1、【網(wǎng)絡(luò)綜合 - 大學(xué)英語四六級考試(CET)四級】四級寫作中常用的開頭段的表達方法舉例如下：使用引語（use a quotation）使用一段名人名言，或人們常用的諺語、習(xí)語，以確定文章的寫作范圍和方向。如：“Great minds must be ready not only to take the opportunity, but to make them.” Colton, a great writer once remarked. But it still has a profound significance now. To a person, in whose lifetime o

2、pportunities are not many, to make opportunities is more essential to his success. 分析：開頭引用Colton的名言說明“創(chuàng)造機會”對于成功的重要性，點明主題。引用具體或粗略的數(shù)據(jù) （use figures or statistics）當(dāng)然對于圖表題型，該種方法是必須的選擇，具體做法是給出一些具體或粗略的數(shù)據(jù)，然后作出概括性分析，點明主題或引出需要論述的問題。如：As is demonstrated in the table, more and more college graduates are out of

3、a job in our country, which is a serious problem to our economic development and social security. It is estimated that in 2004, there are 500,000 unemployed graduates, more than 30% higher than in 2002.分析：文章引用2004年找不到工作的畢業(yè)生達到50萬這一數(shù)據(jù)來說明大學(xué)生找工作難這一現(xiàn)象的嚴(yán)重性，很有說服力。提出問題（ask a question）提出有爭議或探討性的具體問題，然后加以簡要回答

4、或展開引導(dǎo)性簡短討論。如：What do you want from your work Money Promotions Interesting challenges Continual learning Work-based friendships The opportunity to develop your own idea and potentials Though we are all individuals and so our answers will differ, all agree that work provide more than material things.

5、分析：文章開頭提出“你想從工作中得到什么”這一問題，然后自問自答，指出工作除了物質(zhì)利益，還可以給我們帶來很多其它收獲這一結(jié)論。給出具體實例或報道（offer relevant examples or reports）給出具體生活實例或新聞報道如：As regards the stress for college students, there has been a heated discussion among the public in the e society. It was reported that a student killed four of his classmates ju

6、st because of a trivial matter. It can be easily seen that pressure has become a serious issue we cannot neglect.分析：文章通過引用新聞報道的一個實例，說明了大學(xué)生心理問題的嚴(yán)重性。定義法（give definition）針對討論的主題或問題加以定義，然后進行深入探討。如：As we all know, practice makes perfect. This is an accumulated experience we inherit from our forefathers,

7、and now it is still widely applied to our daily life. It means that the more we practice, the more likely we are going to do things perfectly.分析：文章用It means that這一句型，說明了practice makes perfect的含義。主題句法（use of topic sentence）文章一開始就以主題句點明全文主題，然后圍繞主題內(nèi)容進行發(fā)展。如：Nowadays one of the serious problems China is

8、faced with is the increasing illiteracy among the adolescents. According to a recent survey by Dr. Li, dean of Educational Department of Beijing Normal University, about 18% of the children between 8 and 15 years old have dropped out of school across the country.分析：文章開頭即提出中國的文盲現(xiàn)象日益嚴(yán)重這一問題，然后再用實例數(shù)據(jù)加以佐

9、證。開頭段的常用核心句型歸納如下，大家可選擇使用： As opposed to generally accepted views, I believe that The arguer may be right about , but he seems to neglect to mention the fact that . Although it is commonly agreed that , it is unlikely to be true that . There is an element of truth in this statement, but it ignores a

10、deeper and more basic fact that . In all the discussion and debate over , one important fact is generally overlooked. On the surface （At first thought）, it （this） may seem a sound （an attractive） suggestion （solution / idea）, but careful weighing on the mind （on closer analysis / on second thought）,

11、 we find that Although many people believe that , I wonder whether the argument bears much analysis The danger （problem / fact / truth / point） is that. I agree with the above statement because I believe that . There is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of . Those who object to argue that

12、 . But people who favor , on the other hand, argue that. Currently （In recent years / In the past few years / For many years now）, there is （has been） a（n） general （widespread / growing / widely held） feeling towards （concern over / attitude towards / trend towards / awareness of / realization of /

