually lays eggs in a given larva, it would pay her to produce one given larva, it would pay he

46、r to produce one male only, male only, because this one could fertilize all this one could fertilize all its sisters on emergence. its sisters on emergence. Like Fisher, Hamilton looked for an Like Fisher, Hamilton looked for an evolutionarily stable strategy, but he went a evolutionarily stable str

47、ategy, but he went a step further in recognizing that he was step further in recognizing that he was looking for a strategy. looking for a strategy. English for BiologyPart Background and Translation翻譯要點(diǎn)：理解句意的基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)譯文結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行拆分合并。SinceSince fishers time, it has been realized that genes can sometimes influ

48、ence the chromosomes or gametes （ in which they find themselves ）so that the gametes will be more likely to participate in fertilization. 翻譯：翻譯：自菲希爾的時(shí)代以來(lái)，自菲希爾的時(shí)代以來(lái)，（科學(xué)家們）（科學(xué)家們）已經(jīng)意識(shí)到，基因有時(shí)能影響到其所在的染色體或配子，這樣，已經(jīng)意識(shí)到，基因有時(shí)能影響到其所在的染色體或配子，這樣，配子將更有可能參與到授精過(guò)程中來(lái)。配子將更有可能參與到授精過(guò)程中來(lái)。English for BiologyPart Background

49、 and Translation翻譯要點(diǎn)：理解句意的基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)譯文結(jié)構(gòu)及語(yǔ)序進(jìn)行拆分合并。翻譯翻譯2：如果該基因發(fā)生在性染色體（如果該基因發(fā)生在性染色體（X或或Y染色體）上，那么就會(huì)發(fā)生極度反常的性別比例。但是染色體）上，那么就會(huì)發(fā)生極度反常的性別比例。但是與博弈論更直接相關(guān)的是某些寄生性黃蜂種群的性別比例。與博弈論更直接相關(guān)的是某些寄生性黃蜂種群的性別比例。（在這些黃蜂種群中），雌性個(gè)體占了（在這些黃蜂種群中），雌性個(gè)體占了絕大多數(shù)。絕大多數(shù)。另外，在這些種群中，受精卵發(fā)育成雌性，未受精卵發(fā)育成雄性。另外，在這些種群中，受精卵發(fā)育成雌性，未受精卵發(fā)育成雄性。通過(guò)存儲(chǔ)精液并決定通過(guò)存儲(chǔ)精液并決定

50、是否給其所產(chǎn)生的卵受精，雌性個(gè)體能夠決定每個(gè)卵的性別。是否給其所產(chǎn)生的卵受精，雌性個(gè)體能夠決定每個(gè)卵的性別。 If such a gene occurs on a sex-determining (X or Y ) chromosome, then highly aberrant sex ratios can occur. But more immediately relevant to game theory are the sex ratios in certain parasitic wasp species that have a large excess of females. In

51、 these species, fertilized eggs developed into females and unfertilized eggs into males. 翻譯翻譯1：如果這樣的基因發(fā)生在性染色體（如果這樣的基因發(fā)生在性染色體（X或或Y染色體）上，那么就會(huì)發(fā)生極度反常的性別比例。染色體）上，那么就會(huì)發(fā)生極度反常的性別比例。但是與博弈論更直接相關(guān)的是某些寄生性黃蜂種群的性別比例，這些黃蜂種群擁有極度過(guò)量的雌性但是與博弈論更直接相關(guān)的是某些寄生性黃蜂種群的性別比例，這些黃蜂種群擁有極度過(guò)量的雌性個(gè)體。在這些種群中，受精卵發(fā)育成雌性而未受精卵發(fā)育成雄性。個(gè)體。在這些種群中，受精

52、卵發(fā)育成雌性而未受精卵發(fā)育成雄性。通過(guò)存儲(chǔ)精液并決定是否給其所通過(guò)存儲(chǔ)精液并決定是否給其所產(chǎn)生的卵受精，雌性個(gè)體能夠決定每個(gè)卵的性別。產(chǎn)生的卵受精，雌性個(gè)體能夠決定每個(gè)卵的性別。A female stores sperm and can determine the sex of each egg she lays by fertilizing it or leaving it unfertilized. English for BiologyPart Background and Translation翻譯要點(diǎn)：厘清主干，理解句意的基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)譯文結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行拆分合并。翻譯：翻譯：根據(jù)費(fèi)希爾的論點(diǎn)，對(duì)

