1、英國文學(xué)史與選讀 講座課件 通過作品找意境，通過中西文學(xué)對比，讓文學(xué)課升華至文化課，讓我們的學(xué)生成為自己的主人。Early and Medieval English LiteratureGeoffrey Chaucer, the founder of English poetry, was born, about 1340, in London. He was the son of a wine merchant who had connections with the court. Francis Bacon“Of Studies”To be recited Compared with 勸學(xué)

2、篇 Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring, for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. For different expert man can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one;

3、 But the general courses and the plots and marshalling of affaires, come best from those that are learned. To spend too much time on study is sloth, to use them too much for ornament, is affectation, to make judgment only by their rules, is the humor of a scholar. They perfect nature and are perfect

4、ed by experience, for nature abilities are like nature plants, that need to be pruning by study, and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large.Of Studies 君子曰：學(xué)不可以已。青，取之于藍，而青于藍；冰，水為之，而寒于水。木直中繩，揉以為輪，其曲中規(guī)，雖有槁暴，不復(fù)挺者，輮使之然也。故木受繩則直，金就礫則利。君子博學(xué)而日參省乎己，則知明而行無過矣。 吾嘗終日而思矣，不如須臾之所學(xué)也。吾嘗跂而望矣，不如登高

5、之博見也。登高而招，臂非加長也，而見者遠(yuǎn)。順風(fēng)而呼，聲非加疾也，而聞?wù)哒?。假?馬者，非利足也，而致千里。假舟輯者，非能水也，而絕江河。君子生非異也，善假于物也。 積土成山，風(fēng)雨興焉。積水成淵，蛟龍生焉。積善成德，而神明自得，圣心備焉。故不積跬步，無以至千里；不積小流，無以成江海。騏驥一躍，不能十步；駑馬十駕，功在不舍。鍥而舍之，朽木不折；鍥而不舍，金石可鏤。蚓無爪牙之利,筋骨之強，上食埃土，下飲黃泉，用心一也。蟹六跪而二螯，非蛇蟺之穴無可寄托者，用心躁也。 荀子勸學(xué) Thomas More(1478-1535) He was born in a middle-class family.his

6、 father was a prominent lawyer,and later a judge.A scholar by nature ,he became a lawyer.Quite early he was elected to Parliament and he acted as the spokesman of London merchants who were on e of the principal stays of the Tudor monarchy.Daniel Defoe: 1660-1731Son of James and Mary Foe, a merchant

7、family committed to Puritanism (Presbyterians)Sound education at Mortons Academy. Only Anglicans could graduate from Oxford or Cambridge.1684: Marries Mary Tuffley, an heiress with 3,700 a year.Fought briefly in the Duke of Monmouths rebellion against James II.Bankruptcy and debt turned him towards

8、writing.1701: writes “The True Born Englishman”1703: Pilloried for writing “The Shortest Way with Dissenters.”Defoes Robinson Crusoe1719: First volume of Robinson Crusoe. A hit with lower and middle classes.Based on the experience of Alexander Selkirk.1722: Moll Flanders. A novel that draws on his o

9、wn experience in Newgate prison.Crusoe: 1810 edition Samuel Johnson (170984) lexicographer, critic and poet, was born in Lichfield, Stafforshire, the son of a poor bookseller. After studying at Oxford for little more than a year, he was forced to leave the university by poverty. Then followed his lo

10、ng struggle as a hack writer. In 1741, some booksellers asked Johnson to compile a dictionary or the English language. It took him eight years to finish this enormous work, and in 1755 his “Dictionary” was published. Johnson thought that “all was false and hollow” despised the honeyed words, and wro

11、te a letter to Lord Chestfield, saying “ when I had once addressed your lordship in public, I had exhausted all the art or pleasing which a retired and uncourtly scholar can possess.” Letter to Lord Chestfield文藝復(fù)興最后的晚餐 （意大利） 達 芬奇畫1495 - 1497年 米蘭圣瑪利亞格拉契修道院藏文藝復(fù)興美術(shù)三杰蒙娜麗莎意大利 達 芬奇畫 木板油畫77 53厘米1503 - 1505

