1、PAGE PAGE 7特殊句式一、倒裝句1全部倒裝(1)在There be/seem/appear/live/stand/lie/fly/exist/remain等存在句中。Look，theres that bookshop I was telling you about.(2)表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和動(dòng)作轉(zhuǎn)移的副詞如here, there, now，then, up, down, in，out, away，off等置于句首時(shí)，后面的動(dòng)詞是be,come,exist,fall,follow,go,lie,remain,seem,stand等，為使生動(dòng)地描述情景而采用倒裝語(yǔ)序。此時(shí)，句子多用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或

2、一般過(guò)去時(shí)。There goes the phone.Ill answer it. (3)such作表語(yǔ)置于句首時(shí)。Such was Albert Einstein，a simple man but the 20th centurys greatest scientist.(4) 為平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，或使上下文銜接緊密，而將作表語(yǔ)的介詞短語(yǔ)、形容詞、副詞或分詞提到句首，引起倒裝（表語(yǔ)前置）。Gone forever are the days when the Chinese people had to use foreign oil.Visiting the Great Wall were 200

3、 American college students. Planted on the top of the mountain were some trees.(5)表示地點(diǎn)的介詞短語(yǔ)位于句首時(shí)。In the center of the square stands a monument.(6) 直接引語(yǔ)的全部或部分位于句首時(shí)?！癐f you die，who will get your money？” asked Holmes.2部分倒裝在下列幾種情況下，只把助動(dòng)詞、系動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)之前，構(gòu)成部分倒裝。(1)little，never，not，seldom，neither，nor，hardl

4、y，rarely，scarcely, by no means，nowhere, at no time，under no circumstances/in no case/by no means/on no account等not a +名詞等表示否定或半否定意義的副詞或詞組開(kāi)頭的句子中，采用部分倒裝。Little does he care about what others think.(2)在not.until.，no sooner.than.，scarcely/hardly.when.，not only.but also.，neither.nor.等句式中。 Neither does he

5、 drink nor smoke.(3) often, many a time, always, once等表示時(shí)間的頻度副詞放在句首時(shí)應(yīng)用部分倒裝。Many a time has he been to Paris. 他去過(guò)巴黎多次。(4)在so/such.that.從句中，當(dāng)so形容詞/副詞或such名詞位于句首時(shí)。So exhausted was she that she wanted to have a rest.(5) 以only開(kāi)頭的句子（only后面為副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)從句），采用部分倒裝，即把謂語(yǔ)的助動(dòng)詞放到主語(yǔ)之前，謂語(yǔ)用原形。Only then did I find I h

6、ad made a mistake.(6）so/as系動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞主語(yǔ)，表示“也是”。Times have changed and so have I.當(dāng)neither，nor位于句首，表示前面否定的內(nèi)容也適用于另一個(gè)人或事物時(shí)，常用neither/nor系動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞主語(yǔ)，表示“也不”。They couldnt understand it at that time，and nor could we.注意：so + 人稱代詞（同一主語(yǔ)）+ 助動(dòng)詞，這種結(jié)構(gòu)中的主謂是正常語(yǔ)序，用以重述前面的情況，以表示贊同或強(qiáng)調(diào)。 It was cold yesterday.So it wa

7、s.注意：so it is/was with + 另一主語(yǔ)，這種結(jié)構(gòu)表示這一主語(yǔ)的情況也如此。主要用于上文出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)以上句子（情況），而在邏輯上這些句子表現(xiàn)同一主語(yǔ)，通常是有肯定和否定的混合句?；蛴袃蓚€(gè)（以上）謂語(yǔ)。 Mike likes Chinese but he is not good at Chinese. So it is with Tom./It is the same with Tom.注意：主語(yǔ)+ 動(dòng)詞do(某種形式)+so, 此句型用以避免重復(fù)前文所述動(dòng)詞及其賓（狀）語(yǔ)，表示該句型中的主語(yǔ)做了前文中已提到的動(dòng)作，此句型中的主語(yǔ)可與前句主語(yǔ)相同，也可以是另外的人。 She ask

8、ed me to speak louder and I did so. (7)省略if的虛擬條件句，把助動(dòng)詞were，had，should提到主語(yǔ)前面。Had it not been for your help，we shouldnt have achieved so much.(8)“may動(dòng)詞原形”表示祝愿，通常把may置于句首，構(gòu)成倒裝語(yǔ)序。May you succeed!3.形式倒裝句(1)as和though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,可以將表語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)置于句首，但主謂不倒裝。Try as/though she might，Sue couldnt get the door open.Tired

