1、英語閱讀翻譯長難句結構分析（一）一、了解句子主要成分:1. 主語、表語、賓語(1) What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real. 商人們自認為他們領導了一場生產(chǎn)力革命，這場革命是否確有其事，這一點更加難以確定。（2）The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that oc

2、curs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. 問題在于，近年發(fā)生的生產(chǎn)力快速增長部分是由于商業(yè)周期通常到了這時候就會出現(xiàn)的反彈造成的，因而它不是經(jīng)濟復蘇潛在趨勢的結論性證據(jù)。(3) Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher sti

3、ll in the short term. 強勁的經(jīng)濟增長勢頭，隨著北半球冬季的到來，有可能在短期內(nèi)使石油價格漲得更高。(4) When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may

4、be regarded as normal. 當一場新的藝術運動形成某種時尚時，理應弄清其倡導者的目標所在，因為無論他們的準則在今天看來是多么牽強附會、不可思議，將來都有可能被視為正常的。 2. 定語 (1) One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity price inflation and global ex

5、cess demand. 另外一個不應因油價上升而失眠的原因是，與20世紀70年代不同，這次油價上升不是發(fā)生在普遍的物價暴漲及全球需求過旺背景之下。 The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. 解決任何問題，甚至是識別問題存在的能力都取決于記憶。(2) The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon. com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the

6、right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. 像Virtual Vineyards 和A及其他開拓者的例子表明：一個銷售適類商品的網(wǎng)站，如果將互動、熱情服務、安全合理結合，肯定會吸引網(wǎng)上用戶的。(3) Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not

7、 always mean increasing productivity；switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much. 另外，公司的大部分改革是為了贏利，而達到贏利的目的不一定非要提高生產(chǎn)力，轉入新的市場或改善產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量也會有同樣的功效。(4) The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relev

8、ant to his or her specific problem is complicated, timeconsuming and sometimes even overwhelming. 今天，個人可獲得的信息比任何時代的人都多，而要找到一條與自己問題相關的信息既復雜又耗時，有時甚至相當困難。 二、把握結構特征 1根據(jù)詞匯搭配辨認結構(1) It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolo

9、ng and even dishonor the period of dying” as the twin problems of end-of-life care. 報告確定了醫(yī)院臨終關懷護理中存在的兩個問題：對病痛處理不力和大膽使用“無效而強制性的醫(yī)療程序”，這些程序可能會延長死亡期，甚至會讓病人臨終時痛苦不堪。(2)In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substa

10、ntially from regular programs.作為回應，學校也在調(diào)整課程安排，使授課能夠適應特殊兒童，適應那些不能從常規(guī)課程中真正獲益的兒童的需要。(3) I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of “having it all”, preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the pages of She magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit

11、of everything. 我已從一個“獲得一切”哲學（琳達凱茜過去七年中在女性這本雜志所宣揚的）的狂熱支持者，變成了一個樂于接受任何東西只要一丁點的女人。(4) But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us. 但是，不管我們的子孫后代對我們離烏托邦的理想境界還差多遠有多么驚訝，他們的樣子會同我們差不了多少。2. 根據(jù)語法規(guī)則辨認結構(1) While in America the trend started as a reaction

12、 to the economic declineafter the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late80sand is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle class downshifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.在美國，這種趨勢一開始是對經(jīng)濟衰落所做出的一種反應出現(xiàn)于8

13、0年代后期縮小經(jīng)濟規(guī)模所引起的大量人員冗余之后現(xiàn)在這種趨勢仍被認為與節(jié)儉政治有關聯(lián)；而在英國，至少在我所認識的愿意簡化生活的中產(chǎn)階級中，卻有著不同的緣由去尋求使自己的生活簡單化。(2) Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. 人與人之間的差異和利用差異進行自然選擇的機會再一次失去。(3) The change met the technical requirements of the new age b

