1、大學英語2015年全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語（一）試題Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That i

2、s 1 a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has 2 .The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1,932 unique subjects which 4 pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in b

3、oth 5 . While 1% may seem 6 , it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even 7 their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who 8 our kin.”The study 9 found that the genes for smell were somethin

4、g shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now. 10 , as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more 11 it. There could be many mechanisms working together that 12 us in choosing genetically simil

5、ar friends 13 “functional kinship” of being friends with 14 !One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving 15 than other genes. Studying this could help 16 why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major 17

6、factor.The findings do not simply explain peoples 18 to befriend those of similar 19 backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to 20 that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. The t

7、eam also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.A what B why C how D whenA defendedB concludedC withdrawn D advisedA for B with C by D onA separated B sought C compared D connectedA tests B objects C samples D examplesA insignificant B unexpected C unreliable D incredibleA visit B miss C

8、know D seekA surpass B influence C favor D resembleA again B also C instead D thusA Meanwhile B Furthermore C Likewise D PerhapsA about B to C from D likeA limit B observe C confuse D driveA according to B rather than C regardless of D along withA chances B responses C benefits D missionsA faster B

9、slower C later D earlierA forecast B remember C express D understandA unpredictable B contributory C controllable D disruptiveA tendency B decision C arrangement D endeavorA political B religious C ethnic D economicA see B show C prove D tellSection Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions：Read the fo

10、llowing four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1 = 1 * GB3 King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings dont abdicate, they die in their sleep.” But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican l

11、eft in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyles? = 1 * GB3 The Spani

12、sh case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere” politics and “embody” a spirit of national unity. = 1 * GB3 It is this apparent transcendence of politics that exp

13、lains monarchs continuing popularity as heads of states. And so, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have surviv

14、ed because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure. = 1 * GB3 Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very historyand sometimes the way they behave todayembodies outdated

15、and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states. = 1 * GB3 T

16、he most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult t

17、o maintain the right image.While Europes monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to strive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example. = 1 * GB3 It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchys reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heel

18、ed) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a serviceas non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charle

19、s ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchys worst enemies.21. According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain _.A used to enjoy high public supportB was unpopular among European royalsC eased his relationship with his rivalsD en

20、ded his reign in embarrassment22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly _.A owing to their undoubted and respectable statusB to achieve a balance between tradition and realityC to give voters more public figures to look up toD due to their everlasting political embodiment23. Which of

21、the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?A Aristocrats excessive reliance on inherited wealth.B The role of the nobility in modern democracies.C The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.D The nobilitys adherence to their privileges.24. The British royals “have most to fear

22、” because Charles _.A takes a tough line on political issuesB fails to change his lifestyle as advisedC takes republicans as his potential alliesD fails to adapt himself to his future role25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?A Carlos, Glory and Disgrace CombinedB Charles, Anxious

23、 to Succeed to the ThroneC Carlos, a Lesson for All European MonarchsD Charles, Slow to React to the Coming ThreatsText 2= 1 * GB3Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? = 2 * GB3The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone witho

24、ut a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.= 1 * GB3California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. = 2 * GB3It

25、is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.= 1 * GB3The court would be recklessly modest if it followed Californias advice. = 2 * GB3Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justices can and should provide up

26、dated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.= 1 * GB3They should start by discarding Californias lame argument that exploring the contents of a smart phonea vast storehouse of digital informationis similar to, say, rifling through a suspects purse. = 2 * GB3The court has ruled that police don

27、t violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring ones smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestees reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of r

28、ecent correspondence. The development of “cloud computing,” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.= 1 * GB3Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. = 2 * GB3But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizen

29、s still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitutions prohibition on unreasonable searches.= 1 * GB3As so often is the case, stating that principle doesnt ease the challenge of line-drawing. = 2 * GB3In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for au

30、thorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. The court, though

31、, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.= 1 * GB3But the justices should not swallow Californias argument whole. = 2 * GB3New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitutions protections. Orin Kerr, a law professo

32、r, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth

33、 Amendment applies to digital information now.26. The Supreme Court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to_.A prevent suspects from deleting their phone contentsB search for suspects mobile phones without a warrantC check suspects phone contents without being authorizedDprohibi

