1、34Batteries Built by Viruses病毒電池What do chicken pox, the common cold，the flu，and AIDS have in common? Theyre all disease caused by viruses，tiny microorganisms that can pass from person to person. Its no wonder1 that when most people think about viruses, finding ways to steer clear of2 viruses is wha

2、ts on peoples minds. 水痘、普通感冒、流感和艾滋病有哪些相似之處呢？這些都是由病毒引起的疾病。病毒是能夠在人與人之間傳染的微生物。難怪大部分人一提到病毒，首先想到的是如何躲避病毒。Not everyone runs from the tiny disease carriers, though3.In Cambridge，Massachusetts4, scientists have discovered that some viruses can be helpful in an unusual way. They are putting viruses to work，t

3、eaching them to build some of the worlds smallest rechargeable batteries. 然而， 并不是每個人都躲避這些病毒攜帶者。在馬薩諸塞州劍橋市，科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)有些病毒能起到非同尋常的作用。他們使病毒開始工作，使病毒構(gòu)成世界上最小的充電電池。Viruses and batteries may seem like an unusual pair, but theyre not so strange for engineer Angela Belcher, who first came up with5 the idea. At the

4、Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge，she and her collaborators bring together different areas of science in new ways. In the case of the virus-built batteries，the scientists combine what they know about biology，technology and production techniques. 病毒和電池的搭檔似乎并不常見，但這對于工程師安吉拉貝爾徹來說卻

5、并不陌生。安吉拉貝爾徹最早產(chǎn)生了這一想法。在位于劍橋市的麻省理工學(xué)院，她和合作者一起用新方式融合了不同的科學(xué)領(lǐng)域。在由病毒構(gòu)成的電池里，科學(xué)家融合了他們在生物、技術(shù)和生產(chǎn)工藝方面的知識。Belchers team includes Paula Hammond，who helps put together the tiny batteries，and Yet-Ming Chiang, an expert on how to store energy in the form of a battery. Were working on things we traditionally dont ass

6、ociate with nature, says Hammond. 貝爾徹的團隊包括幫助組裝微型電池的寶拉哈蒙德和以電池形式存儲能量的專家蔣業(yè)明。哈蒙德說，“我們現(xiàn)在從事的行業(yè)是傳統(tǒng)中不會想到的?！盡any batteries are already pretty small. You can hold A，C and D batteries6 in your hand. The coin-like batteries that power watches are often smaller than a penny. However，every year，new electronic dev

7、ices like personal music players or cell phones get smaller than the year before. As these devices shrink，ordinary bakeries wont be small enough to fit inside. 許多電池已經(jīng)很小了。A型、C型和D型電池都可以握在手里。硬幣形狀的手表電池通常比分幣還小。然而，個人音樂播放器和手機等新型電子設(shè)備變得越來越小。這些設(shè)備變小了，普通電池就無法安裝進(jìn)去了。The ideal battery will store a lot of energy in

8、 a small package. Right now，Belchers model battery，a metallic disk completely built by viruses，looks like a regular watch battery. But inside，its components are very small-so tiny you can only see them with a powerful microscope. 理想的電池應(yīng)當(dāng)體積小、儲能多。 ，貝爾徹的電池模型是完全由病毒構(gòu)成的金屬圓盤，看起來就像普通手表電池。但里面的部件卻非常小小到用高倍望遠(yuǎn)鏡才

9、能看到。How small are these battery parts? To get some idea of the size，pluck one hair from your head. Place your hair on a piece of white paper and try to see how wide your hair is-pretty thin，right? Although the width of each persons hair is a bit different，you could probably fit about 10 of these vir

10、us-built battery parts，side to side，across one hair. These microbatteries may change the way we look at viruses7. 這些電池部件到底有多小呢？從頭上拔一根頭發(fā)，把它放到白紙上，看看頭發(fā)的寬度是不是很細(xì)呢？盡管每個人的頭發(fā)寬度不同，每個頭發(fā)上可以并列排放大約10個病毒電池部件。這些為電池能會改變我們對病毒的看法。1.According to the first paragraph，people try to 根據(jù)第一段，人們設(shè)法去C.stay away from viruses bec