12、年巴黎盧浮爾宮博物館藏自畫像西斯廷教堂天頂畫局部壁畫 36541314米 米開朗期羅 （意大利） 梵帝岡西斯廷教堂藏 （1475 - 1564年）西斯庭教堂內(nèi)景椅中圣母（油畫）（意大利）拉斐爾（1514 - 1516年）選自 William Shakespeare1564-1616“All the world s a stage, And all the men and women merely players.” Born in Stratford The 3rd of 8 kidsMarried at age 18(his wife was 26)Worked as an actorBy

13、1594 at least 6 plays had been published The Globe Theater 1599Burned in 1613 The New Globe Theater 1999 ComediesThe Taming of the ShrewMuch Ado About NothingAs You Like ITwelfth NightMidsummer Nights DreamTragediesHamletRomeo and JulietOthelloKing LearMacbethHamlet Sonnet 18 William ShakespeareShal

14、l I compare thee to a summers day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate:Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And summers lease hath all too short a date:Sometime too hot the eye of the heaven shinesAnd often is his gold complexion dimmed;And every fair from fair sometime declines,By chance

15、 or natures changing course untrimmed;But thy eternal summer shall not fade,Nor lose possession of that fair thou owst;Nor shall death brag thou wanderst in his shade,When in eternal lines to time thou growst:So long as a man can breathe, or eyes can see,So long lives this, and this gives live to th

16、ee.致橡樹我如果愛你/絕不學(xué)攀援的凌霄花，/借你的高枝炫耀自己；我如果愛你/絕不學(xué)癡情的鳥兒，/為綠蔭重復(fù)單調(diào)的歌曲；也不止像泉源/常年送來清涼的慰籍；/也不止像險峰，增加你的高度，/襯托你的威儀。/甚至日光/甚至春雨不，這些都還不夠/我必須是你近旁的一株木棉，作為樹的形像和你站在一起。/根，相握在地下；葉，相觸在云里。/每一陣風(fēng)吹過，我們都互相致意，但沒有人/聽懂我們的言語/你有你的銅枝鐵干，像刀像劍也像戟；/我有我紅碩的花朵，/像沉重的嘆息，又像英勇的火炬/我們分擔(dān)寒潮風(fēng)雷霹靂；我們共享霧靄流嵐虹霓；/仿佛永遠(yuǎn)分離，卻又終身相依這才是偉大的愛情，/堅貞就在這里/愛/不僅愛你偉岸的身軀，也

17、愛你堅持的位置，/足下的土地。John Milton (16081674)“Paradise Lost”Its meaning of equityBackground： John Milton, the greatest English poet after Shakespeare, was the one great literary figure who want tried seriously to combine Renaissance and Reformation. His rich stories of classical learning with revival of dee

18、p religious feeling. Miltons work can be divided into three creative period. The first period was up to 1641, during which time he was to be seen chiefly as a son of the humanity and Elizabethans, although his Puritanism was not absent. Milton is one of the very few truly great English writers who i

19、s also a prominent figure in politics and who is both a great poet and important prose writer.渡邊淳一 The Age of Romanticism1750-1850This cultural era is a continuation of, & overlaps with, the Enlightenment. Its characteristics include:Romantic loveLiberalism and freedomAn upsurge of nationalism & pat

20、riotismSympathy for the poor & less fortunate.An appreciation of natureA fascination with horrorRomantic ArtistsJohn ConstableJ.M.W. TurnerEugene DelacroixJ.F.GoyaA Romantic Painting by John ConstableRomantic MusiciansWolfgang Sebastian BachLudwig von Beethoven “immortal beloved”Johan Brahms; Freder

21、ic ChopinFranz List; Peter TchaikovskyFranz Schubert; Richard WagnerGuiseppi VerdiWolfgang Sebastian BachGerman composer & organistLudwig von BeethovenGreat composer of symphoniesRomantic HistoriansGeorg Hegel - CommunismJules Michelet - Idealization of French historyGeorge Bancroft - Divine Provide