9、as/though he is, he is still working. Child(不加冠詞) as he is, he seems to know everything.(2)however或no matter how修飾形容詞或副詞要前置，用以加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣，Whatever the boys says, his mother always thinks that he is right.However difficult the problem may be, we must work it out this evening.(3)感嘆句 What an interesting talk

10、they have! How interesting their talk was!(4)the more.the more句型The more you listen to the talk, the easier it becomes.二、強(qiáng)調(diào)句1使用助動(dòng)詞do，does和did對(duì)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)。First impressions really do count.2運(yùn)用強(qiáng)調(diào)句型來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)除謂語(yǔ)以外的其他句子成分。強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的基本句型結(jié)構(gòu)為：It is/was被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分that/who句子的其他部分?？捎脕?lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)句子的主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)成分。 被強(qiáng)調(diào)的成分舉例：原句：Tom found my pen

11、in the classroom yesterday.強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ)：It was Tom who / that found my pen in the classroom yesterday.強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語(yǔ)：It was my pen that Tom found in the classroom yesterday.強(qiáng)調(diào)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)：It was in the classroom that Tom found my pen yesterday.強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：It was yesterday that Tom found my pen in the classroom.注意： (1)強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中的主謂一致在強(qiáng)

12、調(diào)句型中，當(dāng)對(duì)陳述句中的主語(yǔ)進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，無(wú)論被強(qiáng)調(diào)的主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)，主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都要用單數(shù)形式It is/was.，同時(shí)，that從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要與被強(qiáng)調(diào)的主語(yǔ)在人稱和數(shù)方面保持一致。 It is my parents that/who often help me get out of trouble.(2)當(dāng)對(duì)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)或其他狀語(yǔ)從句進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，只能用連接詞that，而不能用when，where，why或how等。 It was on August 8,2008 that 29th Summer Olympic Games were opened in Beijing.(3

13、)強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的一般疑問(wèn)句在強(qiáng)調(diào)句中，無(wú)論被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是什么句子成分，變?yōu)橐话阋蓡?wèn)句時(shí)，都須將主句改為疑問(wèn)語(yǔ)序，即將“It is/was被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分that其他成分”改為“Is/Was it被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分that其他成分？Was it her failing her exam that made her parents unhappy? (4)強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的特殊疑問(wèn)式：特殊疑問(wèn)詞+ is (was) it + that +句子的其他成分。特殊疑問(wèn)詞即是被強(qiáng)調(diào)的成分。例如：Who was it that found your pen in the classroom yesterday? When was it

14、 that she changed her mind? (5)在對(duì)not.until結(jié)構(gòu)中的until時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)或時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，要將句中的not移至until之前，構(gòu)成：It is/was not until.that.。注意that從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要變成肯定形式，而且不再采用倒裝語(yǔ)序。I didnt realize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses.It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a

15、famous film star.注意：1.強(qiáng)調(diào)句型與時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句、定語(yǔ)從句的判斷強(qiáng)調(diào)句型要注意和it代表時(shí)間、距離、溫度、自然現(xiàn)象、具體事物或人物等時(shí)所構(gòu)成的各種句型的區(qū)別。試比較：It was on March 1 that I had my hair cut. (強(qiáng)調(diào)句)It was March 1 when I had my hair cut. (后面是定語(yǔ)從句)判斷是否是強(qiáng)調(diào)句，可采用“還原法”。如果還原為一般句式后，句子各種成份完整，則是強(qiáng)調(diào)句。否則不是。2強(qiáng)調(diào)句型結(jié)構(gòu)中的反意疑問(wèn)句式。在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型結(jié)構(gòu)中，其反意疑問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)及助動(dòng)詞必須與主句It is/was.保持一致。It is