11、ause they are causes of various diseases. 躲避病毒，因為他們的疾病都是由病毒引起的。2.What is Belchers team doing at present? Belcher的團隊現(xiàn)在正在做什么C.It is making batteries with viruses. 制造病毒電池。3.What expression below is opposite in meaning to the word shrink appearing in paragraph 5 ? 那個詞可以和第5段中的“shrink收縮”表達(dá)意思相反D.Expand. 膨脹

12、4.Which of the following is true of Belchers battery mentioned in paragraph 6? 6段中提到的Belchers battery哪個描述是真的D.It is a metallic disk with viruses inside it. 它是指由病毒構(gòu)成的金屬圓盤。5.How tiny is one battery part? 一個電池部件有多小？A.Its width is one tenth of a hair. 它的寬度是頭發(fā)的1/1035Putting Plants to Work植物效能Using the po

13、wer of the sun is nothing new. People have had solar-powered calculators and buildings with solar panels for decades. But plants are the real experts : Theyve been using sunlight as an energy source for billions of years. 太陽能的使用已經(jīng)不足為奇。幾十年前，人們就開始使用太陽能計算器，制造太陽能電熱板鑲嵌的建筑。但是植物當(dāng)屬應(yīng)用太陽能的專家：十億年來，植物一直把陽光作為能源資

14、源。Ceils in the green leaves of plants work like tiny factories to convert sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water into1 sugars and starches, stored energy that the plants can use. This conversion process is called photosynthesis. Unfortunately, unless youre a plant, its difficult and expensive to conver

15、t sunlight into storable energy. Thats why scientists are taking a closer look at exactly how plants do it. 綠葉植物細(xì)胞的工作就像微型加工廠一樣，將陽光，二氧化碳和水轉(zhuǎn)化為糖和淀粉，并且同時儲存植物本身所需的能量。這種轉(zhuǎn)換過程叫做光合作用?？上悴皇且恢曛参铮仨毨щy的并且花上大價錢將陽光轉(zhuǎn)換為穩(wěn)定的能源。因此，科學(xué)家們正在對植株進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確細(xì)致的研究。Some scientists are trying to get plants, or biological cells that act

16、 like plants, to work as miniature photosynthetic power stations. For example, Mafia Ghirardi of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in Golden, Colo. 2, is working with green algae3. Shes trying to trick them into producing hydrogen4 instead of sugars when they perform photosynthesis. Once the

17、researchers can get the algae working efficiently, the hydrogen that they produce could be used to power fuel Cells in cars or to generate electricity.一些科學(xué)家正試圖像植物的作用過程一樣，將植物，或生物的細(xì)胞活動看做微型光合發(fā)電站。例如，瑪麗亞奇若蒂在美國科羅拉多州的國家可再生能源實驗室里對綠藻進(jìn)行研究。她正想方設(shè)法的通過植物的產(chǎn)生氫來取代光合作用產(chǎn)生的糖。一旦研究人員了解藻類如何有效率的進(jìn)行工作，由此產(chǎn)生的氫氣可用于燃料電池動力汽車和發(fā)電。

18、The algae are grown in narrow-necked glass bottles to produce hydrogen in the lab. During photosynthesis, plants normally make sugars or starches. But under certain conditions, a lot of algae are able to use the sunlight energy not to store starch, but to make hydrogen. Ghirardi says. For example, a

19、lgae will produce hydrogen in an air free environment. Its the oxygen in the air that prevents algae from making hydrogen most of the time. 在實驗室里，藻類生長通過狹窄的頸玻璃瓶生產(chǎn)氫氣的環(huán)境下。在光合作用下，植物通常產(chǎn)生糖類或淀粉。奇若蒂說：“但在一定條件下，有很多藻類能夠利用日光能源產(chǎn)生氫氣而不是儲存淀粉。”例如，藻類會在空氣存在環(huán)境下產(chǎn)生氫氣。這是因為空氣中的氧氣，氧阻止綠藻制造氫。Working in an air free environment

20、, however, is difficult. Its not a practical way to produce cheap energy. But Ghirardi and her colleagues have discovered that by removing a chemical called sulfate from the environment that the algae grow in, they will make hydrogen instead of sugars, even when air is present. 藻類在空氣中雖然可以工作，但是充滿困難。這

21、種方式不能切實可行的生產(chǎn)廉價的能源。但是奇若蒂和她的同事們已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)，即使在目前的空氣條件下，他們從藻類生長的環(huán)境中，除去所謂的硫酸化學(xué)品，能夠產(chǎn)生氫來代替糖。Unfortunately, removing the sulfate also makes the algaes cells work very slowly, and not much hydrogen is produced. Still, the researchers see this as a first step in their goal to produce hydrogen efficiently from algae

22、. With more work, they may be able to speed the cells activity and produce larger quantities of hydrogen. 只可惜消除硫酸鹽不僅使藻類細(xì)胞的工作速度減慢，而且大大減少了氫的數(shù)量。盡管如此，研究人員認(rèn)為，對于實現(xiàn)有效率的利用藻類產(chǎn)生氫這一目標(biāo)，他們已經(jīng)邁出了第一步。隨著工作量的加大，他們可以加速細(xì)胞的活動，從而產(chǎn)生大量的氫氣。The researchers hope that algae will one day be an easy-to-use fuel source. The organ

23、isms are cheap to get and to feed, Ghirardi says, and they can grow almost anywhere: You can grow them in a reactor, in a pond. You can grow them in the ocean. Theres a lot of flexibility in how you can use these organisms. 研究人員們希望，總有一天藻類會成為很容易使用的燃料來源。藻類這種生物極易存活，他們可以在幾乎任何地方成長。奇若蒂說，：“你可以將它放在一反應(yīng)堆或是池塘里

24、，也可以在海洋中找到它們，人們可以靈活的使用藻類的用途廣泛?！?. What does the writer say about plants concerning solar energy? 關(guān)于植物涉及太陽能，作者說?C) Plants have been using solar energy for billions of years. 植物數(shù)十億年來一直利用太陽能2. Why do some scientists study how plants convert sunlight carbon dioxide, and water into sugars and starches? 一

25、些科學(xué)家研究植物如何把陽光、二氧化碳、水轉(zhuǎn)化成糖和淀粉的原因是?B) Because they want green plants to become a new source of energy. 因為他們想讓綠色植物變成新的能源3. According to the fifth paragraph, under what conditions are algae able to use solar energy to make hydrogen? 根據(jù)第五段，_時，海藻能用太陽能制造氫氣？B) When there is no oxygen in the air. 當(dāng)空氣中沒有氧氣4. R

26、esearchers have met with difficulties when trying to make algae produce hydrogen efficiently. Which one of the following is one such difficulty? 研究員們發(fā)現(xiàn)在努力使海藻有效產(chǎn)生氫氣時存在困難，這樣的困難是?D) It is too slow for algae to produce hydrogen when the sulfate is removed. 硫酸鹽被清除后，海藻太慢而不能產(chǎn)生（更多）的氫氣5. What is NOT true of

27、algae? 于海藻的說法，錯誤的是?C) They are cheap to eat. 作為食物，它們很便宜36Listening Device Provides Landslide Early Warning聽覺儀器提供早期山崩預(yù)警A device that provides early warning of a landslide by monitoring vibrations in soil is being tested by UK researchers. The device could save thousands of lives each year by warning

28、when an area should be evacuated, the scientists say. Such natural disasters arc common in countries that experience sudden, heavy rainfall, and can also be triggered by earthquakes and even water erosion. 英國研究者們正在測試一種儀器，它可以通過監(jiān)測土壤振動提供早期山崩預(yù)告。科學(xué)家們說，這種儀器通過警報某處有險情需要撤離，每年可以拯救成千上萬的生命。經(jīng)歷過驟降大耐，地震甚至土壤侵蝕的國家，山

29、崩這樣的自然災(zāi)害是很常見的。 Landslides start when a few particles of soil or rock within a slope start to move, but the early stages can be hard to spot. Following this initial movement, slopes can become unstable in a matter of hours or minutes, says Nell Dixon at Southborough University1, UK. He says a warning

30、 system that monitors this movement might be enough to evacuate a block of flats or clear a road, and save lives. 當(dāng)同一個山坡上的一些土壤或石塊開始移動時，山崩就開始了，但早期很難發(fā)現(xiàn)。接著這個初始運動，“山坡在數(shù)分鐘或數(shù)小時內(nèi)變得不穩(wěn)定，”英國拉夫堡大學(xué)尼爾迪克森說。他說，一個監(jiān)控這種運動的警報系統(tǒng)“足以疏散一個，街區(qū)的人或清出一條馬路，拯救生命”。The most common way to monitor a slope for signs of an imminent la

31、ndslide is to watch for changes in its shape. Surveyors can do this by measuring aside directly, or sensors sunk into boreholes or fixed above ground can be used to monitor the shape of a slope. Slopes can. however, change shape without triggering a landslide, so either method is prone to causing fa

32、lse alarms. Now Dixons team has developed a device that listens for the vibrations caused when particles begin moving within a slope. 監(jiān)視迫近的山崩，最常見的辦法就是觀察這座山形狀的變化。研究者們可以直接測量，也可以在鉆孔中或者地表面上探測山坡形狀的變化?？墒?，山坡改變形狀也未必就導(dǎo)致山崩。所以任何一種方法都可能導(dǎo)致誤警?，F(xiàn)在，迪克森的團隊已發(fā)明了一種儀器，它在一個山坡內(nèi)的顆粒開始移動時可以接收到振動。 The device takes the form of

33、a steel pipe dropped into a borehole in a slope. The borehole is filled in with gravel around the pipe to help transmit high-frequency vibrations generated by particles within the slope. These vibrations pass up the tube and are picked up by a sensor on the surface. Software analyses the vibration s

34、ignal to determine whether a landslide may be imminent. 這個儀器是鋼管形狀，探人山坡上的一個鉆孔中。鉆孔中儀器的四周填滿沙礫，有助于傳導(dǎo)山坡內(nèi)顆粒產(chǎn)生的高頻振動波。振動波順著鋼管上傳，被地表傳感器接收。通過軟件分析振動信號，判斷是否馬上要發(fā)生山崩。 The device is currently being tested in a 6-metre-tall artificial clay embankment in Newcastle2, UK. Early results suggest it should provide fewer

35、false positives than existing systems. Once it has been carefully and thoroughly tested, the device could be used to create a complete early-warning system for dangerous Slopes. 目前這種儀器正在英國紐卡斯?fàn)栆蛔?米高人造石灰大壩中接受測試。先期結(jié)果顯示它比現(xiàn)有的儀器提供較少的判斷誤差。一旦這種儀器通過了認(rèn)真徹底的檢測，它將成為個完善的山崩早期預(yù)警系統(tǒng)。 Locations with a significant risk

36、 of landslides could definitely benefit from a machine like this, says Adam Poulter, an expert at the British Red Cross. As long as it doesnt cost too much, But, Poulter adds that an early-warning system may not be enough on its own. You need to have the human communication, he says. Making systems

37、that get warnings to those who need them can be difficult. “受山崩嚴(yán)重威脅的地區(qū)一定會從這樣的儀器中得益，”英國紅十字會的專家艾登保特說，“只要它不是太貴。”但是，保特又說一個早期預(yù)警系統(tǒng)本身并不足以防災(zāi)，“你需要建立人際交流，”他說，“使系統(tǒng)發(fā)射的預(yù)警送達(dá)到需要的人群是不容易的事?！?1. What does Such natural disasters in the first paragraph refer to? 第1段提到的“這樣的自然災(zāi)害”是?D Landslides. 山崩42. Which of the followi

38、ng statements is true of landslides? 關(guān)于山崩下面正確的一句是?A The initial movement is hard to spot.B They start with a movement of a few particles of soil or rock.C They can be destructive in a matter of hours or minutes.D All of the above.43. Why do researchers develop a new device to monitor signs of landsi

39、des? 為什么科學(xué)家們研制一種新的儀器來監(jiān)控山崩征兆？C Because the common methods .can cause false alarms. 因為普通方法可能導(dǎo)致假的預(yù)警44. Which of the following statements is NOT true of the device, according to Paragraph 4? 根據(jù)第4段，關(guān)于這個設(shè)備不正確的一句是A It is filled in with gravel. 它添滿了沙粒45. According to the context, what does the word positive

40、s in the fifth paragraph mean? 根據(jù)上下文，單詞“positives”的意思是B Evidences. 證據(jù)37“Dont Drink Alone” Gets New Meaning不要在就餐時間以外飲酒有了新含義In what may be bad news for bars and pubs, an European research group has found that people drinking alcohol outside of meals have a significantly higher risk of cancer in the mo

41、uth and neck than do those taking their libations with food. Luigino Dal Maso and his colleagues studied the drinking patterns of 1,500 patients from four cancer studies and another 3,500 adults who had never had cancer. 一定程度上，這對酒吧可能是一個壞消息，歐洲的一個研究小組發(fā)現(xiàn)人們在就餐時間以外飲酒會使患口腔和頸部癌癥的機率比就餐時飲酒更高。Luigino Dal Maso

42、和他的同事們研究了取自四項癌癥研究的1,500個病例的飲酒習(xí)慣模式和另外3,500個從沒患癌癥的成年人的飲酒習(xí)慣模式。After the researchers accounted for the amount of alcohol consumed, they found that individuals who downed a significant share of their alcohol outside of meals faced at least a 50 to 80 percent risk of cancer in the oral cavity, pharynx, an

43、d esophagus, when compared with people who drank only at meals. Consuming alcohol without food also increased by at least 20 percent the likelihood of laryngeal cancer. “Roughly 95 percent of cancers at these four sites traced too smoking or drinking by study volunteers,” Dal Maso says. The discoura

44、ging news his team reports, is that drinking with meals didnt eliminate cancer risk at any of the sites. 在研究者分析了飲酒的總量后，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)和只在就餐時飲酒的人相比，在就餐時間以外灌下大量烈酒的人面臨至少50%80%的患口腔癌、咽癌和食道癌的危險。在就餐時間外飲酒也會使患喉癌的可能性增加至少20%。“被研究者的情況說明大約95%患以上四種癌癥的原因就是抽煙或飲酒。”Dal Maso說。他的研究小組提供的報告令人沮喪的消息是就餐時飲酒不會消除患以上任何一種癌癥的危險。For their ne

45、w analysis, the European scientists divided people in the study into four groups, based on how many drinks they reported having in an average week. The lowest-intake group included people who averaged up to 20 drinks a week. The highest group reported downing at least 56 servings of alcohol weekly f

46、or an average of eight or more per day. Cancer risks for the mouth and neck sites rose steadily with consumption even for people who reported drinking only with meals. For instance, compared with people in the lowest-consumption group, participants who drank 21 to 34 alcohol servings a week at least

47、 doubled their cancer risk for all sites other than the larynx. If people in these consumption groups took some of those drinks outside meals, those in the higher consumption group at least quadrupled their risk for oral cavity and esophageal cancers. 為了進(jìn)行新的頒，歐洲科學(xué)家根據(jù)每星期平均飲酒量將被研究者分為4組。飲酒量最少的一組包括每周平均飲

48、酒量達(dá)20杯的人，飲酒量最高的一組每周飲酒至少56杯，平均每天8杯以上?；伎谇话┖秃戆┑奈ｋU隨著飲酒量而穩(wěn)定上升，即使是那些只在就餐時飲酒的人。例如，和低飲酒量的人相比，每周飲酒2134杯的人患除喉癌以外其他部位的癌癥的危險增加了一倍。如果這幾組中的人在就餐時間以外飲酒，那些屬于高飲酒量組的人會使他們患口腔癌和食道癌的危險至少增加3倍。People in the highest-consumption group who drank only with meals had 10 times the risk of oral cancer, 7 times the risk of pharyng

49、eal cancer, and 16 times the risk of esophageal cancer compared with those who averaged 20 or fewer drinks a week with meals. In contrast, laryngeal cancer risk the high-intake, with-meals-only group was only triple that in the low-intake consumers who drank with meals. 和每周只在就餐時平均飲酒至多20杯的人相比，高飲酒量組的人

50、在就餐時間飲酒患口腔癌的危險是低飲酒量組的10倍，咽癌是其7倍，食道癌16倍。相反，酒精高攝入且僅在就餐時飲酒的人患喉癌的危險是酒精低攝入且僅在就餐時飲酒的人的3倍。“Alcohol can inflame tissues. Over time, that inflammation can trigger cancer.” Dal Maso says. He suspects that food reduced cancer risk either by partially coating digestive-tract tissues or by scrubbing alcohol off