22、nce for USAThomas Carlyle - Great Men theoryThomas Billington McCaulay - British historyHeinrich von Treitschke - German nationalismFirst Bicycle: Germany, 1816no pedals, chains, or brakes.First manned Balloon FlightA 70 ft. tall balloon scended in Paris in November, 1783.It traveled 7 & 1/2 miles i

23、n 26 minutes; and reached a height of 3000 feet. Robert Burns (1759?) “A Red, Red Rose” “Auld Lang Syne”Romantic Authors 抒發(fā)情懷是文人墨客的做派，同時也是所有讀書人表達對時事，人生百態(tài)的觀點的最好的一種方式。中西文化在這一點上是完全相同的。 Burns的A Red, Red Rose是一首難得的好情詩。Auld Lang Syne.更是成了全世界家喻戶曉的好歌，很像中國的王洛賓的那首在那遙遠(yuǎn)的地方。其實，抒發(fā)像Auld Lang Syne這種韻味，無論哪個民族都有，如月光下

24、的鳳尾竹由施光南作曲，云南傣族人用葫蘆絲演奏的曲調(diào)也有異曲同工的效果。 要啟發(fā)學(xué)生讀進文學(xué)作品，同時也要走出文學(xué)作品，將作品給予的啟發(fā)和感受時刻與現(xiàn)實生活相聯(lián)系。更要通過閱讀膾炙人口的作品提高個人的修養(yǎng)。Herbert SchillerGerman romanticist who idealized heroic deeds and struggles for freedom.Wolfgang von Goethe, author of “Faust”Sir Walter ScottAuthor of Ivanhoe & Rob Roy.Romantic themes included Sco

25、ttish nationalism & independence.Samuel Taylor ColeridgeUsed images of phantoms and terrors arising from the depths of the emotions.Author of The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.William Wordsworth romantic poetryWilliam Wordsworthprincipal poem： We are seven Lines Written in Early Spring To the cuckoo I

26、 Wondered lonely as a cloud The Solitary Reaper Intimations or Immortality The PreludeI Wandered Lonely as a Cloud-William WordsworthI wandered lonely as a cloudThat floats on high oer vales and hills,When all at once I saw a crowd,A host, of golden daffodils;Beside the lake, beneath the tress,Flutt

27、ering and dance in the breeze.Continuous as the stars that shineAnd twinkle on the milky way, They stretched in the never-ending lineAlong the margin of a bay;Ten thousand say I at a glance,Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.The waves beside them danced; but theyOutdid the sparkling waves in gle

28、e;A poet could not but be gay,In such a jocund company;I gazed and gazed but little thoughtWhat wealth the show to me had brought:For oft, when on my couch I lieIn vacant or in pensive mood,They flash upon that inward eyeWhich is the bliss of solitude;And then my heart with pleasure fills,And dance

29、with the daffodils.1234輕輕的我走了， 正如我輕輕的來； 我輕輕的招手， 作別西天的云彩。 那河畔的金柳 是夕陽中的新娘 波光里的艷影， 在我的心頭蕩漾。 軟泥上的青荇， 油油的在水底招搖； 在康河的柔波里， 我甘心做一條水草 再別康橋那樹蔭下的一潭， 不是清泉，是天上虹 揉碎在浮藻間， 沉淀著彩虹似的夢。 尋夢？撐一支長篙， 向青草更青處漫溯， 滿載一船星輝， 在星輝斑斕里放歌 但我不能放歌， 悄悄是別離的笙簫； 夏蟲也為我沉默， 沉默是今晚的康橋！ 悄悄的我走了， 正如我悄悄的來； 我揮一揮衣袖， 不帶走一片云彩。 徐志摩 徐志摩是20世紀(jì)初中國杰出的詩人、散文家,是