16、Mary not you who wants to ask me about that matter，isnt it?3強(qiáng)調(diào)句型結(jié)構(gòu)與定語(yǔ)從句的混合使用。在高考試題中，為了增加試題的難度，命題人常將強(qiáng)調(diào)句型與定語(yǔ)從句混合起來(lái)，使句子結(jié)構(gòu)更加復(fù)雜。我們要注意從語(yǔ)法角度來(lái)分析句子，理清結(jié)構(gòu)“強(qiáng)調(diào)句型與定語(yǔ)從句”。It was on the farm where we worked that I got to know her.4強(qiáng)調(diào)句型與時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的辨析。當(dāng)用強(qiáng)調(diào)句型強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，去掉“it is/was”和連詞“that”原句仍然完整。而在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，若去掉“it is/was”和連詞“

17、when/before”，原句不完整。It was at 1428 that the terrible earthquake broke out.(強(qiáng)調(diào)句型)It was 1428 when the terrible earthquake broke out.(狀語(yǔ)從句)三、省略在語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用中，尤其是在口語(yǔ)中，省略是常見(jiàn)的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象。1、在某些表虛擬語(yǔ)氣的主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中的should可以省略。這些句子一般包含如下動(dòng)詞一及其派生詞：一堅(jiān)持(insist)，二命令(order, command/demand)，三建議(suggest, advise, rec

18、ommend, propose)，四要求(demand, require, request, ask)Janes pale face suggested that she was ill and her parents suggested that she have a medical examination.It is necessary (important/essential/vital; possible, impossible, necessary, strange, natural, a pity, no wonder) that.等主語(yǔ)從句中。It is necessary th

19、at the problem be solved at once. 2、定語(yǔ)從句中的省略（1）在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞that, which, who (whom)?？梢允÷?。The man I saw is called Tom. Where is the pen I bought this morning?（2）關(guān)系副詞when, where, why及that在the time when, the place where, the reason why, the way that結(jié)構(gòu)中引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，在非正式場(chǎng)合下，可以省略關(guān)系副詞when, where, why和th

20、at等。I shall never forget the day we first met.The reason he came so early is his own affair. I dont like the way you speak to your mother.3狀語(yǔ)從句中的省略(見(jiàn)狀語(yǔ)從句)（1）由when，while，if，as if，although/though，as，until，once，whether，unless，where等引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句中，如果其謂語(yǔ)為be，而主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)相同時(shí)，狀語(yǔ)從句中的主語(yǔ)是it，并且又含有be動(dòng)詞時(shí)則從句的主語(yǔ)和be可省略?；驈木涞闹?/p>

21、語(yǔ)為it時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)為be，也可省略從句中的it和be。如：When (I am) in trouble，I always turn to my classmates for help.遇到麻煩時(shí)，我總是找同學(xué)幫忙。If (it is) possible，this machine can be fixed at once.可能的話，這臺(tái)機(jī)器會(huì)立即修好。（2）虛擬條件句中,含助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、動(dòng)詞be或have等,若將它們提到句首,則需省略if。 Should it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit till next week.（3

22、）在as(so). as., than引導(dǎo)的比較狀語(yǔ)從句中。I know you can do better than Peter. This car doesnt run as fast as that one. （4）在as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中，當(dāng)作表語(yǔ)的單數(shù)名詞提前時(shí)，不定冠詞要省略。Child as he is, he knows a lot.2不定式的省略1）有些動(dòng)詞，如believe, find, think, feel, consider, imagine, prove等后作賓補(bǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)to be + n./ adj. 中的to be可以省略。I consider him stup

23、id. His mother found him a clever boy.2） 感官動(dòng)詞see, hear, feel, watch, notice 等以及使役動(dòng)詞let, make, have后作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式中的不定式符號(hào)to要省略，但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，to必須保留。They made the boy go to bed early. （被動(dòng)）The boy was made to go to bed early. 3) 動(dòng)詞不定式在expect，forget，decide, mean, intend, try，promise, like, love， care，want，hope，wi

24、sh，expect ，prefer，refuse，wish等動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，為了避免重復(fù),常承前省略不定式后的內(nèi)容,但要保留不定式符號(hào) to。 I have asked her to come，but she does not want to 注意：want，like用在 when，if, what，as 引導(dǎo)的從句中，其后的to也?？墒÷?。Ive decided to do what I like Ill teach you if you like或放在表情緒的詞后，代替被省略的動(dòng)詞，常見(jiàn)詞有：be afraid， glad，happy，pleased等；但是，如果不定式中含有be，have

25、，have been，則要保留be，have，have been。I asked him to see the film，but he didnt want to.Will you please look after my house when Im away? Im glad to.Are you a sailor? No.But I used to be.4）在can not but, can not choose but, can do nothing but., cant help but., prefer to do rather than do., would do. rather