53、雌性個(gè)體來(lái)說(shuō)，產(chǎn)生相等數(shù)量的雌雄后代應(yīng)該仍是不乏益處的。根據(jù)費(fèi)希爾的論點(diǎn)，對(duì)雌性個(gè)體來(lái)說(shuō)，產(chǎn)生相等數(shù)量的雌雄后代應(yīng)該仍是不乏益處的。注意到這些卵在它們寄主注意到這些卵在它們寄主另一種昆蟲(chóng)的幼蟲(chóng)體內(nèi)發(fā)育另一種昆蟲(chóng)的幼蟲(chóng)體內(nèi)發(fā)育,并且剛成年的黃蜂迅速交配后立即分散開(kāi)并且剛成年的黃蜂迅速交配后立即分散開(kāi)來(lái)，漢密爾頓（來(lái)，漢密爾頓（Hamilton）提供了一個(gè)極具說(shuō)服力的分析。既然通常情況下，只有一只雌蜂在特定）提供了一個(gè)極具說(shuō)服力的分析。既然通常情況下，只有一只雌蜂在特定的一只幼蟲(chóng)內(nèi)產(chǎn)卵，那么只產(chǎn)生一個(gè)雄性后代便會(huì)獲得益處，因?yàn)檫@只雄蜂會(huì)將它所有的雌性同胞的一只幼蟲(chóng)內(nèi)產(chǎn)卵，那么只產(chǎn)生一個(gè)雄性后代便會(huì)

54、獲得益處，因?yàn)檫@只雄蜂會(huì)將它所有的雌性同胞在在自卵中育出之際皆予授精自卵中育出之際皆予授精。 By Fishers argument, it should still pay a female to produce equal numbers of sons and daughters. HamiltonHamilton, noting that the eggs develop within their host the larva of , noting that the eggs develop within their host the larva of another insect

55、and that the newly emerged adult waps mate immediately and another insect and that the newly emerged adult waps mate immediately and disperse ,disperse ,offered a remarkably cogent analysis. offered a remarkably cogent analysis. Since only one female usually lays eggs in a given larva, it would pay

56、her to Since only one female usually lays eggs in a given larva, it would pay her to produce one male only, because this one could fertilize all its sisters on produce one male only, because this one could fertilize all its sisters on emergence. emergence. English for BiologyPart Background and Tran

57、slation翻譯要點(diǎn)：盡量使譯文更符合中文表達(dá)習(xí)慣翻譯：翻譯：如同菲希爾一樣，漢密爾頓也意欲尋覓一種在生物進(jìn)化上的穩(wěn)定策略，但他更深入了一步，如同菲希爾一樣，漢密爾頓也意欲尋覓一種在生物進(jìn)化上的穩(wěn)定策略，但他更深入了一步，因?yàn)樗J(rèn)識(shí)到他的研究正是為了去尋找一種生物體的進(jìn)化策略。因?yàn)樗J(rèn)識(shí)到他的研究正是為了去尋找一種生物體的進(jìn)化策略。Like Fisher, Hamilton looked for an evolutionarily stable strategy, but Like Fisher, Hamilton looked for an evolutionarily stable st

58、rategy, but he went a step further in recognizing that he was looking for a he went a step further in recognizing that he was looking for a strategy. strategy. 背景補(bǔ)充：我們看到，漢密爾頓對(duì)費(fèi)希爾的理論進(jìn)行了拓展，尤其是提出并解釋了性別比例的例外，他的具體觀點(diǎn)體現(xiàn)在其論文中，具體觀點(diǎn)如下：A modern statement of which is given by Hamilton (1967, 477）:Suppose female

59、 births are less common than male. A newborn female then has better mating prospects than anewborn male, and therefore can expect to have more offspring. Therefore parents genetically disposed to produce females tendto have more than average numbers of grandchildren born to them.Therefore the genes for female-producing tendencies spread, andfemale births become commoner.As the 1:1 sex ratio is approached, the advantage associatedwith producing females dies away.The same reasoning holds if males are substituted for femalesthroughout. Therefore 1:1 is the equilibrium ratio.Hamilton, W. D. (196