30、一個值得敬佩和懷念的名字。他不僅在五四新文學(xué)史上是“新月社”的巨摯、“新月詩派”的祭酒, 在新文學(xué)創(chuàng)作上所發(fā)射的光芒,如日中天,久而不晦; 而且他風(fēng)流、浪漫的人生,同樣是那樣傳奇瑰麗, 又富有詩情畫意,可與中國的李商隱、溫庭絢、杜牧 ,英國的拜倫、雪萊、濟慈相媲美。悲喜交織的愛情,放蕩不羈的生活,外圓內(nèi)方的交際,驚世駭俗的創(chuàng)作,絕頂天才的智慧 ,卑己自牧的性格,浪跡天涯的漫游,構(gòu)成了徐志摩的卓爾不群,更為中國文壇平添了不少佳話。 徐志摩的一生,是浪漫不羈的一生,虛無繚紗的一生,耐人尋味的一生,所以有人說他胸襟開闊,心靈純潔,人格高尚,作品光輝,舉世無雙,名垂千古;也有人說他頹廢墮落,道德敗壞,

31、色情猥褻,風(fēng)花雪月,風(fēng)流倜儻。徐志摩逝世70年來,人們?nèi)詻]有真正地了解和認(rèn)識他。那些“評傳”之類的書籍,就像流水賬一樣 , 記錄了徐志摩支離破碎的一生,卻未能深入地剖析當(dāng)時中國知識分子所面臨的種種磨難,特別是對西方文化的接受;至于徐志摩的作品如何融合東西方文化的格調(diào)和趣味,研究的人更少。 徐志摩原名章垿, 號志摩,浙江海寧人。1920 年獲美國哥倫比亞大學(xué)社會學(xué)碩士,后轉(zhuǎn)英國劍橋大學(xué)取得特別生資格,在王家學(xué)院隨意選課聽講。從此他拋棄了以往攻讀的社會學(xué)、經(jīng)濟學(xué),改學(xué)文學(xué),他的思想和生活發(fā)生了很大變化。徐志摩在劍橋期間致力于西洋文學(xué)的鉆研,歷時兩年。這個時期,他的感情如山洪暴發(fā),生命受到一種偉大力

32、量的震撼。繽紛的花雨,不成熟的意念,新詩的心境,我們可以從他的那篇想飛看出這時候他思想生活的軌跡。這時的徐志摩已由一個單純的愛國青年, 轉(zhuǎn)變成為一個浪漫詩人,并創(chuàng)立了 “生活是藝術(shù)”的所謂“藝術(shù)的人生觀”。 劉心皇曾這樣評價說,徐志摩之所以可愛,除了徐志摩絕沒有一般文人的小氣、多疑、嫉妒、搬弄是非,或是今日連甲攻乙 , 明日連丙攻甲的毛病之外 , 尤其在于(1) 性格好:熱情誠摯,淳樸天真,有赤子之心,是一團同情,是一團愛。(2)對朋友好:他有同情心,是朋友之間的連鎖。(3)對一般人好:他對任何人任何事絕沒有怨恨,永不恨人,也永想不到人會恨他。(4)極風(fēng)趣:很自然地討人歡喜 , 他一生決不讓人

33、苦悶。這是對徐志摩其人的一個極好的概括,入微入妙,逼真逼肖。摘自：風(fēng)流才子徐志摩O blithe new-comer! I have heard,I hear thee and rejoice.O Cuckoo! shall I call thee Bird,Or but a wandering Voice?While I am lying on the grassThy twofold shout I hear;From hill to hill it seems to passAt once far off, and near.Though babbling only to the Val

34、e,Of sunshine and of flowers,Thou bringest unto me a taleOf visionary hours.Thrice welcome, darling of the Spring!Even ye thou art to meNo bird, but an invisible thing,A voice a mystery;And I can listen to thee yet;Can lie upon the plainAnd listen, till I do begetThat golden time again.O blessed Bir

35、d! the earth we paceAgain appears to beAn unsubstantial, faery place;That is fit home for thee!The same whom in my schoolboy daysI listened to; that CryWhich made me look a thousand waysIn bush, and tree, and sky.To seek thee did I often roveThrough woods and on the green;And thou wert still a hope,

36、 a love;Still longed for, never seen.George Gordon, Lord Byron: 1788-1824Acquires his title at age 10 from his great-uncle the “Wicked Lord Byron.”Moves with his mother to Newstead Abbey, near Nottingham1801: attends Harrow1805: CambridgeMeets his half sister Augusta during this period. 1807: First