26、 than. 之后的動(dòng)詞不定式一般不帶to；but之前有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do的某個(gè)形式do, does, did, done 而且其賓語(yǔ)是something，nothing，anything和everything等不定代詞時(shí)，也不帶to, 否則要帶to。We have nothing to do now but wait. I can not but admire his courage. He has no choice but to accept the fact.5）在并列結(jié)構(gòu)中為了避免重復(fù)，后一個(gè)to省略。 Im really puzzled what to think or say. 但兩個(gè)

27、不定式有對(duì)照或?qū)Ρ鹊囊饬x時(shí)，則后一個(gè)to不能省略。I came not to scold but to praise you.6）在why, why not 引導(dǎo)的特殊問(wèn)句中后跟省略to的動(dòng)詞不定式。Why talk so much about it? Why not try it again? 7）動(dòng)詞不定式與be able to，be going to，have to，ought to，used to等構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)時(shí)，不定式結(jié)構(gòu)?？墒÷?，但要保留不定式符號(hào)to。 I dont want to wait for him， but l have to Why didnt you come to

28、 our party？ I was going to，but l had a report to write8）動(dòng)詞不定式中動(dòng)詞原形部分是否省略，主要看句子前面是否已出現(xiàn)過(guò)同樣的動(dòng)詞。如果句子前面出現(xiàn)過(guò)同樣的動(dòng)詞，為了避免重復(fù)，句子后面的不定式常省略動(dòng)詞原形，而保留不定式符號(hào)to。Dont go till I tell you to.9）動(dòng)詞不定式在ask，warn，tell，advise，force，wish，expect，allow，permit , invite, persuade, order, would like, forbid等動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，常可省略。Youd

29、 better give a performance if you are asked to He didnt come, though we had invited him to. 10）動(dòng)詞不定式在happy， glad， eager，anxious，willing， ready等形容詞等后承前省略動(dòng)詞原形，只保留不定式符號(hào)to。Will you join me in a walk？ Ill be happy to 注：承前省略的動(dòng)詞不定式如果有助動(dòng)詞have或be，則要保留be或have。Are you a doctor? No, but I used to be.Your work h

30、asnt been handed in，but it ought to have been.3?？嫉膸讉€(gè)省略形式if ever，if any，if not better/worse/taller.than等4并列句中的省略并列句中的兩個(gè)對(duì)等句里的動(dòng)詞相同時(shí)，后者的動(dòng)詞可以省略。如：He is going to Hong Kong，but his brother (is going) to America.他要去香港，但是他的弟弟要去美國(guó)。My room is on the third floor and his，on the fifth.我的房間在三樓，他的在五樓。四 反意疑問(wèn)句： 1、反意疑

31、問(wèn)句的結(jié)構(gòu)形式：反意疑問(wèn)句提出情況或看法，問(wèn)對(duì)方同不同意，這種問(wèn)句都由兩部分組成，前一部分用陳述句的形式，后一部分是一個(gè)附著在前一部分上的簡(jiǎn)短問(wèn)句，中間用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)，如前一部分為肯定形式，后一部分通常用否定形式，前一部分為否定形式，后一部分就用肯定形式，兩部分的時(shí)態(tài)要一致。You are to go home via Hongkong, arent you? （肯定的陳述句+否定的反意疑問(wèn)句）They didnt raise many questions at the press conference, did they?（否定的陳述句+肯定的反意疑問(wèn)句）2、反意疑問(wèn)句的答語(yǔ)在回答反意疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，

32、應(yīng)根據(jù)事實(shí)來(lái)回答，如果事實(shí)是肯定的，前面要用yes,否則用no, 在第一部分為否定句時(shí)要特別注意，這時(shí)英語(yǔ)回答和漢語(yǔ)回答是不一致的。You are not going out today, are you?No, I am not.你今天不出去，是嗎？是的，我今天不出去。（“不出去”屬于否定的事實(shí)，所以在英語(yǔ)中應(yīng)用“no”來(lái)表示此義，不要用 “yes”來(lái)回答。）注意：1）、當(dāng)陳述部分的主語(yǔ)是everybody, everyone, someone, no one, nobody, somebody等不定代詞時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)句部分中的主語(yǔ)常用they (有時(shí)也可用he.)Somebody borro