34、t suspects from using their mobile phones27. The authors attitude toward Californias argument is one of_.A disapprovalB indifferenceC toleranceDcautiousness28. The author believes that exploring ones phone contents is comparable to_.A getting into ones residenceB handling ones historical recordsC sc

35、anning ones correspondencesD going through ones wallet29. In Paragraphs 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that_.A principles are hard to be clearly expressedB the court is giving police less room for actionC citizens privacy is not effectively protectedD phones are used to store sensitive inform

36、ation30. Orin Kerrs comparison is quoted to indicate that_.A the Constitution should be implemented flexiblyB new technology requires reinterpretation of the ConstitutionCCalifornias argument violates principles of the ConstitutionDprinciples of the Constitution should never be alteredText 3 = 1 * G

37、B3 The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. = 2 * GB3 The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irr

38、eproducibility of many published research findings. = 1 * GB3 “Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,” writes McNutt in an editorial. = 2 * GB3 Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of revie

39、wing editors (SBoRE). = 3 * GB3 Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journals internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. = 4 * GB3 The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts. = 1 * GB3 A

40、sked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the statistics board was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Sciences overall drive to increase reproducibility in the resear

41、ch we publish.” = 1 * GB3 Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, is a member of the SBoRE group. = 2 * GB3 He says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role.” = 3 * GB3 He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment o

42、f the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. = 4 * GB3 This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.” = 1 * GB3 John Ioannidis, a physicia

43、n who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forward” and “l(fā)ong overdue.” = 2 * GB3 “Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. = 3 * GB3 I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistica

44、l review is more essential than expert review,” he says. = 4 * GB3 But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review. = 1 * GB3 Professional scientists are expected to k

45、now how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. = 2 * GB3 Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically lite

46、rate and editors who can verify the process”. = 3 * GB3 Vaux says that Sciences idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify the papers that need scrutiny in the first place”.31. It can be learned from Parag

47、raph 1 that _.A Science intends to simplify its peer-review processB journals are strengthening their statistical checksC few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysisD lack of data analysis is common in research projects32. The phrase “flagged up” (Para. 2) is the closest in meaning to_.A f

48、oundB markedC revisedD stored33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may _.A pose a threat to all its peersB meet with strong oppositionC increase Sciences circulationD set an example for other journals34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now _.A adds to resea

49、rchers workloadB diminishes the role of reviewersC has room for further improvementD is to fail in the foreseeable future35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?A Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in PapersB Professional Statisticians Deserve More RespectC Data Analysis Finds

50、Its Way onto Editors DesksD Statisticians Are Coming Back with ScienceText 4 = 1 * GB3 Two years ago, Rupert Murdochs daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions”. = 2 * GB3 Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptan

51、ce that the only “sorting mechanism” in society should be profit and the market. = 3 * GB3 But “its us, human beings, we the people who create the society we want, not profit”. = 1 * GB3 Driving her point home, she continued: “Its increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral languag

52、e within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom.” = 2 * GB3 This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International, she thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread ill

53、egal telephone hacking . = 1 * GB3 As the hacking trial concludesfinding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same chargethe wider issue of dearth of integrity still stand. = 2 * GB3 J

54、ournalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people. = 3 * GB3 This is hacking on an industrial scale, as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. = 4 * GB3 Others await trial. = 5 * GB3 This long st

55、ory still unfolds. = 1 * GB3 In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place. = 2 * GB3 One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, how littl

56、e she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived. = 3 * GB3 The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing. = 1 * GB3 In todays world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that th

57、ey run. = 2 * GB3 Perhaps we should not be so surprised. = 3 * GB3 For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. = 4 * GB3 The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business-friendly, wealth generation, s

58、ales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. = 5 * GB3 Words degraded to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability. = 1 * GB3 The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding, to be fair in what was written or to betray

59、 any common humanity. = 2 * GB3 It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. = 3 * GB3 Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructionsnor received traceable, recorded answers.36. According to

60、the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by_.A the consequences of the current sorting mechanismB companies financial loss due to immoral practicesC governmental ineffectiveness on moral issuesDthe wide misuse of integrity among institutions37. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that_.A Glem M