37、volume of poetry Hours of Idleness.Byron: 1807-18151807: Byron departs on his grand tourto Lisbon, Spain, Greece and Albania. Begins work on Childe Harolds Pilgrimage. 1810: Visits Turkey. 1811: At 24, Byron returns to London.1812: The first two cantos of Childe Harolds Pilgrimage published.1814: Th

38、e Corsair1815: Hebrew Melodies The “mad-bad- and dangerous” Lord ByronLiaisons with Lady Caroline Lamb; Lady Oxford.Scandal and gossip about his relationship with Augusta, whose child is named Medora (heroine of The Corsair).1815: Marries Annabella Milbanke. Annabella leaves a few weeks after the bi

39、rth of Augusta AdaByron: 1816-18191816: Byron settles in Geneva, near Percy and Mary Shelley, and Claire Clairmont.1817: begins work on Manfred. Leaves for Venice. Continues work on the third and fourth cantos of Childe Harold.Sells Newstead Abbey for 94,5001819: First two cantos of Don Juan. Byron:

40、 1819-18241819: Meets Countess Teresa Guiccioli and her Carbonari family.1821: Publishes another mystery play, Cain.Robert Southey follows with his comment on “the Satanic School.” Byron publishes The Vision of Judgment a rebuttal to Southey.1823: Joins the Greek war of independence.Falls ill in 182

41、4 and dies in April at the age of 36.The Byronic HeroGoethes Faust Part one is published in 1808.In Geneva, Byron meets M.G. Lewis author of The Monk who translates Faust.Part Two of Goethes Faust is published posthumously in 1832.The figure of Goethes Euphorion is based on Byron. Goethe: “Byron is

42、not antique and is not romantic, but he is the present day itself. Such a one I had to have. Moreover, he was just my man on account of his unsatisfied nature and of his warlike bent, which led him to his doom at Missolonghi.” She walks in BeautyShe walks in beauty, like the nightOf cloudless climes

43、 and starry skies;And all that s best of dark and brightMeet in her aspect and her eyes:Thus mellowd to that tender lightWhich heaven to gaudy day denies.One shade the more, one ray the less,Had half impaird the nameless graceWhich waves in every raven tress,Or softly lightens oer her face;Where tho

44、ughts serenely sweet expressHow pure, how dear their dwelling-place.And on that cheek, and oer that brow,So soft, so calm, yet eloquent,The smiles that win, the tints that glow,But tell of days in goodness spent,A mind at peace with all below,A heart whose love is innocent!Percy Bysshe Shelley(1792-

45、1822)“Ode To The West Wind”“Ozymandias”Percy Shelly, fought injustice;and Greek war of independence from the Turks. Make me thy lyre, even as the forest is: What if my leaves are falling like its own?The tumult of thy mighty harmoniesWill take from both a deep autumnal tone,Sweet though in sadness.

46、Be thou, Spirit fierce,My spirit! Be thou me, impetuous one!Drive my dead thoughts over the universe,Like witherd leaves, to quicken a new birth;And, by the incantation of this verse,Scatter, as from an unextinguishd hearthAshes and sparks, my words among mankind!Be through my lips to unawakend eart

47、hThe trumpet of a prophecy! O Wind,If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind? Ode to the West WindChart 5John Keats(1795-1821) “To Autumn”Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness,Close bosom-friend of the maturing sun;Conspiring with him how to load and blessWith fruit the vines that round the thatch

48、-eves run;To bend with apples the mossed cottage-trees,And fill all fruit with ripeness to the core;To swell the gourd, and plump the hazel shellsWith a sweet kernel; to set budding more,And still more, later flowers for the bees,Until they think warm days will never cease,For Summer has oer-brimmed

49、 their clammy cells.Who hath not seen thee oft amid thy store?Sometimes whoever seeks abroad may findThee sitting careless on a granary floor,Thy hair soft-lifted by the winnowing wind;Or on a half-reaped furrow sound asleep,Drowsd with the fume of poppies, while thy hookSpares the next swath and al

