1、美國文學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)整理一、殖民主義時(shí)期的文學(xué)（colonial settlements ） &理性和革命時(shí)期文學(xué)（revolutionary period ）（文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期）.清教主義的 shaping influence代表人物Anne Bradstreet安妮布萊德斯特“he Tenth Muse早期殖民又學(xué)第一位移民詩人卜2. Philip Freneau菲利普佛瑞諾有宗教隱喻，關(guān)注本土地貌、人文。寫印第安人故事。美國詩歌之父 father of American poetry代表作野金銀花The Wild Honey Suckle3. Thomas Jefferson托馬斯杰弗遜起草了獨(dú)立宣

2、言 The Declaration of Independence 1776Thomas Paine托馬斯佩因擁護(hù)獨(dú)立宣言代表作：常識Common Sense理性時(shí)代The Age of ReasonJonathan Edward疥納森埃彳惠沃茲大覺醒運(yùn)動(dòng)白代表人物 the Great AwakeningBenjamin Franklin本杰明富蘭克林代表作：自傳The Autobiography窮理查德歷書Poor Richards Almanac 美國夢的代表二. 浪漫主義時(shí)期的文學(xué)（American Romanticism）早期浪漫主義（Early Romantic Period）背景：

3、1時(shí)間：18世紀(jì)末到內(nèi)戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)前夕（1861）2條件：O國家的快速發(fā)展，大量移民和工業(yè)化發(fā)展小說的發(fā)展，期刊雜志（periodical）出現(xiàn)受英國文學(xué)的影響浪漫主義的基本特征Stressing emotion rather than reasonStressing freedom and individualityIdealism rather than materialismWriting about nature, medieval legends;（中世2己傳說） and with supernatural elements. 美國浪漫主義文學(xué)的特征Imitative , Independ

4、ent, newness, to moralize and to edify （教化）文學(xué)常用主題：Home, family, nature, children , idealize love,major problems of American life代表人物Washington Irving （華盛頓歐文）短篇小說的代表，美國文學(xué)之父（因?yàn)槭堑谝晃槐粴W洲接受的美國作家）寫作特點(diǎn)： O Amuse and entertainHe is good at enveloping his stories in an atmosphereHumorAvoid preach代表作：見聞札記The Sk

5、etch Book 地位：the first modern short stories瑞普凡溫克爾 Rip Van Winkle睡谷傳說The Legend of Sleepy Hollow見聞札記標(biāo)志著美國浪漫主義文學(xué)的開始美國第一位浪漫主義散文文體作家 the first great prose stylistJames Fenimore Copper Coope詹姆斯芬尼莫庫珀代表作：皮襪子故事集Leatherstocking Tales殺鹿者The Deerslayer最后的莫希干人The Last of the Mohicans探路者The Pathfinder開拓者The Pion

6、eers草原The Prairie主人公Natty Bumppo是一個(gè)追求自由的人物，誠實(shí)，樸素，慷慨。浪漫主義文學(xué)巔峰（summit）新英格蘭超驗(yàn)主義（ New England Transcendentalism主要特征： O Place emphasis on spirit, or the oversoul （超靈）Stressing the importance of the individualNature is symbol of spiritNature論自然 was written by Emerson, which is regarded as the bible of new

7、 England transcendentalism.日密雜志出版 Dial代表人物：Ralph Waldo Emerson拉爾夫沃爾多愛默生超驗(yàn)主義思想引入新英格蘭的先驅(qū)，被看作是超驗(yàn)主義運(yùn)動(dòng)的領(lǐng)袖，愛默生首先強(qiáng)調(diào)的是個(gè)人主義、 思想獨(dú)立和自強(qiáng)，他崇尚英勇，并不忌諱變化和有沖突的思想代表作：論自然Nature宣言書；論美國學(xué)者The American ScholarHenry David Thoreau亨利戴維梭羅（愛默生的徒弟）代表作：瓦爾登湖Walden論公民之不服從Civil Disobedience當(dāng)時(shí)未被認(rèn)可，影響了托爾斯泰，馬丁路德金等人。Hawthorne 霍桑代表作：紅字Th

8、e Scarlet Letter賞析：The Scarlet Letter主題： Darkness in human natureAt first, it is a token of shame, adultery“ but the genuine sympathy and help Hester offers to her fellow villagers change it to able”. Later in the story, the letter A appears in the sky, signifying angel”.There is reason to agree wit

9、h article observation the A may represent Adamic. Astood for adultery on her breast finally became the symbol of angel（A）.寫作特,點(diǎn)： O American Romanticism adapted itself to American Puritan moralism.清教思想融入美國浪漫主義Structurally compact in a tiny frame and contains deep meaning.結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，蘊(yùn)含深意He used supernatural

10、超自 然手法Hester s 形象分析： She was a real individual and dare to challenge the gender concept in people s mind with her own action. a strong-willed, impetuous （沖動(dòng)的，魯莽的）， passionatecompassionates （富于同情心的）， maternal （母親般的），intelligent, capableHerman Melville赫爾曼麥爾維爾代表作：大白鯨Moby Dick象征對大自然和真理的探究。浪漫主義文學(xué)詩歌(the 1

11、9th century American Poetry)代表人物Walt Whiteman沃爾特惠特曼寫作手法：free verse自由體詩主題內(nèi)容：democracy, individual代表作：草葉集Leaves of Grass哦，船長！我的船長O Captain! My Captain!賞析：Ones Self I Sing我歌唱自我The poem mainly expresses that people should be filled with enthusiasm, impulsion and power. Besides, people should be optimist

12、ic. Under the divine laws, people should enjoy the rights freely.Emily Dickinson艾米麗狄金森代表彳乍：最美妙的勝利感覺Success is Counted Sweetest主題：愛情&死亡很少涉及政治&戰(zhàn)爭等男性題材賞析：The theme is that only those who never been successful would think that success is so important. The loser is the one who craves success as the winne

13、r fades into a neutral state of emotion她的詩歌富有激情，詩歌都很短，很多詩建立在一個(gè)簡單的意象或象征之上， 成功對于失敗者來說是 最甜蜜的，就像人們在受盡煎熬時(shí)喝到的花蜜，只有戰(zhàn)敗之人(defeated, dying)可以體會(huì)。比喻得當(dāng)。Purple host:勝利之師 armyHe：垂死戰(zhàn)敗者Allan Poe愛倫坡寫作特點(diǎn)：twisted , Gothic Style地位：Father of modern short storyFather of detective storyFather of psychoanalytic criticism代表作

14、：詩：安娜貝爾李A(yù)nnabel Lee小說：瓦舍古屋的倒塌The Fall of the House of Usher一桶酒的故事The Cask of Amontillade烏鴉 The Raven橢圓形畫像The oval Portrait三.現(xiàn)實(shí)主義文學(xué)(The Literature Of Realism)背景：1發(fā)現(xiàn)問題，想要解決；報(bào)業(yè)發(fā)展自然主義是現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的分支，環(huán)境在其中起了很重要的作用，自然主義是在科學(xué)，心理學(xué)，人類行為 以及社會(huì)思潮理論影響下派生的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義，盡管經(jīng)常揭露殘酷的現(xiàn)實(shí)，但是旨在通過社會(huì)改革來完善社會(huì)制度。德萊塞的嘉莉妹妹是代表。代表人物：上流社會(huì)：亨利詹姆斯(Hen

15、ry James代表作：早期：貴婦的畫像The Portrait of a Lady鴿翼The Wings of the Dove中產(chǎn)階級：威廉迪恩豪威爾斯(Howells)現(xiàn)實(shí)主義作家代表作：塞拉斯拉帕姆的發(fā)跡 The Rise of Silas Lapham窮人階層：馬克吐溫(Mark Twain)地方特色主義(鄉(xiāng)土文學(xué))(local colorism) 19世紀(jì)晚期在美國南方作家中流行的寫作風(fēng)格，它使用 大量方言，俚語。馬克吐溫是代表人物。描繪密西西比河沿岸的風(fēng)土人情，廢奴思想，尊重人性。2代表作：跳蛙Jumping Frog艱苦歲月Roughing It鍍金時(shí)代“The Gilded

16、Age湯姆索亞歷險(xiǎn)t己 The Adventures of Tom Sawyer密西西比河上的生活“Life on the Mississippi哈克貝里費(fèi)恩歷險(xiǎn)記 Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 賞析： Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 兩種因素主導(dǎo)：人的性格特征 &環(huán)境(heredity&environment) Theme： Racism and slavery, in Huckleberry Finn, Twain, by exposing the hypocrisy of slavery demonstrates how ra

17、cism distorts the oppressors as much as it does those who are.Intellectual and moral education, By focusing on Hucfe education.He is especially free from societys rule, able to make his own decisions without restriction. By the novels end, Huck has learned to read the world around him.The hypocrisy

18、of civilized society, again and again, Huck encounters individuals who seem goodSally Phelps, for examplebut who Twain takes care to showare prejudiced slave-owners.美國自然主義：西奧多德萊塞(Theodore Dreisei) 書寫小人物的命運(yùn)代表作：嘉莉妹妹Sister Carrie 賞析：Sister Carrie被環(huán)境左右，被迫選擇It depicted social transgressions by characters

19、 who felt no remorse and largely escaped punishment, and it used “strong lajngudagenaeisi of living persons.Carrie was influenced by environment factors and her own desires, which gave her four typically characteristics: unsatiable desires, violation of traditional morality, changing from dependence

20、 to independence, and disillusionment of her American Dream.斯蒂芬克萊恩(Stephen Crane代表作：紅色英勇勛章The Red Badge of Courage四.現(xiàn)代主義時(shí)期(Modern Period )20世紀(jì)20年代的美國文學(xué)背景：一戰(zhàn)發(fā)生，打擊民眾的樂觀態(tài)度，但在20年代，高度繁榮。這個(gè)嶄新而多變的時(shí)代同樣需要?jiǎng)?chuàng)新而豐富的文學(xué)表達(dá)，文藝界的思想家們逐漸意識到舊的形式已不足以表達(dá)新 的現(xiàn)實(shí)生活。意象派（Imagism） ： 1 特點(diǎn)：O direct precise free verse2代表人物：龐德（pound）在

21、龐德眼里，到處一片喧囂，凄涼，無序和野蠻，寫作以簡潔和扼要為特點(diǎn)，深受李白影響意象并置（juxtaposition of images ）代表作：在地鐵站In a Station of the Metro（意象派的經(jīng)典之作，詩歌的客體是出現(xiàn)在潮濕、陰暗環(huán)境下的面龐，黝黑樹枝上的花瓣是獨(dú)立的起主導(dǎo)作用的意象，對“人群中的臉龐”生動(dòng)形象的 比喻）威廉卡洛斯威廉斯（W川iam Carlos Williams） 自由體詩歌之父寫作特點(diǎn)：清晰的意象，押韻。給事物帶來全新的含義。詩人不應(yīng)該泛泛而 談，應(yīng)該詳細(xì)、具體的寫作。平凡之中見偉大 代表作：紅色手推車The Red Wheelbarrow賞析 The

22、 Red Wheelbarrow平淡景象寫出意想不到的效果。色彩鮮明，動(dòng)靜結(jié)合。本詩體現(xiàn)了詩人敏銳 的洞察力，節(jié)奏感，藝術(shù)構(gòu)思和冷靜分析的現(xiàn)實(shí)態(tài)度。It write about nature and New England landscape, he use symbolism to show deep meaning, he was likely to choose traditional forms but modern themes This an imagery poetry, which forms a picture with ordinary things and provide

23、s a new perspective for observing ordinary things. The whole poem is vivid and dynamic.艾略特（.Eliot）代表作：荒原The Waste Land（是現(xiàn)代文學(xué)中的主要經(jīng)典作品之一，講述的主題就是第一次世界大 戰(zhàn)給人們的啟示，荒原意味著西方文明的衰落，現(xiàn)代人在精神上和文 化上的頹廢，采用諷刺性對比）華萊士 史蒂文斯（Wallace StevensAn American Modernist poet who won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry for his Collected

24、 Poems in 1955 代表作：風(fēng)琴Harmonium;羅伯特弗羅斯特（Robert Frost） 代表作冰與火Fire and Ice雪夜林邊駐腳Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening 未選擇的路The Road Not Taken 迷惘的一代（Lost Generation）定義：特指一群從一戰(zhàn)結(jié)束到大蕭條開始前那段時(shí)間一直在巴黎的一群美國文學(xué)知識分子。海明威（Hemingway）推動(dòng)報(bào)告文學(xué)的發(fā)展，強(qiáng)調(diào) moment of truth understated style He was generally regarded as spokesman

25、for the Lost Generation.代表作永別了，武器A Farewell to Arms太陽照常升起The Sun Also Rises喪鐘為誰而嗚For Whom the Bell Tolls老人與海The Old Man and the Sea Iceberg Theory冰山理論爵士樂時(shí)代（Jazz Age定義：20世紀(jì)20/30年代一、二戰(zhàn)之間的時(shí)代，主要指北美地區(qū)，強(qiáng)調(diào)頹廢和享樂主義的傾向，以及 個(gè)人主義的膨脹。司格特菲茨杰拉德（F. Scott Fitzgerald*生平：中產(chǎn)家庭，參軍前完成人間天堂This Side of Paradise女昏后第一本時(shí)髦女和哲學(xué)家

26、Flappers and Philosophers;,第二本美麗的和可詛咒的，菲茨杰拉彳惠一直被人們誤解的是他對富人的態(tài)度。代表作：了不起的蓋茨比The Great Gatsby 賞析：The Great Gatsby菲茨杰拉德的文章行文流暢，感情細(xì)膩，并且在措辭修辭方面很有創(chuàng)意。他的散文 樸實(shí)優(yōu)美，總體上和細(xì)節(jié)上把握的恰到好處。內(nèi)容豐富多彩。表現(xiàn)了美國人對愛情、 豪華生活和各種欲望無止境的追求。（他的偉大之處在于通過個(gè)人經(jīng)歷，找到了一個(gè)民族精神的體現(xiàn)。）蓋茨比的生活模式非常清晰，起初是滿懷夢想，漸漸開始失望，最后演變成失敗和 絕望。他的了不起，在于他對理想的執(zhí)著。綠光指的是夢想，也象征美國夢

27、；象征 daisy純潔，天真，善良的形象；象征蓋茨 比破碎的夢想，以及失去意義的美國夢。綠色象征青春和生命，黛西就是心中向往的光明。His prose is smooth, sensitive, and completely original in tis diction and metaphors. He portrayed the hollowness of the American worship of riches and the unending American dream of love, splendor, and fuelled desires.Gatsbys life fo

28、llows a clear pattern, at first, a dream, then disappointment, finally a sense of failure and despair.,20世紀(jì)30年代的美國文學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)大蕭條時(shí)期約翰斯坦貝克（John Steinbeck代表作：人鼠之間Of Mice and Men憤怒的葡萄The Grapes of Wrath明確的表達(dá)對剝削者和不幸者的同情，寫實(shí)一一經(jīng)濟(jì)大蕭條，對人性的信念南方文藝復(fù)興概念：試圖尋找自我價(jià)值，審視過去和現(xiàn)在。南方作家涌出，扎根于南方的生活環(huán)境 主題：反思南方的過去；懷舊代表人物威廉福克納（W川iam Fau

29、lkner）不斷創(chuàng)新寫作手法，第一人稱，善用意識流。虛構(gòu)了杰弗遜鎮(zhèn)和約克納帕塔法縣（Yoknapatawpha（D代表作：喧囂與騷動(dòng)The Sound and the Fury表達(dá)了作者對過去幸福美好生活的追憶，一個(gè)家族的興衰成敗。去吧，摩西Go Down, Moses押沙龍，押沙龍！Absalom, Absalom!人性的喪失所帶來的不可避免的滅亡在我彌留之際As I Lay Dying五.美國戲劇背景：在歐洲自然主義，象征主義，批判主義戲劇的刺激以及美國詩歌、小說的強(qiáng)勢發(fā)展勢頭下，美 國戲劇開始發(fā)展。代表人物：尤金奧尼爾（Eugene ONeill）寫作特點(diǎn)：1個(gè)人家庭情感影響2技巧不斷創(chuàng)

30、新代表作：第一時(shí)期：獨(dú)幕劇 one-act東航卡迪夫Bound East for Cardiff第二時(shí)期：榆樹下的欲望Desire Under the Elms第三時(shí)期：自傳體進(jìn)入黑夜的漫長旅途Long Day s Journey into Night賞析： Desire Under the Elms宗教隱喻，扭曲的愛情，人類的本性。榆樹象征清教思想籠罩所有人In order to demonstrate universal significance, this play uses the biblical metaphor and the material of ancient Greek

31、tragedies and mythology to reflect a universal value.Through an uncontrolled desire , it calls for a modern rationality, morality, and order. It shows he humans inner needs for lifes truth and the desire for good feelings. Reflects O critic of his society and reflects his sense of tragedy on life.Th

32、e old farmer s third wife Abby in order to get a farm , she committed to adultery with his second son .Aben thought that possessing Abbyouls mtoWdhiwmother torest .The starting point of all tragedies stems from the farms inheritance rights. Using the eucalyptus as a topic symbolizes under the lush foliage of the banyan tree, as if all ugly desires and evils are concealed, and of course, the pure humanity is concealed. 田納西,威廉斯(Tennessee Williams 寫作特點(diǎn)：1南方佳麗主題