33、wed my pen yesterday, didnt they?No one was hurt, was he?2）、當(dāng)陳述部分的主語(yǔ)是everything, anything, nothing, something等表物的不定代詞時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)部分的主語(yǔ)常用it.Everything has been done on how to prevent the pollution, hasnt it?3）、當(dāng)陳述部分的主語(yǔ)是one時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)部分的主語(yǔ)常用one或you。One should study hard, shouldnt one/ you?4）、當(dāng)陳述部分的主語(yǔ)是man(人類)時(shí)，反意

34、疑問(wèn)部分的主語(yǔ)常用he。Man is the master of his own fate, isnt he?5）、當(dāng)陳述部分是there be結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)， 反意疑問(wèn)部分用there,省略主語(yǔ)代詞。There used to be a shop, didnt there?6）、當(dāng)陳述部分含有seldom, hardly, never, rarely, few, little, nowhere, nothing等否定詞或半否定詞時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)部分的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用肯定形式。Few people know him, do they?Bob rarely got drunk, did he?You have no

35、thing else to say, have you?7）、當(dāng)陳述部分中含有im, in, dis, un等否定前綴或less等否定后綴時(shí)，應(yīng)把陳述部分看成是肯定的，反意疑問(wèn)部分要用否定式。Your mother dislikes seeing you with me, doesnt she?He is unfamiliar with this type of computer, isnt he?8）、當(dāng)陳述部分是Im 結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)部分常用arent I I am late, arent I?9）、 當(dāng)陳述部分是主從復(fù)合句時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)部分中的動(dòng)詞和主語(yǔ)代詞通常應(yīng)和主句中的動(dòng)詞和主語(yǔ)保持一

36、致。If you dont start early, you will be late, wont you?Peter believes that his dream will come true some day, doesnt he?10）、前面若有多個(gè)句子并列，則以最后一個(gè)句子為準(zhǔn)；若前面部分為主從復(fù)合句，一般說(shuō)來(lái)，以主句為準(zhǔn)； 當(dāng)陳述部分的主句是I suppose, I think, I believe, I imagine, I feel，I consider，I guess等結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)部分往往與從句保持一致，而且要注意否定轉(zhuǎn)移。I think he is a thief, i

37、snt he? I dont think he can do it well, can he?11）、當(dāng)陳述部分含有have，而且have作“有”解時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)部分用have/has或借助助動(dòng)詞do, does, did等來(lái)完成；如果陳述部分中的have是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，則反意疑問(wèn)部分應(yīng)需借助助動(dòng)詞do, does, did等來(lái)完成。He hasnt a lot of time to spare, has he?He doesnt have an English dictionary, does he?12）、當(dāng)陳述部分的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞包括have to, had to時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)部分通常用do的適當(dāng)形式

38、。You had to take the early bus, didnt you? We have to do it, dont we?13）、當(dāng)陳述部分含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞used to時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)部分可用used to形式或did形式。He used to get up late, didnt/ usednt he?14）、當(dāng)陳述部分是祈使句時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)部分常用will you.Help me to do it, will you? Dont go there, will you? Lets 和Let us都表示“讓我們”，但用法上不同。前者包括聽(tīng)話人，后者不包括聽(tīng)話人。正因如此，它們的反意疑問(wèn)

39、句的形式常常不同：以Lets 開(kāi)頭的祈使句，反意疑問(wèn)部分常用shall we. Lets go now, shall we?（我們?nèi)?，你也去）以Let us開(kāi)頭的祈使句，反意疑問(wèn)部分常用will you. Let us go shopping, will you?（我們?nèi)ィ悴蝗ィ?5）、當(dāng)陳述句部分含had better/best, would like to, would rather等約定俗成特殊短語(yǔ)時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)部分應(yīng)保留第一個(gè)詞。He had better do more speaking, hadnt he?16）、當(dāng)陳述句部分是強(qiáng)調(diào)句或類似強(qiáng)調(diào)句的結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)部分常和句首的It