50、l its twind flowers:And sometimes like a gleaner thou dost keepSteady thy laden head across a brook;Or by a cider-press, with patient look,Thou watchest the last oozings hours by hours.Where are the songs of Spring? Ay, where are they?Think not of them, thou hast thy music too,While barrd clouds blo

51、om the soft-dying day,And touch the stubble-plains with rosy hue;Then in a wailful choir the small gnats mournAmong the river sallows, borne aloftOr sinking as the light wind lives or dies;And full-grown lambs loud bleat from hilly bourn; Hedge-crickets sing; and now with treble softThe red-breast w

52、histles from a garden-croft;And gathering swallows twitter in the skies.Http:/byron.html提供拜倫的生平、年譜、詩選、書信選、圖像以及詩人同時代人和文學(xué)批評家對詩人的評論，還有相關(guān)的鏈接。Http:/engphil/gallery/byron.html提供拜倫的生平、書信和日記全篇以及相關(guān)站點鏈接。Http:/139/提供雪萊的生平和詩歌全集。Http:/www.libary.utoronto.ca/utel/rp/authors/shelly.html提供雪萊詩選和散文選。Http:/keats.html提

53、供濟慈的生平、年譜、詩選、書信選、圖像、詩人同時代人和文學(xué)批評家對詩人的評論以及有關(guān)濟慈的學(xué)術(shù)論文，還有相關(guān)站點鏈接。Http:/www.bl.uk/exhibitions/keats提供濟慈生平、詩選、詩歌朗誦及圖像等Dickens NovelsThe First Period “Sketches by Boz”1836-37 “Pickwick Papers”1837-38 “Oliver Twist”1838-39 “Nicholas Nickleby”1840-41 “Old Curiosity Shop” “Barnaby Rudge” The Second Period1842 “

54、American Notes”1843-45 “Martin Chuzzlewit”1843 “A Christmas Carol” (a Christmas book)1844 “The Chimes” (a Christmas book)1845 “The Cricket on the Hearth” (a Christmas book)1846-48 “Dombey AND Son”1849-50 “David Copperfield” The Third Period1852-53 “Bleak House”1854 “Hard Time”1855-57 “Little Dorrit”

55、1859 “A Tale of Two Cites”1860-61 “Great Expectations”1864-65 “Our Mutual Friend”1870 “Edwin Drood”Http:/www.helsinki.fi/kasv/nokol/dickens.html提供狄更斯的生平、創(chuàng)作以及各種評論。Http:/victorian/dickens/dickensov.html提供英國維多利亞時代社會歷史、政治面貌和宗教習(xí)俗以及狄更斯小說的文學(xué)意想、人物肖像和敘述結(jié)構(gòu)等。Jane Austen(17751817)“Pride and Prejudice” “Sense an

56、d Sensibility”“Emma”“Persuasion”“Mansfield Park”Jane Austen(17751817)“Pride and Prejudice” It is the story of a young girl who rejects an offer of marriage because the young nobleman who makes it has been rude to her family. It is a very plot but around it the authoress has woven vivid pictures or t

57、he everyday life of simple country society. Purpose: ask the students to read novels of the time that they clearly get aware of it. Like the time economy, history and persons. Also a lot of incidents which are related to them. Only on the base if through understanding the history with regards to eco

58、nomic, military and even climatic change or development can we fully understand the hero or the heroing of the literatural world. Besides this we should compare them with present time if the time of our own culture. Like Victorian age and late Qing Dynasty, students should know Chao Xueqin, Lin Zhen

59、xu. Also some questions should be raised always in the mind. Why Victorian Age was so powerful in terms of her economic and military and industrial development. Assignment: A essay on Tess of the DUrbervilles, Jane Eyre, Pride and Prejudice. 1. Through all the writing practice students can get more

60、benefits in narration . Talks and discussion on Tess would set people thinking.Suppose Tesss happy ending. What it would be like?Ask students to prepare imagined ending. hoping Tess will happily live with Angel and with the baby growing healthily. 2. Other novelists of the Victorian Age: Elizabeth C