1、Chapter 1A General Introduction to Medical English TranslationA General IntroductionThe Concept of Translation The Criteria of TranslationThe Process of TranslationThe Importance of Medical Translation The Qualifications for Medical English TranslatorsConsiderations on the History of Western Medical

2、 TranslationThe Concept of Translation Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor/target language the closest natural equivalent of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. Eugene Nida ( American translation theorist)The Concept of TranslationTranslatio

3、n is a kind of linguistic activity, which can express the ideas of the first language accurately and completely with the second languageTranslation is both an art and a science.Medical Translation in ChinaTranslation in China can be traced back about two thousand years ago. The earliest record of me

4、dical translation is that of introduction of ancient Indian medicine accompanied with Buddhist Scriptures in Eastern Han Dynasty, which was of worthy influence on Chinese traditional medicine. At the end of Qing Dynasty, foreign missionaries came into China and carried out their policy of mission th

5、rough spreading of science. A host of books were translated under the cooperation between missionary doctors and Chinese doctors as well as other EST translators. Nothing can be accomplished without norms or standardsThe Criteria of TranslationYan fu (嚴(yán)復(fù)）： Faithfulness/ Accuracy Expressiveness/Smoot

6、hness Elegance/Popularity Today we still think highly of what Yan Fu said and follow the criteria. The Criteria of Translation The translation should be a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. The style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original.

7、 The translation should have all the ease of original composition. Alexander F. Tytler Essay on the Principles of Translation The Criteria of EST TranslationOn the Criteria of EST translation, Liang Qichao（梁?jiǎn)⒊?proposed that “translating lies in profound knowledge of specialty” , that is to say, EST

8、 translation must take the correctness in scientific meanings as its first requirement. Besides good understanding of special knowledge, Liang also argued that smoothness in words, sentences and whole text is another demand for good EST translation, which can only be met by the complete understandin

9、g of the original text.The Importance of Medical Translation sense by insight explain in words Amitabha Buddha (梵文英譯）Qualifications for Medical English TranslatorsBe Proficient in EnglishBe Proficient in ChineseBe equipped with the skills and knowledge in medicineThe Qualifications for Medical Engli

10、sh TranslatorsMedicine is a branch of medical science that treats patients solely with the use of drugs, or non-surgically.Medicine is not only a branch of applied biology, however. it also subsumed many aspects of psychology, sociology, anthropology, and economics.Considerations on the History of W

11、estern Medical TranslationIntroduction of medicine from the Western Regions (the Northern and Southern Dynasties) :mainly through translation of Buddhist Scriptures Introduction of western medicine (the Ming and Qing Dynasties): mainly through medical literature translation Unification of Medical te

12、rms: contributions of western missionaries and Chinese scholars Considerations on the History of Western Medical Translation gland 腺hydrocarbon hydroxide 烴 羥反切是中國(guó)古代的一種漢字注音方法，也是對(duì)漢字字音結(jié)構(gòu)的一種分析方法。反切法使用兩個(gè)漢字來(lái)為一個(gè)漢字注音，前面的字稱(chēng)為反切上字，取其聲母，后面的為反切下字，取其韻母和聲調(diào)（古代采用直行的書(shū)寫(xiě)方式，故前字在上，后字在下）。聲母、韻母、聲調(diào)取出來(lái)之后一組合，就是那個(gè)漢字的讀音。魯迅先生曾戲稱(chēng)“中國(guó)的化學(xué)家多能兼做新倉(cāng)頡”，這可以看作是自然科學(xué)學(xué)科與傳統(tǒng)文化結(jié)合的典范。 2013