1、A COURSE OFTRANSLATIONENTER翻譯概論What is translation？譯即易，謂換易言語使相解也。 （賈公彥 ）“to turn into ones own or another language.” （Websters Dictionary ）Translating it is that opens the window, to let in the light; that breaks the shell, that we may eat the kernel. (Steiner) The tower of Babel / Babel 巴別塔、通天塔、巴比倫

2、塔（圣經(jīng)舊約創(chuàng)世記） And the Lord said, “Look, they are one people, and they have all one language; this is only the beginning of what will do; nothing that they propose to do will be impossible for them. Come, let us go down, and confuse their language there, so that they will not understand one anothers spe

3、ech.” Translation Criteria 嚴復: “信、達、雅” (faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance)魯迅：寧信而不順 傅雷: “以效果而論，翻譯應(yīng)當像臨畫一樣，所求的不在形似而在神似。” （spiritual conformity/resemblance in spirit ）錢鐘書: “文學翻譯的最高標準是化。把作品從一國文字轉(zhuǎn)變成另一國文字，既不能因語文習慣的差異而露出生硬牽強的痕跡，又能完全保存原有的風味，那就算得入于化境” （transmigration）For Gods sake let us sit upon the gro

4、und and tell sad stories of the death of kings. 坐地而嘆古來君主鮮善終。 Marriage or waving comes or goes by destiny. 婚嫁有命。Criteria for beginners：忠實與通順 FaithfulnessSmoothness-“What do you think of the man?”-“Youve stolen my question!”“你怎么看這個人？” “你偷了我的問題！” She kept her hands clasped on mine a moment longer than

5、was necessary.她緊握著我的手，比必要的時間長一點。 她緊握著我的手，沒有馬上松開。 （“我正要問你）呢！” smoothnessAn American girl fell in love with her Chinese classmate, but the young man didnt share her feelings.一個美國女孩愛上了她的中國同學，但是那個年輕人卻和她的感覺不一樣。 一個美國女孩愛上了她的中國同學，可惜她只是一廂情愿。(X)對譯者的要求1） 扎實的語言基本功。 2） 具有豐富的文化知識 。3） 熟悉翻譯理論和常用技巧，善于靈活運用各種翻譯技巧。 4）

6、熟悉各種工具書。5）“譯”精于勤。（1） 依照詞語-句子-段落-語篇的順序；（2） 選擇不同題材和體裁的練習材料；（3） 難易循序漸進；（4） 譯文反復修改，不斷提高譯文質(zhì)量；（5） 選擇有參考譯文的文本，進行對比學習；（6） 可請別人修改或校正。 魯迅：“真好像做苦工，日子不好過”、“字典不離手，冷汗不離身”。傅雷：我譯文的風格，令自己深以為苦，雖已盡全力，卻永遠達不到滿意的完美程度我盡量嘗試譯得忠于原文，而又不失藝術(shù)性，務(wù)使譯文看來似中文創(chuàng)作，惜仍然力不從心。翻譯之難，比起演奏家之演繹往昔大師的杰作，實在不遑多讓。books英漢互譯實用教程（第四版），郭著章、李慶生 編著，武漢大學出版社，

7、2011年。新編漢英翻譯教程，陳宏薇 編著，上海外語教育出版社，2004年。 新編英漢翻譯教程，孫致禮 編著，上海外語教育出版社，2003年。 文化語境與語言翻譯，包惠南 著，中國對外翻譯出版公司，2001年研究生英語實用翻譯教程(第二版) ，許建平著，中國人民大學出版社 ，2008年楊必譯文集（2）名利場，譯林出版社, 1994年Fortress Besieged，Translated by Jeanne Kelly and Nathan K. Mao，外語教學與研究出版社 ，2003年 1.根據(jù)語境確定詞義英語中一詞多義、漢語中一字多義，這是常見的語言現(xiàn)象。這就需要我們依靠具體的上下文來判

