1、專題25 書面表達(dá)之概要寫作 序號內(nèi)容Part 1題型總覽題型綜述 答題策略 Part 2真題感悟品讀范文 提分詞匯 亮點(diǎn)句型Part 3專題強(qiáng)化真題自測 自測模擬Part 1題型總覽【題型綜述】概要寫作是一種“閱讀+寫作”的復(fù)合型任務(wù),測試學(xué)生的閱讀理解、概括歸納和書面表達(dá)方面的綜合能力。選材上，提供一篇350詞以內(nèi)的短文，一般以說明文、議論文和記敘文為主，要求考生寫出一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要（注意：少于40或多于80詞扣兩分），而新寫的語篇，既要做到在結(jié)構(gòu)、銜接和連貫性等方面與原文保持一致，又要做到簡明扼要、意義完整、結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)密和語句通順?！敬痤}策略】1.讀懂原文，明確篇章結(jié)構(gòu)寫概要之前，一

2、定要先通讀原文， 確定文章的體裁和主題。在正確把握文章主旨和段落大意后，明確原文的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)。 根據(jù)意義劃分文中的自然段，意義段的數(shù)量對應(yīng)的就是要點(diǎn)的數(shù)量。注意一個(gè)自然段不一定是一個(gè)要點(diǎn)，有時(shí)幾個(gè)自然段說明一個(gè)要點(diǎn)，有時(shí)一個(gè)自然段包含數(shù)個(gè)要點(diǎn)。2.去次留精，提煉關(guān)鍵信息明確全文的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)后， 就要處理原文的內(nèi)容，目的是保留主要內(nèi)容，刪除次要內(nèi)容。先找出主題句，同時(shí)標(biāo)注與主題相關(guān)的關(guān)鍵詞，最后歸納的要點(diǎn)往往是這些詞句的同義轉(zhuǎn)述。原文描述性的語言、細(xì)節(jié)性的信息如列舉數(shù)字和列舉的事例等無須在概要中一一列出。3.歸納要點(diǎn) 合理表達(dá)明確每個(gè)意義段的關(guān)鍵信息后，接下來應(yīng)用自己的語言準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)各意義段的要點(diǎn)。

3、 為避免和原文的句子重復(fù)， 可利用同義轉(zhuǎn)述和句式轉(zhuǎn)換這兩種形式歸納要點(diǎn)。各要點(diǎn)的詞數(shù)應(yīng)根據(jù)文中對應(yīng)內(nèi)容的篇幅來定，分清主次。句式多樣 注意過渡在概要中合理使用非謂語、從句和特殊句式等使句式豐富多樣，但句子結(jié)構(gòu)不可過長，也不要用太復(fù)雜的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。同時(shí)選用適當(dāng)?shù)倪^渡銜接詞銜接上下文，保證概要部分內(nèi)容的連貫性。Part 2真題感悟Passage 1【真題詳解】【2019浙江卷】閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Its a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply because their websites can al

4、l start to look and sound the same. Nothing will give you the sense of what it will actually be like to live on a college campus(校園) like visiting and seeing for yourself the dorms, classrooms and athletic equipment and, of course, the students. It seems a little crazy once senior year hits to find

5、the time to visit college campuses, and it can also be pricey if the schools you are applying to happen to be more than a car ride away. But keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next four years of your life, and do all the research you can to make sure you are making the right one.T

6、heres no excuse not to visit the schools in your local area. In fact, a lot of college applications even ask if you have visited campus, and obviously, if you live across the country that wont be as much of a possibility, but if you live nearby, go check it out!If campus visits arent going to happen

7、 before you apply, at the very least you should find some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools youd like to attend. It can save you a lot of heartache if you rule out now the things that you dont like about certain campuses, things that you wouldnt know unle

8、ss you actually visit.Now, if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive. Its a chance to chat online with admissions officers, students, and college counselors (顧問), and it wont cost you a penny! You can register for its online college fair a

9、t . While visiting an online college fair cant take the place of an actual campus visit, it can be a very useful tool that along with all your other research will help you make an informed decision about which colleges or universities youd like to attend._【答案】Its really worthwhile to pay a visit to

10、their desired colleges personally before applying. Undoubtedly, students should visit their local colleges, which may be included in applications. At least, they should visit the school and figure out its real conditions in advance. For students who are short of money and time, registering for the o