14、y engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.這種變革通過聘用大量專業(yè)人員來適應新時代的技術要求，并防止了效率的降低，而在過去這種低效率使得許多舊式家族企業(yè)在精力充沛的創(chuàng)業(yè)者之后的第二、三代手中破產(chǎn)倒閉。三、插入：1This, for those a

15、s yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet. 對于那些還沒有意識到存在這種不公平待遇的人，可以這么向他們解釋：它指的是歧視那些姓氏字母在字母表中排得靠后的人。2Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses convention, of a story which works well because th

16、e audience all shared the same view of doctors. 下面舉一個例子，它是我在一個護士大會上聽到的。這個故事效果很好，因為聽眾對醫(yī)生都有同樣的看法。3Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of co

17、mputers. 許多其他商業(yè)企業(yè)，從劇院到雜志社、從燃氣電器公司到牛奶加工廠都通過計算機的使用給消費者更好、效率更高的服務。4“Scientific” creationism, which is being pushed by some for “equal time” in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science. （1996）所謂“科學的”造物主義理論的基礎是宗教而不是科學，但在教學時每當對進化論進行科學論述時，有些人

18、就用它來爭得“同等數(shù)量的學時”。5If its message were confined merely to informationand that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve，for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasiveadvertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. 如果廣告僅僅限于提供信息，那么就

19、太枯燥乏味了，沒有人再留意它，當然這樣做本身不是不可能但是很難作到，因為甚至像選擇襯衣顏色那樣的細節(jié)也是具有勸誘性的。6The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. 巨大的宇宙云的存在，實際上是20年代首創(chuàng)的大爆炸論得以保持其宇宙起源論的主導地位不可缺少的。四、主語從句：1. How well the

20、 predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability and appropriateness of the information used and on the skills and wisdom with which it is interpreted. 這些預測在多大程度上為后來的表現(xiàn)證實，這取決于被采用信息的數(shù)量、可靠性和適宜性以及解釋這些信息的技能和才智。2. Whether the government should increase the financin

21、g of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.政府究竟是減少對技術經(jīng)費的投入來增加對純理論科學的經(jīng)費投入，還是相反，這往往取決于把問題的哪一方面看作是驅動的力量。 3. That most Americans genuinely believe that their economic system is the best that human wisdom has so far devise

22、d and that their political system is a “democracy” in which the interests of the people are paramount, is an indication of how profoundly they have been brainwashed by those who benefit from things remaining as they arethe very people, of course, who control the mass communication with which to do t

23、he brainwashing.絕大多數(shù)美國人真誠地相信，他們的經(jīng)濟制度是人類智慧至今所能設計的最好的制度，他們的政治制度是人民利益高于一切的“民主制度”。這一事實表明他們是多么深刻地被洗過腦了，而洗腦是由那些從現(xiàn)狀得益的人們進行的。當然，正是這些人控制了大眾傳播媒體，并以此來進行洗腦。4Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning compar

24、ative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability. 因此，究竟是采用測試還是其他種類的信息，或是在某一特定情況下兩者同時使用，須憑有關相對效度的經(jīng)驗依據(jù)而定，也取決于諸如費用和有無來源等因素。5But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that exis

25、ted 15 billion years ago.更為重要的是，這是科學家們能夠觀測到的最遙遠的過去的景象，因為他們看到的是150億年前宇宙云的形狀和結構。6While warnings are often appropriate and necessarythe dangers of drug interactions, for exampleand many are required by state or federal regulations, it isnt clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers

26、from liability if a customer is injured. 雖然警示語常常是合理而必要的，如對藥物副作用可能產(chǎn)生的危險的警示語，并且很多是州或聯(lián)邦法規(guī)所要求的，但是當消費者受傷時，這些警示語能否真正保護制造商和銷售商并使之免于承擔法律責任，這還很難說。7What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulg

27、ar. 現(xiàn)在的情況是人們不能像以前那樣輕易地、公開地坦陳自己的夢想，惟恐別人認為自己愛出風頭、貪婪、庸俗不堪。五、同位語從句：1Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. 這類人持極端看法，認為人與動物在各相關方面都不相同，對待動物無須考慮道德問題。2This trend began during the