8、斷某一個字或詞語的意義。英漢詞法翻譯rightAnd not only has won, but because it has won, has been in the right.Might is right.She tried her best to right her husband from the charge of robbery.You are quite right to refuse.All came right in the end.Adj.正義的n.公理Vt.申冤Adj. 正確的Adv. 順利The union had very little say in the new

9、 pay agreement. The pole-vaulter bettered the world record by six inches.n 發(fā)言權(quán)Vt 使改善，使變得更好，刷新，提高run run across 跑過 偶然碰見run away 跑開 失去控制run in 跑進 陷于；偶然碰見run out 跑出 被用完；將盡run over 跑過 滿出，溢出run a race 參加賽跑run for presidency 競選總統(tǒng)run to extremes 走向極端run the streets 流浪街頭run a car 駕駛小汽車run a factory 辦工廠run o

10、il 提煉石油run to 跑到 （數(shù)量等）達到run on 不停地跑 講個不停，喋喋不休run sb into difficulties 使某人陷入困境run the risk of 冒著的危險run into debt 負債 run ones head into a wall 撞南墻，碰壁The idea runs in his mind. 這個念頭縈繞在他的腦海里。The street runs north. 大街向北延伸。The news runs rapidly in the town. 這個消息迅速在鎮(zhèn)上傳開。上上班 to go to work; to be on duty 上報

11、to appear in the newspapers上場 to appear on the stage court上當 to be taken in 上吊 to hang oneself上凍 to freeze上癮 to be addicted (to sth)上軌道 to get on the right track 上火 to get angry上進 to make progress上課 to attend class上路 to set out on a journey 上年紀 to be getting on in years上任 to take up an official post

12、上臺 to come to power隨函附上2角錢郵票一張。Enclosed herewith is a 20-fen stamp.這一盤你上。You play this game. 一連上了好幾道菜。Several courses were served in succession.行李還沒上架。The luggage has not been put on the rack yet. 這事已上了電視。It has been publicized on TV. The boy is drawing a cart.（拉、拽or 畫？）Its time to go aboard. (上火車or

13、上飛機or上船？）2.根據(jù)上下文語氣，態(tài)度確定詞義We hope Mr. White will not forget himself, gone are the days when a representative of a large country in UN. May do whatever he likes.We hope our most respected Secretery General will not forget himself, his poor health is known to everyboday.He wrote a letter to his friend.

14、Premier Zhu wrote a letter to American President.忘乎所以勞累過度，忘我工作寫信致函3.根據(jù)話題確定詞義Messenger: 信使，遺傳工程學上指“一種傳遞信息的化學物質(zhì)Carrier:攜帶者，生物、醫(yī)學上指 “帶菌體”Shuttle: 紡織行業(yè)的“梭子”，航天方面的“航天飛機”、“穿梭機”4.根據(jù)漢語搭配習慣確定詞義She proves to be a good listener.她在課堂上認真聽講。她是個遵守公共秩序的/忠實的聽眾。她善于聽取群眾的意見。Yet, as it sometimes happens that a person de

15、parts his life, who is really deserving of the praise the stone cutter curves over his bones; who is a good Christian, a good parent, a good child, a good wife or a good husband.不過偶然也有幾個死人當?shù)闷鹗晨淘谒麄冃喙巧系暮迷?。真的是虔誠的教徒、慈愛的父母、孝順的兒女、賢良的妻子、盡職的丈夫。（楊必Vanity Fair名利場）Practice 1Enjoy free medical care Enjoy advan

16、tagesEnjoy national protection Enjoy mass supportEnjoy access to internetEnjoy prosperityEnjoy a special placeEnjoy a revivalEnjoy a fine dayEnjoy constant attention享受具備受到得到有機會，能夠處于占有獲得好天氣，天氣晴朗受到，一直為人們所關(guān)注Practice 2注意劃線詞的褒貶The subject for discussion was Sadams future.They predicted the youth would have a bright future.John was an agreesive salesma