51、those tissues. He speculates that the reason laryngeal risks were dramatically lower for all study participants traces to the tissues lower exposure to alcohol. “酒精能使組織發(fā)炎，一段時間后，炎癥可引發(fā)癌癥?！盌al Maso說。他認(rèn)為食物降低了患癌癥的危險，或是通過覆蓋在消化道組織上或是通過將酒精從那些組織上擦牛。他推測所有被研究者患喉癌的機率比其他癌癥低很多的原因是組織被酒精侵害到的部分少。1. Researchers have

52、found that the risk of cancer in the mouth and neck is higher with people口腔與頸椎癌癥的高危人群是A. who drink alcohol outside of meals. 就餐時間外飲酒2. Which of the following is NOT the conclusion made by the researchers about “drinking with meals”?哪一個不是研究者關(guān)于就餐飲酒的情況？C. It increases by 20 percent the possibility of c

53、ancer in all sites. 癌癥幾率增加20%3. Approximately how many drinks do the lowest-intake group average per day? 每天酒精最低攝入量是？A. 3 drinks.4. Which cancer risk is the lowest among all the four kinds of cancer mentioned in the passage?在這里患哪種癌的幾率最低？B. Laryngeal cancer喉癌5. According to the last paragraph, tissue

54、s lower exposure to alcohol據(jù)最后一段組織酒精的降低會D. reduces the risk of laryngeal cancer. 降低喉癌的機率38Life Form Found on Saturns Titan土衛(wèi)六上發(fā)現(xiàn)了生命跡象 Scientists say they have discovered hints of alien life1 on the Saturns moon2. The discovery of a sort of life was announced after researchers at the US space agency,

55、NASA3,analyzed data from spacecraft Cassini4,which pointed to,the existence of methane-based form of life on Saturns biggest moon. 科學(xué)家們說，在土衛(wèi)六上發(fā)現(xiàn)了外星生命跡象并宣布了這一發(fā)現(xiàn)。美國國家航空航天局(NASA)的研究者們對卡西尼號探測器所傳回來的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行了分析，數(shù)據(jù)表明，土星衛(wèi)星中最大的一顆衛(wèi)星有以甲烷為基礎(chǔ)的生命的存在跡象。 Scientists have reportedly discovered clues showing primitive ali

56、en beings arebreathing inTitans dense atmosphere filled with hydrogen. 據(jù)報道，科學(xué)家們已經(jīng)找到了在土衛(wèi)六高濃度氫氣大氣層里“呼吸”的原始外星生命的線索。 They argue that hydrogen gets absorbed before hitting Titans planet-like surface covered with methane lakes and rivers. This,they say,points to the existence of somebugs5 consuming the hy

57、drogen at the surface of the moon less than half the size of the Earth. 他們認(rèn)為，氫氣在到達(dá)布滿甲烷河流湖泊的土衛(wèi)六類似行星一樣的表層前就已經(jīng)被吸收了。這就證明在這個不及半個地球大小的衛(wèi)星表面有某種微生物在依靠氫氣生存。 We suggested hydrogen consumption because its the obvious gas for life to consume on Titan,similar to the way we consume oxygen on Earth,says NASA scient

58、ist Chris McKay.If these signs do turn out to be a sign of life,it would be doubly exciting because it would represent a second form of life independent from water-based life on Earth. 美國國家航空航天局的科學(xué)家Chris Mckay說，“我們提出有氫氣的消耗，是由于它是土衛(wèi)六上生命賴以生存的顯而易見的氣體，就像我們地球上用氧氣呼吸一樣。如果這些跡象最終證明是生命的跡象，它會加倍令人興奮，因為它會代表完全不同于地

59、球上水基生命的第二種生命。”To date,scientists have not yet detected this form of life anywhere,though there are liquid-water-based microorganisms on Earth that grow well on methane or produce it as a waste product. On Titan, where temperatures are around 90 Kelvin6(minus 290 degrees Farenheit),a methanebased org

60、anism would have to use a substance that is liquid as its medium for living processes, but not water itself. Water is frozen solid on Titans surface and much too cold to support life as we know it. 時至今日，盡管地球上的依賴液體水的微生物在甲烷里生長良好或把它作為廢物排出，科學(xué)家在任何地方都沒有探測到這種生命的形式。在土衛(wèi)六上，絕對溫度達(dá)到90度(相當(dāng)于攝氏-27315度)，依賴于甲烷的微生物不得不