40、 is/was保持一致。It is the first time that he has gone there, isnt it?17）、當(dāng)陳述句部分為感嘆句時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)句部分常用否定形式，且問(wèn)句部分的動(dòng)詞常用be.What a cold day, isnt it? 18）、當(dāng)陳述部分含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must, may, cant, 且表示推測(cè)時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)部分不能用must, may, cant自身，應(yīng)和后面的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞保持一致； must/ may/ cant + do 表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的推測(cè)，反意疑問(wèn)部分用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。He cant be Mr. Chen, is he?（相當(dāng)于I dont th

41、ink he is Mr. Chen.）He must be very tired, isnt he?(相當(dāng)于：I believe he is very tired.) must/ may/ cant + have done +過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，表示對(duì)過(guò)去情況的推測(cè)，反意疑問(wèn)部分常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。You must have seen the film last week, didnt you?(相當(dāng)于：I think you saw the film last week.)It cant have snowed last week, did it?(相當(dāng)于：I dont think it snowe

42、d last week.) must/ may/ cant + have done , 反意疑問(wèn)部分常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。You may have been to Tibet, havent you?(相當(dāng)于：Maybe you have been to Tibet.)He cant have known the news, has he?(相當(dāng)于：I dont think he has known the news.)You must have waited for a long time, havent you?（相當(dāng)于：I think you have waited for a long ti

43、me.）19）、當(dāng)陳述部分含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞mustnt表示“禁止”時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)部分常用must.You mustnt walk on grass, must you? 20）、當(dāng)陳述部分含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞need, dare時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)部分有兩種形式：作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)保留自身；作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)反意疑問(wèn)句應(yīng)借助于助動(dòng)詞do/does/did來(lái)完成。He needs to start at once, doesnt he?She dare not go out alone at night, dare she?21）、當(dāng)陳述部分含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞ought to時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)部分常用oughtnt (有時(shí)也可用should

44、nt.)The child ought to be punished, oughtnt he?22)前面是感嘆句時(shí)，后面跟感嘆句的主、謂一致，但用否定形式。五、主謂一致主謂一致有以下三條原則：1)語(yǔ)法一致原則，即在語(yǔ)法形式上取得一致。例如，主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)形式，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也采取單數(shù)形式；主語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也采取復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：The students are very youngThis picture looks beautiful2)意義一致原則，即從意義著眼處理一致關(guān)系。例如，主語(yǔ)形式雖是單數(shù)但意義是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也采取復(fù)數(shù)形式；而有些主語(yǔ)形式雖是復(fù)數(shù)但意義上看作單數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也采取單數(shù)形

45、式。1.The people in that country are fighting for independence2.The crowd deeply respect their leader 3.Three years in a strange land seems a long time3)就近原則，即謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于最靠近它的詞語(yǔ)。例如：Neither he nor I am going to see the film tonight because we are busy2主謂一致的用法根據(jù)以上三條原則，主謂一致有如下用法：1)下列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式

46、a表示時(shí)間、重量、長(zhǎng)度、價(jià)值的名詞作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式。例如：1.Two hundred miles is a long distance 2.Ten dollars is a high price for that bookb由anyone，anything，anybody，no one，nothing，everyone，everybody，everything，someone，somebody，each，either，neither等不定代詞作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞使用單數(shù)形式。例如：1.Someone is knocking at the door 2.Anything is bett

47、er than going to the movie tonightc由“a series of，a kind of，a portion of +名詞”作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。例如：A series of debates is scheduled to be held next weekd由“many a，more than one +單數(shù)名詞”作主語(yǔ)，盡管意義上表示復(fù)數(shù)，但謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍采用單數(shù)形式。Many a person in these circumstances has hoped for a long breakThere is more than one answer to

48、your questione“名詞+and+名詞”作主語(yǔ)，表示同一人、同一概念或事物時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。例如：A writer and educator is giving a lecture now(這個(gè)人既是作家又是教育家)feither (neither) + of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞(或代詞)作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。例如：1.If either of you takes a vacation now，we will not be able to finish the work2.Neither of them wants to comeg在eachand each，everyand e

49、very等結(jié)構(gòu)之后，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。例如：Each man and each woman has the right to voteh動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞或分句作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式。例如：What I want to say is none of your business Listening to the classical music is enjoyablei以-ics結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞指一門學(xué)科時(shí)，如politics(政治學(xué))，mathematics(數(shù)學(xué))，statistics(統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué))，acoustics(聲學(xué))，linguistics(語(yǔ)言學(xué))等，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。例

50、如：Mathematics is what he majors in2)下列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于of后的名詞。a由“a11，none，no，most，half，the last，the rest，the remainder+of+名詞”等不定代詞作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式由of后名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。例如：None of the food is wasted None of the students were absentThe rest of the lecture was dull The rest of the bikes were on sale yesterdayb由lo

51、ts of，heaps of，loads Of，scads of +名詞”作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式由of后名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。例如：Lots of work is to be done this week. Lots of people are going to swim this afternoonThere is loads of milk on the farm There are loads of big red apples on the groundThere is heaps of func由“分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)十of +名詞或代詞”作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于of后名詞或代詞的

52、單復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：Three-quarters of the area is cultivated. Ninety percent of the students have passed the exam3)下列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式根據(jù)意義而定。a由“the+形容詞” 這種結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)，根據(jù)意義一致的原則決定謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。如果表示一類人 (如the rich，the poor，the blind，the deaf，the sick，the young，the old)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；如果表示個(gè)人或抽象概念，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。例如：The blind are taugh

53、t trades in special schools (表示一類人)The good in him overweighs the bad (表示抽象概念)The departed was a good friend of his (表示個(gè)人)bfamily，crowd，committee，class，audience，group，government，team，public，majority，minority等集合名詞作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式應(yīng)根據(jù)意義而定。例如：The family like to listen to the music(the family指這家人，用作復(fù)數(shù))The f

54、amily is small(the family指這個(gè)家庭，用作單數(shù))The committee has considered your proposal(the committee指委員會(huì)，用作單數(shù))The committee were arguing for an hour before they gave their votes (the committee指委員會(huì)的委員們，用作復(fù)數(shù))下列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般單復(fù)數(shù)均可。a. 以數(shù)詞為名詞詞組中心詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般單復(fù)數(shù)均可。例如：Five and six makemakes eleven Seven times ten ar

55、e seventy但是：Twenty from thirty leaves ten Six sevens are forty-two.b由one inout of +名詞”作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)均可。例如：One in ten werewas present下列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。由and或bothand連接兩個(gè)單數(shù)形式的名詞詞組作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：A girl and a boy want to go Both rice and wheat are grown in that country6)下列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式視具體情況而定。a由as wel

56、l as，in addition to, together with，along with，with, besides, but，except，apart from/aside from, accompanied by，like，rather than，including連接兩個(gè)名詞作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)單復(fù)數(shù)形式應(yīng)由連接詞前的名詞而定。例如：The president of the college，together with the deans，is planning a conference for the purpose of laying down certain regulationsThe

57、young mother with her two children is coming nowThe plant manager，like many technicians，is experienced in designing new productsb“名詞+of+名詞”作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式跟of前的名詞一致。例如：The picture of the children brings back many memories of my past experiencesThe effects of cigarette smoking have been proved to be ext

58、remely harmfulc由not onlybut also，eitheror，neithernor或or連接的并列主語(yǔ)，通常根據(jù)就近一致原則，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式由最接近它的名詞詞組的單復(fù)數(shù)形式?jīng)Q定。例如：He or you have taken my pen Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about itOne or two days are enough to visit the city.dthere be句型中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式一般取決于其后的真正主語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：There is a garden

59、 in front of the house六、祈使句：祈使句的主語(yǔ)是you，但一般被省略；當(dāng)前面有呼語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般得補(bǔ)出主語(yǔ)you；否定式一般是在前面加Dont。 在“祈使句，+andorand then+句子”句型中，當(dāng)祈使句中含有比較級(jí)時(shí)，可將祈使句中的謂語(yǔ)部分省略，只留下“比較級(jí)或比較級(jí)與名詞，+andorand then+句子”。 七、感嘆句：句型：what +a(n)+adj +n+主語(yǔ)+be!；How +adjadv+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞! 八、There be句型：注意：1.There used/seem/happen/appear to be 如：There might be snow a

60、t night.晚上可能有雪。 There appeared to be nobody willing to help.看來(lái)沒(méi)人愿意幫忙。 There used to be a building here.過(guò)去這兒有一座樓房。 There happened to be a man walking by.碰巧有個(gè)人在此經(jīng)過(guò)。 There doesnt seem to be much hope.好象沒(méi)有太大的希望。 2 在there be的 be 前還可以加上各種情態(tài)詞， 如： There must be something wrong.一定有問(wèn)題。 There ought not to be s