11、nline college fair is a good alternative to help them better understand schools.【分析】本文要求閱讀短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要，即用盡可能少的詞匯集中展現(xiàn)原材料的主要思想和觀點(diǎn)。這主要是考查學(xué)生把握文章主旨大意和段落大意的能力以及總結(jié)概括能力，熟練掌握從句、非謂語動(dòng)詞等語法知識和遣詞造句的能力。【詳解】1. 要先讀懂、讀透原作。這是準(zhǔn)確再現(xiàn)原文、寫好概要的前提。動(dòng)筆前多讀兩遍原文，直至弄懂讀透。2. 抓住文中的關(guān)鍵句，確定寫作主題。開頭Its a really good idea to visit

12、colleges before you apply點(diǎn)明了本文主題；But keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next four years of your life, and do all the research you can to make sure you are making the right one. Theres no excuse not to visit the schools in your local area.說明了去大學(xué)看看的必要性和可行性；If campus visits arent goi

13、ng to happen before you apply, at the very least you should find some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools youd like to attend.在時(shí)間上提供了更多選擇；if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive.為不能親自去大學(xué)看的學(xué)生提供了另

14、外一種方法。3.擬好提綱。有了提綱，寫概要時(shí)就會(huì)有章法，也不會(huì)遺漏原作中的要點(diǎn)。4.快速成文，反復(fù)推敲。按照文章要求和擬好的提綱一氣呵成，寫完初稿。5.對照修改潤色，再讀原文，查看是否漏掉了重要信息或主要內(nèi)容。用詞是否恰當(dāng)，可有可無的刪掉。注意詞類、時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)的適當(dāng)調(diào)整?！军c(diǎn)睛】范文觀點(diǎn)明確，重點(diǎn)突出，語言簡練，詞數(shù)適當(dāng)。作者在范文中使用了較多高級表達(dá)方式，如定語從句which may be included in applications.和who are short of money and time.動(dòng)名詞registering online作主語，顯示了很高的駕馭英語的能力?！咎岱衷~匯

15、】undoubtedly adv. 確實(shí)地，毋庸置疑地 applications n.申請 figure out 算出【亮點(diǎn)句型】Its really worthwhile to pay a visit to their desired colleges personally before applying. 在申請之前親自參觀一下自己心儀的大學(xué)是非常值得的。For students who are short of money and time, registering for the online college fair is a good alternative to help the

16、m better understand schools.對于那些缺乏資金和時(shí)間的學(xué)生來說，報(bào)名參加網(wǎng)上高校招聘會(huì)是一個(gè)很好的選擇，可以幫助他們更好地了解學(xué)校。Passage 2【真題詳解】【2019上海卷】Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Where are the bees?Bees are esse

17、ntial to the production of food we eat. Bees make honey, but they also pollinate large areas of crops, such as straw berries, apples and onions. About a third of the food we eat is a result of pollination of the bees. Unfortunately, bees have been disappearing at an alarming rate.In 2006, bee keeper

18、s started reporting about something called Colony Collapse Disaster (CCD).The main sign of CCD is the loss of adult honey bees from a hive. In October of 2006, some beekeepers reported that they had lost between 30 and 90 percent of their hives.There were many theories for the disappearance of the b

19、ees. But the most convincing one has to do with pesticides and lifestyles of bees today. Nowadays, beekeeper get most of their income not from producing honey but from renting bees to pollinate plants. This means that the life of the typical bee now consists of travelling all around the country to p

20、ollinate crops as the seasons change. That means a lot of traveling on trucks, which is very stressful to bees. It is not unusual for up to 30% of the hive to die during transport due to stress. In addition, bees that spend most of their time locked up on trucks are not exposed to what they usually

21、live on. Instead, they live on a sweet liquid from corn, usually polluted with pesticides.The exact reason for the disappearance of bees is not sure, but losing bees is very costly to the economy. The bee pollination services are worth over $8 billion a year. With no bees, pollination will have to b

22、e done by hand, which would have effects on the quality of food and increased food priced. We hear a lot about big environmental disasters almost every day. But one of the biggest may just be the less of that tiny flying insect._【答案】Bees not only provide us with honey, but also help pollinate crops.

23、 However, they are disappearing at an alarming rate for unknow reason, which will be disastrous to us and economy. Some people think it is the pesticide while others think it is due to transport.【分析】本文屬于環(huán)保文章，介紹蜜蜂正以驚人的速度消失，這可能和運(yùn)輸、農(nóng)作物使用殺蟲劑以及環(huán)境有關(guān)，但是沒人知道確切原因。要求考生閱讀完總結(jié)論點(diǎn)，不能超過60個(gè)詞?！驹斀狻康谝徊剑瑲w納各個(gè)段落的段落大意，第一段講

24、述蜜蜂對我們很重要，但是卻以驚人的速度消失，第二段講述蜜蜂出現(xiàn)這種狀況的情形，第三段講述可能造成此現(xiàn)象的原因；第四段講述這種現(xiàn)象對我們和經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響。第二步，可以擇出重要的信息，蜜蜂對我們很重要，但是卻以驚人的速度消失，可能造成此現(xiàn)象的原因，以及影響。第三步，得出答案，注意過渡與銜接，字?jǐn)?shù)控制在60字以內(nèi)。【點(diǎn)睛】概要寫作做題技巧。概要寫作不是對段落大意的簡單堆積，需要學(xué)生讀懂文章的大概意思和文章結(jié)構(gòu)，還需要一定寫作替換技巧，且注意語言的簡潔性。第一步，確定文章的話題和各段的段落大意，比如本文話題為蜜蜂的消失，第一段講述蜜蜂對我們很重要，但是卻以驚人的速度消失，第二段講述蜜蜂出現(xiàn)這種狀況的情形，

25、第三段講述可能造成此現(xiàn)象的原因；第四段講述這種現(xiàn)象對我們和經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響；第二步，分析各個(gè)段落的邏輯關(guān)系，確定主觀點(diǎn)和次要觀點(diǎn)；第三步，注意一定的寫作技巧，比如同義詞、近義詞的替換，句型和結(jié)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)換；第四步，檢查單詞拼寫，語法規(guī)則，字?jǐn)?shù)問題等。【提分詞匯】provide . with .給.提供【亮點(diǎn)句型】However, they are disappearing at an alarming rate for unknown reason, which will be disastrous to us and economy. 然而，由于未知的原因，它們正在以驚人的速度消失，這對美國和經(jīng)濟(jì)將是

26、災(zāi)難性的。Some people think it is the pesticide while others think it is due to transport.一些人認(rèn)為是殺蟲劑，而另一些人認(rèn)為是由于運(yùn)輸。Part 3專題強(qiáng)化Passage 1【真題自測】【2020上海卷】Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point( s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as p

27、ossible.Its undeniable: Being among the first to try out a new piece of technology is cool. Theres the excitement of doing what has never been done before-the feeling that youre living in the future. And when youre the sole member of your social circle with the latest hot gadget, people stare in fas

28、cination. They ask you questions. They see you as the holder of powerful, secret knowledge-for a little while, until the next big thing comes along. People tend to underestimate the costs of this temporary coolness, which they pay in more ways than one. Dont fall into the early adopter trap. Dont jo

29、in the first wave of consumers who invest in the latest media-hyped hardware; instead, wait and see.To put it frankly, early adoption is a bad investment. First, the earliest versions of devices are not only expensive, they are also the most expensive that those devices will ever be. Companies are p

30、resumably attempting to recover the cost of production as fast as they can, and they know that there are serious tech-lovers who will pay a great deal to be first. Once the revenues from early adopters purchases are safely in their hands, they can cut the price and shift to the next marketing phase:

31、 selling the product to everyone else. This is why the cost of the original iPhone dropped about U. S. $200 only eight months after its release. Plus, electronics hardly ever become more expensive because intense competition in the industry puts downward pressure on prices over time. Prices of gadge

32、ts will fall shortly after release, and they will likely keep falling. Many new TV models drop significantly in price as little as ten days after hitting the market. Further, electronics rapidly depreciate because they become obsolete (廢棄的)so quickly. This means that early adopters pay the maximum p

33、rice for an item that does not hold onto its value. The resale price of a cell phone or laptop can drop by fifty percent within just a few months.Speaking of becoming obsolete, those who are first to leap into a new technology risk (三野志) wasting money and time on something that will never catch on.

34、Another good reason to resist the early-adoption temptation is that the first version of a product typically has defects that cost a lot in time and frustration. Such problems are so common with new technology that early adopters are basically unpaid beta testers and troubleshooters. Unless this sou

35、nds to you like a fun way to spend your time, dont be among the first users. If you wait to learn what the problems are with a new electronic gadget, you can look forward to a smoother experienceor choose a less troublesome product._【答案】Dont be the first users of the latest electronic equipment. Fir

36、stly, the earliest versions of devices are the most expensive. Secondly, the electronics will be out of date rapidly. Thirdly ,the first versions of a product are with some defects generally. Therefore, dont be the first to try out the latest electronic products.【分析】本文是一篇議論文。文章主要論述了雖然成為購買最新的電子產(chǎn)品的第一批

37、人是很酷的，但是考慮到價(jià)格昂貴、產(chǎn)品易過時(shí)且新品通常有缺陷等因素，購買最新的電子產(chǎn)品是一項(xiàng)糟糕的投資。【詳解】1. 要點(diǎn)摘錄Dont join the first wave of consumers who invest in the latest media-hyped hardware; instead, wait and see.First, the earliest versions of devices are not only expensive, they are also the most expensive that those devices will ever be.Sp

38、eaking of becoming obsolete, those who are first to leap into a new technology risk wasting money and time on something that will never catch on.Another good reason to resist the early-adoption temptation is that the first version of a product typically has defects that cost a lot in time and frustr

39、ation.Unless this sounds to you like a fun way to spend your time, dont be among the first users.2.縝密構(gòu)思將第1、2兩個(gè)要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行重組，將第3、4、5三個(gè)要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行整合。3.遣詞造句Dont be the first users of the new electronic equipmentThe reasons are as following: Firstly, the earliest versions of devices are not only expensive, but also t

40、he most expensive that those devices will ever be.Secondly, electronics will be out of date rapidly.Thirdly, the first versions of a product are with some defects generally. Therefore, dont be the first to try out the new products.【點(diǎn)睛】高分句型1 Secondly， electronics will be out of date rapidly句子里，固定短語 o

41、ut of date 表示“過時(shí)”，表達(dá)比較高級。高分句型2 Therefore, dont be the first to try out the latest electronic products.運(yùn)用了不定式作后置定語。Passage 2【真題自測】【2019浙江】 閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Parents everywhere praise their kids. Jenn Berman, author of The A to Z Guide to Raising Happy and Confident Kids, says, “Weve gone to t

42、he opposite extreme of a few decades ago when parents tended to be more strict.” By giving kids a lot of praise, parents think theyre building their childrens confidence, when, in fact, it may be just the opposite. Too much praise can backfire and, when given in a way thats insincere, make kids afra

43、id to try new things or take a risk for fear of not being able to stay on top where their parents praise has put them.Still, dont go too far in the other direction. Not giving enough praise can be just as damaging as giving too much. Kids will feel like theyre not good enough or that you dont care a

44、nd, as a result, may see no point in trying hard for their accomplishments.So what is the right amount of praise? Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity. If praise is sincere and focused on the effort not the outcome, you can give it as often as your child does so

45、mething that deserves a verbal reward. “We should especially recognize our childrens efforts to push themselves and work hard to achieve a goal,” says Donahue, author of Parenting Without Fear: Letting Go of Worry and Focusing on What Really Matters. “One thing to remember is that its the process no

46、t the end product that matters.”Your son may not be the best basketball player on his team. But if hes out there every day and playing hard, you should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins or loses. Praising the effort and not the outcome can also mean recognizing your child when sh

47、e has worked hard to clean the yard, cook dinner, or finish a book report. But whatever it is, praise should be given on a case-by-case basis and be proportionate(相稱的) to the amount of effort your child has put into it._【答案】Parents tend to go to extremes when it comes to praising their kids. (要點(diǎn)一) Y

48、et, both too much and too little praise can be equally damaging. (要點(diǎn)二) When giving praise, parents should be sincere and concentrate on the process instead of the result. (要點(diǎn)三) Similarly, they ought to give praise for how much effort their kids have invested in the work theyre involved in. (要點(diǎn)四)【分析】

49、本次浙江高考書面表達(dá)采用了概要寫作題型。概要寫作是閱讀理解和書面表達(dá)的溝通橋梁，考查的是學(xué)生在實(shí)現(xiàn)自由的思維表達(dá)之前，對他人的信息在理解的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行概括表達(dá)的能力。選材上，提供一篇350詞以內(nèi)的短文，題材不限，要求考生寫出一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要?！驹斀狻客瓿梢黄乓獙懽?，需要經(jīng)過三個(gè)步驟，1. 讀懂原文，抓住段落主題句。在閱讀過程中，需要準(zhǔn)確把握文章的段落大意，學(xué)會(huì)剔除非重要信息，弄清楚不同體裁的文章的內(nèi)部邏輯關(guān)系以及文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)。2. 組織語言，轉(zhuǎn)換表達(dá)。在找到主題句明確全文中心的基礎(chǔ)上，組織好語言，注重語言表達(dá)的獨(dú)立性和準(zhǔn)確性以及高級性，不全盤照抄原文句子，盡量用自己的語言轉(zhuǎn)換表達(dá)，同

50、時(shí)要注意篇幅的比例安排，用較多的文字去表達(dá)重要的內(nèi)容。3. 通讀全文，邏輯連貫。要牢記各段落要點(diǎn)之間的邏輯關(guān)系和自然銜接，用恰當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)聯(lián)詞去連貫全文。Passage 3【模擬自測】（2021上海靜安區(qū)高三一模）Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Surveys indicate that a third o

51、f Britons regularly eat on their own. OpenTable, an online restaurant booking app, found that solo dining in New York increased by 80% during the past 5 years. And in Japan, the world capital of solo dining, a trend for low interaction dining11 has taken off. Restaurants are opening which facilitate

52、 the ultimate solo dining experience: passing bowls of noodles through black curtains into individual booths.Is this a worrying trend? We think so. Research is revealing the negative impacts of eating alone, which has been found to be linked to a variety of mental and physical health conditions, fro

53、m depression and diabetes to high blood pressure.So its cheering that hundreds of food sharing initiatives have sprung up around the world. Theres Londons Casserole Club, for example, whose volunteers share portions of home-cooked food with people in their area who arent always able to cook for them

54、selves, in which case they put an end to food waste. Or there is South Africas Food Jams, social gatherings in which participants are paired up, preferably with strangers, and given a portion of the meal to prepare. Many participants interviewed mentioned that their loneliness was greatly relieved.

55、Such initiatives offer lessons of all kinds to those thinking about how our food systems need to change. They also somewhat compensate for the undesirable outcomes sole eating brings.So why do people stop eating together? There are a variety of reasons. Authors such as Michael Pollan argue that it i

56、s due to the fact that people attach less value to home-based labor, including cooking. The widening of the workforce, which brought many women out of the kitchen and into the workplace during the 20th century, also contributed. Meanwhile, the growth in insecure and inconsistent working patterns amo

57、ng a growing proportion of the population also discourages meals eaten communally.【答案】The trend of sole dining is catching on in major countries. However, it does harm physically and mentally. Fortunately food-sharing programs make up for its bad effects by avoiding food waste and combating loneline

58、ss. Eating together has declined because of peoples undervaluing of cooking at home, more womens entry into the workforce and weakening work relationships.【分析】本文是一篇說明文。單人用餐的趨勢正在主要國家流行起來。然而，它確實(shí)會(huì)傷害身體和精神。幸運(yùn)的是，食物共享計(jì)劃通過避免食物浪費(fèi)和對抗孤獨(dú)來彌補(bǔ)它的不良影響。由于人們低估了在家做飯的價(jià)值，更多的女性進(jìn)入職場，以及工作關(guān)系的弱化，在一起吃飯的人數(shù)有所下降?！驹斀狻? 要點(diǎn)摘錄.Survey

59、s indicate that a third of Britons regularly eat on their own. OpenTable, an online restaurant booking app, found that solo dining in New York increased by 80% during the past 5 years. .Research is revealing the negative impacts of eating alone, which has been found to be linked to a variety of ment

60、al and physical health conditions, from depression and diabetes to high blood pressure.Theres Londons Casserole Club, for example, whose volunteers share portions of home-cooked food with people in their area who arent always able to cook for themselves, in which case they put an end to food waste.