28、 Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. 這種趨勢始于第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，當時一些國家的政府得出結論：政府要向其科研機構提出具體的要求通常是無法詳盡預見的。3Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creat

29、ionism/evolution are in the publishers pipelines.據(jù)說有20多年本談論創(chuàng)世紀論與進化論之爭的書即將面世。4If you see an article consistently advertised，it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value. 如果你看到一種商品不斷地打廣告，我認為這是最可靠的證明，此商品一定與其宣傳名副其實，一定體現(xiàn)良好的價值。5These leaders

30、 are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age.這些領導人就是活生生的證據(jù)，證明對疾病的防治是有意義的，證明我們能夠對付年齡帶來的健康問題。6Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned.的確，有證據(jù)顯示個人忘卻的比率與他們學得的知識

31、量的多少直接相關。7As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. 隨著家庭遠離穩(wěn)定的社區(qū)、多年的朋

32、友、大家庭的種種關系，非正式的信息交流被切斷了。同時在需要時就能得到可靠可信的信息的信心也隨之喪失了。8. But a great book, rich in ideas and beauty, a book that rises and tries to answer great fundamental questions, demands the most active reading of which you are capable.但是，極品書要求讀者盡可能深入閱讀，因為這種書往往思想豐富，美感性強，是一種力求解答基本問題的書籍。六、狀語從句：1. We must keep up wi

33、th the development of the worlds leading enterprises before we can keep pace with the changing of the international situations.2. After people have learned that magnets attract things, centuries passed before they took note of the fact that magnets sometimes also repel things.3. While the general pu

34、blic tend to agree that animals should be treated humanely, most people are unlikely to give up eating meat or wearing goods made from leather and wool.4. While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as

35、the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.5. Backward somewhat technologically as we are for the moment, we have perfect faith in our ability to catch up in time.6Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in

36、elementary article physics and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.宇宙膨脹說雖然聽似奇特，但是它是基本粒子物理學中一些公認的理論產(chǎn)生的在科學上看來似乎可信的結論。許多天體物理學家近十年來一直確信這一論說是正確的。7A very few courses are restricted to people already working in a profession or in other way; where this is

37、 the case, it is mentioned in the university handbook.8. In Japan, a persons capabilities are not forced into an inflexible specialty. Where there is willingnessand intelligence, there is a place within the company for you to try and to succeed.9.Until these issues are resolved, a technology of beha

38、vior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problem. （如果）這些問題得不到解決，研究行為的技術手段就會繼續(xù)受到排斥，解決問題的惟一方式可能也隨之繼續(xù)受到排斥。10. Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will ha

39、ve to accept more “unnatural food.”除非人類終于意識到要把人口減少到地球能為所有的人提供足夠的飲食的程度，否則人們將不得不接受更多的“人造食品”七、并列結構：1Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell television, and

40、digital age will have arrived.兒童將與裝有個性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有個性內(nèi)置的計算機將被視為工作伙伴而不是工具，人們將在氣味電視機前休閑，屆時數(shù)字化時代就要來到了。2The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.行為科學之所以發(fā)展

41、緩慢，部分原因是用來解釋行為的依據(jù)似乎往往是直接觀察到的，部分原因是其他的解釋方式一直難以找到。3Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical hooks who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; th

42、e journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. 相反我們目睹了比以前任何時候都多的虛偽景觀：美國物欲主義批評家在南安普頓擁有一幢避暑別墅；激進的出版商到三星級賓館就餐；倡導終生參與民主制的新聞記者卻把自己的子女送進私立學校。對于這樣的人，還有那些也許不太出色的人而言，“不惜一切代價獲得成功，但避免讓他人看出雄心勃勃”是對他們最好的詮釋。 4Your humor must be relevant to