13、illusion of / belief in）. As far as I am concerned, however, I believe that . Now it is commonly （widely / generally / increasingly） believed （thought / held / accepted/ felt / recognized / acknowledged） that . But I wonder （doubt） whether 該文章轉(zhuǎn)載自無憂考網(wǎng)： HYPERLINK /show.asp?id=331384&Page=3 /show.asp?i

14、d=331384&Page=3怎樣寫好大學(xué)英語四級作文-一-常見問題在整個四級卷面（滿分為100分）中占15分，考生在這一部分的得分直接決定其四級成績。近年來國家教委又明確規(guī)定，四級中，如果學(xué)生得零分，那么即使前面得了滿分（即85分），其總成績?nèi)詫⒁暈椴患案?。因此寫好一篇文章對參加四級的學(xué)生來說可謂至關(guān)重要，不容輕視。要有以下幾個方面的問題：第一、底子太薄。底子太薄主要表現(xiàn)為對語法知識掌握不牢及對基本詞匯記憶不清。它包括定冠詞和不定冠詞的濫用，主謂不一致，單復(fù)數(shù)搞不清楚（例如：a people等），時態(tài)和語態(tài)混亂及詞語的各種形式掌握不牢。有的學(xué)生文章寫得很長，字跡也很工整，但是讀完之后只覺得思

15、路紊亂，支離破碎，沒有一個完整的句子，所以也就只能得兩三分以慰勞苦。第二、詞匯量太小，且對已學(xué)詞匯記憶不清。除了底子太薄這個歷史原因之外，學(xué)生詞匯量太小也是一個不容忽視的原因。有的學(xué)生漢語功底很好，用漢語，他們就會思如泉涌，下筆千言，但是一到用就好像被縛住了手腳，不知如何下手。比如99年1月的，題目是Dont Hesitate to Say No, 大部分學(xué)生能夠領(lǐng)會題意并能按給出的漢語提綱，但有的學(xué)生連Hesitate是什么意思都不知道，更不用說在此基礎(chǔ)上再作發(fā)揮了。另外有的學(xué)生雖然對題目及要求非常清楚，但是因為自己所掌握的詞匯所限，無法用一些合適的詞來表達自己的思想，于是只有繞著題目翻來覆

16、去亂說一氣，再加上這次出的提綱就象一道繞口令：1、 別人請求幫助時，在什么情況下我們會說“不”；2、 為什么有些人在該說“不”的時候不說“不”；3、 該說“不”時不說“不”的壞處。所以在說過一個又一個的No再加幾個Yes之后，閱卷老師也給搞得云里霧里，頭腦發(fā)脹，最后也只得酌情給個兩三分罷了。還有的一寫到紙上就是錯字別字滿篇，有些詞匯的用法也走了樣。其中最典型的就是for example寫成example for , for instance寫成for a instance, illegal 寫成unlegle, 而such as, in spite of 等許多短語則是亂用一氣。詞匯的有限導(dǎo)致

17、許多學(xué)生有口難言，欲說不能，對他們來說，用實在是一件很頭疼的事情。第三、缺乏思想，深度不夠。99年1月的中很大一部分學(xué)生不能得高分還有一個重要的原因，就是他們的缺乏思想，深度不夠。很多學(xué)生雖然已是大二的學(xué)生，甚至是大三大四的學(xué)生，但是他們在當(dāng)中所表現(xiàn)出的智力水平與閱歷似乎只相當(dāng)于一個初高中生。寫出的文章著眼點低，視野狹窄。作為學(xué)生，著眼于學(xué)生之間的關(guān)系，反映學(xué)生之間的幫忙，這并不為過，但是這種幫忙不能僅僅限于在當(dāng)中的幫忙，而且對這種幫忙都是一句話 Dont hesitate to say No。更有相當(dāng)一部分學(xué)生在文章中寫幫忙就是這一次四級當(dāng)中的幫忙。與在?？忌容^起來，社會考生應(yīng)該多了許多社

18、會閱歷，也多了一些見解，但是舉出來的例子也是范圍太窄，大多是講老板或領(lǐng)導(dǎo)讓干的事只能答 Yes而不能回答 No。其實除了這些，可舉的例子很多，關(guān)鍵是要抓住實質(zhì)。 第四、缺乏應(yīng)試技巧。缺乏應(yīng)試技巧，主要表現(xiàn)為有些學(xué)生在篇首或篇尾有喊口號傾向（如Dear Friends, lets not hesitate to sayNo）,或畫蛇添足,本來文章該結(jié)束了卻偏要羅羅嗦嗦再來兩句多余的話；另外一些學(xué)生字?jǐn)?shù)把握不準(zhǔn)，不是寫得太短就是寫得太長，寫得太短的會因為字?jǐn)?shù)不夠而失分，太長的又因為閱卷老師任務(wù)繁重，時間窘迫，不能因為一篇文章亂了整個閱卷節(jié)奏。還有一些學(xué)生的筆跡（尤其是用純藍(lán)墨水鋼筆和出水太淺的圓珠

19、筆寫的），讓閱卷老師怎么也看不清楚。以上是四級中常見的幾個問題，更是我們平時當(dāng)中應(yīng)該注意的幾個方面。要寫好一篇文章，關(guān)鍵要在平時下功夫，打好牢固的基礎(chǔ)，但是如果這一功夫在使用的時候不講技巧，不但不能事半功倍地發(fā)揮出最高技巧，取得最佳成績，甚至可能出現(xiàn)與實際水平相去甚遠(yuǎn)的低成績。因此，上面講到的四個問題應(yīng)該是相輔相成，缺一不可的，做到了這幾點，寫出一篇好的大學(xué)四級應(yīng)該是不難的。樣寫好大學(xué)英語四級作文-二-句子寫作我們在前面曾提過學(xué)生的主要有以下幾個方面的問題：第一、底子太薄。第二、詞匯量太小，且對已學(xué)詞匯記憶不清。第三、表達思想不清楚。 下面我們以考生的實際來進行一下分析。1） Some one

20、 consider that fresh water will not touch its end.(96年1月，2分)2） One mans life lack of money, he will impossible to live on. （95年1月，5分）3） As is know, that there are much fake commodities in todays society.(97年12月，6分)這里引述的例句與考生通篇的寫作水平是一致的，其中5、6分的例句具有典型性，代表了近乎中等水平考生的寫作水平。從這些例句中不難看出，中等水平的考生，事實上也包括中上等水平的考

21、生，在寫作上存在的主要問題是表達思想不清楚。表達思想不清楚的主要原因是考生中嚴(yán)重漢化的，即中式，比如： man can live happiness， Man is iron, and food is steel., Women are half side sky.。此外，語言錯誤的普遍性和嚴(yán)重性十分驚人，比如，主謂不一致，名詞單復(fù)數(shù)不分，動詞時態(tài)語態(tài)濫用，常用詞拼寫錯誤比比皆是。這些嚴(yán)重地影響了思想的表達。實踐表明，多數(shù)考生在寫作上的主要欠缺不是系統(tǒng)的寫作理論和方法，而是最基本的單句寫作能力。文章無論長短，都是由句子組成的，句子是表達思想的最基本的單位。因此，句子是否能寫得正確、達意和清楚，

22、將直接影響整篇文章的寫作質(zhì)量。大學(xué)四、六級和研究生入學(xué)的實踐都表明，考生寫作成績長期得不到明顯提高的主要原因是欠缺寫好單句的能力。為改變這種狀況，我們將從剖析考生中的典型病句入手，對寫作測試中的基本句子結(jié)構(gòu)和寫法進行評議和分析，來幫助考生進一步提高句子寫作能力。一、 There be結(jié)構(gòu)考生病句：1. There are many people like to go to the movies.2. There are different kinds of vegetables can be bought on the market by people.正確表達：1. There are ma

23、ny people who like to go to the movies.2. There are different kinds of vegetables that people can buy on the market.這兩個例句的錯誤比較有普遍性，因為在歷次中有不少考生不能正確運用there be這一最常用的句式。在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，there是引導(dǎo)詞，沒有實際意義。be在句中作謂語，有時態(tài)和數(shù)的變化。例如：1. There was no school in the village at that time. (=there was not a school.) 注意：在否定句中，否定

24、詞用no，也可用not a或not any。not a后接單數(shù)名詞，not a 后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞，no后面的名詞單復(fù)數(shù)都可以。2. There is not a moment to be lost.3. There are many people rushing into the cities every year.4. There are many things we can do to prevent traffic accidents.5. There is no use holding back the wheel of history.從以上例句還可看出，句中的主語后面可接多種修飾語，如

25、介詞短語、不定式短語、定語從句、分詞短語等等。這無疑使該結(jié)構(gòu)增加了表現(xiàn)力，使句子表達內(nèi)容更加豐富。 在運用這一結(jié)構(gòu)時，考生最容易犯的錯誤是在there be之后又用了一個動詞作謂語，使句子結(jié)構(gòu)出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重錯誤。這里列舉的考生的典型錯誤均屬這種情況，對此我們在寫作中要格外注意。二、 比較結(jié)構(gòu)考生病句：1. Comparing with the bike, the car runs much faster.2. The climate in Walton is colder than other cities.正確表達：1. Compared with the bike, the car runs m

26、uch faster.2. The climate in Walton is colder than that of other cities.評議與分析：許多考生在中用compare或than表示比較，但相當(dāng)多的表達有誤。在例1中，對兩個事物進行比較的句式為Compared with A, B.,只能用compare的過去分詞，不能用現(xiàn)在分詞，因為B是分詞的邏輯主語，只能被比較。在例2中，考生誤將天氣與城市進行比較，而二者沒有可比性，只有將后者改為其他城市的天氣才符合邏輯，很顯然，考生的錯誤是受了漢語表達習(xí)慣的影響。比較結(jié)構(gòu)是常用結(jié)構(gòu)，正確地使用這一結(jié)構(gòu)可以使文章的句式增加變化，有利于提高寫

27、作成績。一般說來，考生若能恰當(dāng)、正確地運用這一結(jié)構(gòu)，其寫作成績應(yīng)在5分以上。下面是比較結(jié)構(gòu)的一些常用的表達方法。1 同級比較 1） In 1998 we produced as many cars as we did in the previous five years.2） We have accomplished as much in the past three years as would have taken ten years in the past.2 比較級 1） Children now enjoy better medical treatment than before.2

28、） We can live longer without food than we can (live ) without water. -怎樣寫好大學(xué)英語四級作文-三-句子寫作句子的寫作（二）三、 表達原因的結(jié)構(gòu)考生病句： 1. The real reason to our failure is not far to seek.2. The reason for this is because some people want to earn plenty of money without working hard.正確表達：1. The real reason for our failur

29、e is not far to seek. 2. The reason for this is that some people want to earn plenty of money without working hard. 評議與分析： 以上兩個病句分別引自92年1月和97年12月四級的考生。從遣詞造句上看，這兩位考生具有一定的寫作能力，not far to seek, plenty of money以及without working hard等均運用正確、恰當(dāng)。但令人遺憾的是，第一位考生不知道reason不與to搭配而應(yīng)接介詞for，第二位考生犯了一個中國學(xué)生常犯的錯誤，就是用bec

30、ause引起表語從句，because這個詞不能引起表語從句，在本句中只能改用that才正確。掌握好表達原因的結(jié)構(gòu)是十分重要的，幾乎所有的寫作試題都要求寫原因或可以寫原因。在大學(xué)四、六級、研究生入學(xué)以及TOEFL中，寫作的文體基本上是議，而議的基本模式是擺事實、講道理，講道理就是說明原因。寫作測試的文體決定了表達原因結(jié)構(gòu)的重要性。中用來表達原因這一概念的結(jié)構(gòu)有多種。我們可用as , because, since, seeing that, considering that, now that, not that.等詞組引出表示原因的從句。例如：1. Now that we have seen t

31、hese great achievements with our own eyes, we feel more proud than ever of our country.2. Professor Liu is strict with us because he wants us to make rapid progress.3. Since we live near the sea, we enjoy a healthy climate.4. Pollution is still a serious problem, not that we dont have the ability to

32、 solve it, but that some people have not realized the consequences of the problem. 我們還可以借助某些詞語用簡單句表達原因結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：1. The reason for this change is quite obvious.2. Diligence is the key factor of success.3. Idleness is the root of all evils.4. He was ashamed to have made the mistake.(=He was ashamed that h

33、e had made the mistake. =He was ashamed because he had made the mistake.) 除了上述的例句外，中還有很多或易或難的表達原因的結(jié)構(gòu)。我們在進行寫作訓(xùn)練的時候，不能滿足于一知半解，要講究書面語言的正確性和準(zhǔn)確性。比如，because是最常用的引導(dǎo)原因從句的連詞，語氣最強，表示直接的原因，若because置于句首，后面的主句不能再用so。用as引導(dǎo)的原因從句語氣較弱，所說明的原因是附帶的，而since表示的原因暗示著是稍加分析之后才能推斷出來的原因。 四、 否定結(jié)構(gòu) 考生病句1. Some people think we nee

34、dnt to worry about fresh water.2. Nowadays many people dont like to go to the movies, too.正確表達：1. Some people think we neednt worry (或dont need to worry) about fresh water.2. Nowadays many people dont like to go to the movies, either.評議與分析：例句1選自96年1月四級考生，例句2選自92年1月六級考生。例句1 的錯誤在于該考生混淆了need作為情態(tài)動詞和作為普通

35、動詞的用法。need作為情態(tài)動詞時，主要用于否定句，后面的動詞不帶to, neednt worry，作we的謂語。need作為實意動詞時，可用于肯定句、否定句和疑問句，dont need to worry 中的to worry作dont need的賓語。例句2的錯誤在于該考生混淆了too和either的區(qū)別，這兩個詞都表示也的意思，但是在中too, also只能用于肯定句，而either只能用于否定句。 否定結(jié)構(gòu)除了在助動詞、情態(tài)動詞，be和have后面加not之外，還有許多不含not的否定結(jié)構(gòu)。若能正確使用他們，文章會顯得生動活潑，增加寫作的閃光點。下面我們就來看看: 1 含有否定意義的詞匯

36、和短語 以下列舉的詞和詞組本身就具有否定的含義，因此無需用否定詞。介詞against, beyond, but, except, without,.形容詞和動詞absent, deny, differ, different, fail, free, ignore, miss, refuse, the last, used to, reluctant, lack, want,.短語keep.from, protect.from, prevent.from, let alone, at a loss, in vain, instead of, out of the question, rather

37、 than, too.to, by no means, anything but,.怎樣寫好大學(xué)英語四級作文-五-發(fā)展結(jié)尾在上一講我們講了主題句，推展句的寫法；這一講我們要進一步來談一談段落發(fā)展的幾種手段以及結(jié)尾段的寫法。一、段落發(fā)展的幾種手段 1 列舉法(details) 作者運用列舉法，是通過列舉一系列的論據(jù)對topic sentence中擺出的論點進行廣泛、全面地陳述或解釋，列舉的順序可以按照所列各點內(nèi)容的相對重要性、時間、空間等進行。 Yesterday was one of those awful days for me when everything I did went wron

38、g. First, I didnt hear my alarm clock and arrived late for work. Then, I didnt read my diary properly and forgot to get to an important meeting with my boss. During the coffee break, I dropped my coffee cup and spoilt my new skirt. At lunch time, I left my purse on a bus and lost all the money that

39、was in it. After lunch, my boss was angry because I hadnt gone to the meeting. Then I didnt notice a sign on a door that said Wet Paint and so I spoilt my jacket too. When I got home I couldnt get into my flat because I had left my key in my office. So I broke a window to get inand cut my hand. 根據(jù)本段

40、主題句中的關(guān)鍵詞組everything I did went wrong，作者列舉了8點內(nèi)容，分別由first, then, during the coffee break, after lunch time等連接詞語引出，使得該文條理清楚、脈絡(luò)分明、內(nèi)容連貫。 常用于列舉法的過渡連接詞有：for one thing , for another, finally, besides, moreover, one another , still another, first, second, also等。 2. 舉例法(example) 作者通過舉出具體事例來闡述、說明主題句的內(nèi)容，嚴(yán)格地講，舉例

41、法也是列舉法的一種，它們的區(qū)別在于：列舉法側(cè)重羅列事實，所列事實力求全面；而舉例法側(cè)重通過舉出典型事例來解釋作者觀點，且事例可多可少。 我們來看下面這個用舉例法展開的段落。 There are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes. For example, those who enjoy competitive sports may take up ball games. For another example, if they prefer to exercise alone, they can have a

42、run or take a walk in the morning or in the evening. Besides, people can go swimming in the summer and go skating in the winter. In short, no matter what their interests are, people can always find more than one sports that are suitable to them. 本段采用了三個事例來說明主題句中的關(guān)鍵詞組different forms of exercises，這三個例

43、子分別由連接詞for example, for another example 和besides引出，最后由引導(dǎo)的結(jié)尾句總結(jié)全段內(nèi)容。 舉例法中常用的連接詞有：for example(instance), one example is, besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition等。 3. 敘述法(narration) 敘述法發(fā)展段落主要是按照事物本身的時間或空間的排列順序，通過對一些特有過渡連接詞的使用，有層次分步驟地表達主題句的一種寫作手段。用這種方法展開段落，作者能夠清楚連貫地交待事物的本末，從而可以使讀者可以清晰、完整地理解文章的含義，例如：

44、 In the flat opposite, a woman heard the noise outside. When she looked out through the window, she discovered that her neighbour was threatened by someone. She immediately called the police station. In answer to the call, a patrol police car arrived at the scene of the crime quickly. Three policeme

45、n went inside the flat at once, and others guarded outside the building to prevent anyone from escaping. 這段是按照事物發(fā)展的先后順序，敘述從發(fā)現(xiàn)案情、報警、到警察趕到、包圍現(xiàn)場的過程。全文脈絡(luò)清晰，敘述的層次感強，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。 常用于敘述法中的過渡連接詞有： first, an the beginning, to start with, after that, later, then, afterwards, in the end, finally等。 4 對比法或比較法(compariso

46、n & contrast) 將同類的事物按照某種特定的規(guī)則進行比較分析是一種常用的思維方法。通過對比，更容易闡述所述對象之間的異同和優(yōu)缺點，例如： The heart of an electronic computer lies in its vacuum tubes, or transistors. Its electronic circuits work a thousand times faster than the nicer cells in the human brain. A problem that might take a human being a long time to

47、 solve can be solved by a computer in one minute. 在這段文字上， 作者為了突出電子計算機運行速度之快，首先將它與人腦進行了比較， a thousand times faster than ;而后，又將這一概念具體到了 a problem上，通過對比使讀者從 a long time in one minute上有更加直觀的認(rèn)識。 常用于對本法或比較法上的過渡連接詞有：than, compared with等。 5 分類法(classification) 在闡述某一概念的段落中，常用分類法。通過對概念中所包括的事物進行分門別類，分別加以敘述，使讀者

48、有更為清晰的認(rèn)識，如： Ever since humans have lived on the earth, they have made use of various forms of communication. Generally, this expression of thoughts and feelings has been in the form of oral speech. When there is a language barrier, communication is accomplished through sign language in which motions

49、 stand for letters, words and ideas. Tourists and the people unable to hear or speak have had to resort to this form of expression. Many of these symbols of whole words are very vivid and exact and can be used internationally; spelling, however, cannot. Body language transmits ideas or thoughts by c

50、ertain actions, either intentionally or unintentionally. A nod signifies approval, while shaking the head indicates a negative reaction. Other forms of nonlinguistic language can be found in signal flags, Morse code, and picture signs. 在該段中為了說明topic sentence中的 various forms of communication，作者將其分為or

51、al speech, sign language, body language及other forms of nonlinguistic language，并逐加闡述。 采用這種方法的段落并沒有標(biāo)志突出的連接詞，所述各項均為平行并列關(guān)系，所以沒有明顯的主次之分。 HYPERLINK /cet4/ 來源:考試大-英語四級考試 6因果分析法(cause and effect ) 在闡述某一現(xiàn)象的段落中，常采用因果分析法。例如： The role of women in todays society is changing. One reason is that women have begun t

52、o assert themselves as independent people through the womens movement. Also, women are aware of the alternatives to staying at home. Another reason is that increasing numbers of women who enter new fields and interests serve as role models for other women. Moreover, men are becoming more conscious o

53、f the abilities of women and have begun to view their independence positively. 本段中，主題句提出了一種社會現(xiàn)象，推展句則對產(chǎn)生這種現(xiàn)象的原因作出各種解釋。 常用于因果分析法的連接詞有：because, so, as a result等。 7 定義法(definition) 在科普文章的寫作中，定義法是必不可少的。通過下定義，可以使讀者對該事物有一個更直接的認(rèn)識。 Automation refers to the introduction of electronic control and automation op

54、eration of productive machinery. It reduces the human factors, mental and physical, in production, and is designed to make possible the manufacture of more goods with fewer workers. The development of automation in American industry has been called the Second Industrial Revolution. 這一段文字使我們了解了 autom

55、ation 和 Second Industrial Revolution 兩個概念，分別由 refers to 和been called 引出。 常出現(xiàn)在定義法中的詞語有：refer to , mean, call等。 8. 重復(fù)法(repetition) 句子的一部分反復(fù)出現(xiàn)在段落中，這就是重復(fù)法。它往往造成一種步步緊逼的氣氛，使文章結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，有感染力。比如： Since that time, which is far enough away from now, I have often thought that few people know what secrecy there is i

56、n the young, under terror. I was in mortal terror of the young man who wanted my heart and liver; I was in mortal terror of my interlocutor with the iron leg; I was in mortal terror of myself, from whom an awful promise had been extracted; 該段中反復(fù)應(yīng)用了I was in motal terror of 我經(jīng)常處于恐怖之中。 以上， 我們結(jié)合具體文章討論了展

57、開段落的幾種方法。在實際寫作中，我們往往不必拘泥于一種寫作方法，而是將若干方法穿插在一起，使文章有聲有色。 二、結(jié)尾段 我們知道文章的開頭很重要，因為好的開頭可以吸引讀者、抓住讀者的注意力。同樣，文章的結(jié)尾也很重要，好的結(jié)尾會使讀者對全文的中心思想留下深刻的印象，可以增添文章的效果和說服力，讓人深思，回味無窮。確切地說，結(jié)尾的作用就是概括全文內(nèi)容，進一步強調(diào)或肯定文章的中心思想，使讀者加深印象；有時也用于展望未來，提出今后方向或令人深思的問題給讀者留下回味和思考的余地。 但是，如何才能寫好英文短文的結(jié)尾呢?下面就介紹幾種寫結(jié)尾段最常用的方法： 1重復(fù)中心思想 回到文章開頭闡明的中心思想或主題句

58、上，達到再次肯定和強調(diào)的效果。 (例1)A sense of humor is really one of the keys to happiness. It gives zest to life to make it worth living. (例2)With all these benefits, it is no wonder that sports and games have now become more popular with people than ever. 2作出結(jié)論 文章最后用幾句話概括全文內(nèi)容，并進一步肯定文章的中心思想或作者的觀點。 (例1)In conclusi

59、on, a good teacher-student relationship can be mutual beneficial. The students gain knowledge eagerly and enjoyably, and the teacher gains satisfaction from his job. (例2)On the whole there are more advantages than disadvantages in the use of TV. Yet different people may have different attitude towar

60、d TV. But we must realize that television in itself is neither good nor bad. Its value to people and society depends on how we look at it. 3應(yīng)用引語 用格言、諺語或習(xí)語總結(jié)全文，既言簡意賅又有更強的說服力。 (例1) If you have anything to do, try to do it yourself, for that is the safest way to permanent success. Remember the famous s