43、 the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point if view.你的幽默必須與聽眾有關，應該有助于向他們表明你是他們中的一員，或者你了解他們的處境并同情他們的觀點。5If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the expe

44、riences and problems which are common to all of you and itll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairmans notorious bad taste in ties.如果你是你談話對象集體中的一員，你就有條件去了解你們所共有的經(jīng)歷和問題，你就可對餐廳極難吃的食物或者總裁在選擇領帶方面差勁的品味評頭論足。6It leads the discussion to extremes at the o

45、utset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extended to other humans, or with no consideration at all.這種說法從一開始就將討論引向兩個極端，它使人們認為應該這樣對待動物：要么像對人類自身一樣關切體諒，要么完全冷漠無情。7It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external a

46、nd internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques. 這種謬誤同樣存在于歷史傳統(tǒng)派和歷史社科派；前者認為歷史就是史學界內(nèi)部和外部人士對各種史料來源的評論，后者則認為歷史的研究是具體方法的研究。8. It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their co

47、nstruction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.八、比較結構1Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with

48、 greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before.伴隨著信息量不斷增長的是技術的發(fā)展，這些技術使得人們能夠比過去以更快的速度往更多的地方儲存和發(fā)送更多的信息，這在以前是不可能的。2Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments在實踐中，科學的進步依賴于做實驗，但更依賴于實

49、驗的觀察者（即做實驗的人）是否有做好準備的頭腦。3. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, timeconsuming and sometimes even overwhelming.今天，個人可獲得的信息比任何時代的人都多，而要找到一條與自己問題相關的信息既復雜又耗時，有時

50、甚至相當困難。4. He believes, although perhaps he does not know he believes it, that the more extensive verifications are, that the more frequently experiments have been made and results of the same kind arrived at, that the more varied the conditions under which the same results have been attained, and th

51、e more certain is the ultimate conclusion, and he disputes the question no further.盡管他也許還沒有意識到會對此相信，但他相信驗證范圍越廣泛、實驗做得越多且得出的結果越是相同，而且得出同一結果的條件越是多樣化，則最終的結論就越確切無疑，他便不再對這個問題提出質(zhì)疑了。5. There is no more difference, but there is just the same kind of difference, between the mental operation of a man of scienc

52、e and those of an ordinary person, as there is difference between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales, and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights.科學家的大腦活動與普

53、通人的大腦活動之間的差異，就像面包師烤面包或屠夫用普通秤稱貨，與化學家用天平進行復雜分析的操作之間的差異一樣，沒有什么別的不同。6. The studies show that the driver who has consumed an amount of alcohol within the limit is no more likely to have an automobile accident than the driver who does not take any alcohol.研究表明，喝酒但不過量的司機不比一點兒酒不喝的司機發(fā)生車禍的可能性大。（一點兒酒不喝的司機與喝酒但不

54、過量的司機同樣有可能出車禍）7. Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone added to the system, so does the value of a computer system increases with each program that turns out.8. These proposals sought to place greater restrictions on the use and copying of digital information than ex

55、ist in traditional media.隨著每部新電話加入電話網(wǎng)絡系統(tǒng)，系統(tǒng)的作用越來越大，同樣，生產(chǎn)出的計算機程序也使計算機系統(tǒng)的作用加大了。九、省略1Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems. （如果）這些問題得不到解決，研究行為的技術手段就會繼續(xù)受到排斥，解決問題的惟一方式可能也隨之繼續(xù)受到排斥。 2Anything from cosm

56、ic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown.從宇宙射線到輻射到日常飲食，任何東西都有可能激活處于沉寂狀態(tài)的癌基因，但是如何激活尚不為人所知。十、強調(diào)句1At Time Warner, however, such questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soulsearching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990. Its a selfexamination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line.不過，對于成立于1990年的時代華納公司而言，這樣的質(zhì)問僅僅是公司自我反思的最新表白，這是一種自我反省，在不同時期涉及責任，創(chuàng)作自由和公司底線問題。2Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual co