1、跨文化交際復(fù)習(xí)資料Unit 1&2Reviewing Papers for Intercultural CommunicationUnit 1&2KeywordsSender/Source: A sendcr/source is the person who transmits a message.（信息發(fā)出者 / 信息 源：信息發(fā)出者/信息源指?jìng)鬟f信息的人。）Message: A message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver.（信息： 信息 才呂弓 I 起 信息接受者反應(yīng)的任何信號(hào)。）Encoding: It r

2、efers to the activity during which the sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message.（編碼：編碼指信息發(fā)出者選擇言語(yǔ)或用非言語(yǔ)的方式發(fā)出有目的的信息的行為。） Channel/NIedium : It is the method used to deliver a message （渠道 / 媒介：渠道 / 媒介指發(fā) 送 信息的方法。）Receiver: A receiver is any person who notices an

3、d gives some meaning to a message （信息 接受者：信息接受者指信息接收者是指注意到信息并且賦予信息某些含義的人。）Decoding: It is the activity during which the receiver attaches meaning to the words or symbols iie/she has received.（解碼：解碼指信息接受者賦予其收到的言語(yǔ)或符號(hào)信息意義的行為。）Feedback: The response of a receiver to a senders message is called feedbac k

4、.反饋：反饋指信息接收者對(duì)信息源信息所做出的反應(yīng)。）Noise: It is a term used for factors that interfere with the exchange of messages, including external noise physiological noise, psychological noise and semantic noise? （ ？擾：F 擾指妨礙 信息交流的各種因素。包括外界干擾，生理干擾，心理干擾和語(yǔ)義干擾。）Context: A context is the setting or situation within which

5、communication takes place , including physical context, social context and interpersonal context.（語(yǔ)境： 語(yǔ)境指交際發(fā)生的 環(huán)境， 包括自 然語(yǔ)境，社會(huì)語(yǔ)境和人際語(yǔ)境。）IL Definition of some terms. Culture: From intercultural perspective, culture is a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors and artifacts that the members

6、 of a society use to cope with the world and with one another that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning.Intercultural communication: It refers to the communication between or among people from different cultures. More precisely, it is the communication between people whose

7、cultural perception and symbol system are distinct enough to alter the communication event跨文化交際： 跨文化交際指的是那些在 文化認(rèn)知和符號(hào)系統(tǒng)上存在差異的人們之間的交際。這些差異足以改變整個(gè)交際事件。）3.1nternational communication: it takes place between nations and governments rather than-1 individuals; it is quite formal and ritualized.（國(guó)際交流：國(guó)際交流是指發(fā)

8、生在國(guó)家和政府之間而非發(fā)生在個(gè)人之間的交際；此種交際非常正式和儀式化。)nterracial communication: It occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races.(跨種族交際：跨種族交際是指交流信息的信息源和信息接受者來(lái)自不同的種族的交際。)Interethnic conununication: It is the communication between or among people from different ethnic groups in a

9、country or culture.(跨民族交際：跨民族交際是指來(lái)自一個(gè)國(guó)家或文化內(nèi)部的不同民族群體的人們之間的交際。)Intracultural communication: it is defined as conimunication between or among members of (he same culture.(文化內(nèi)交際：文化內(nèi)交際是指同一文化內(nèi)部的成員之間的交際。)Kev PointsThe 3 characteristics of culture ? Culture is coherent? Culture is learned? Culture is the vi

10、ew of a group of people3 things culture does? Culture ranks what is important? Culture furnished attitudes? Culture dictate how to behaveThe nine components of communication.The definition of intercultural coinnmnication.The forms of intercultural communication ?International communication. Imcrraci

11、al communication, Interethnic communication, Intracultural communicatio n. Difficult PointsDistinct perspective definition of CultureThe characteristics of Communication.How to understand ConimunicationRelationship between culture and communicationReferences:Culture is a powerful human tool for surv

12、ival, but it is a fragile phenomenon. Il can be defined from distinct perspectives：? From Intellectual Perspective? From Anthropologic Perspective? From Psychological Perspective? From Social Perspective? From Intercultural Communication PerspectiveThe following are some of the most distinctive feat

13、ures listed in the literature on communication.二 Communication is dynamicCommunication is an on-going activity. In any communication event, the sender and the receiver of messages constantly shift from being encoders to decoders and the messages also change in each turn of interaction.二 Communicatio

14、n is interactiveCommunication is always done in two ways: the source sends messages to the receiver and the receiver responds to the message received and sends his message or response to the sou?rcThus the source and receiver are in a reciprocal situation attempting to influence one another in the p

15、rocess What the influences are and how the influences function are among the major concerns of intercultural communicators?二 Communication is both verbal and non-verbalSpeech is only one of the channels that messages are transmitted. We do not have to say everything we intend to communicate in words

16、? We use our body, signs, and even clothing to showothers what we have in our minds? According to statistics most part of our communication is done by non-verbal means?二 Communication can be either intentional and unintentionalIntention is not a necessary condition for communication to take place? A

17、 sigh of frown accompanying speech, if noticed by the receiver, may also carry unintended messages to the receiver. For the two parties involved in the communication process, any behavior of one interlocutor, intentional or unintentional, can produce certain effects and generate certain meanings to

18、the other. To complicate the matter, very often we are unconscious of the message sent and the effect it has produced Tlicrefore ? unexpected results may arise?二 Communication is rule-governedThough communication is a complex process, there are still mles for speakers to follow as to how messages ar

19、e constructed and interpreted. The patterns, however, are cmcially defined. To study communication and intercultural communication in particular is Jo a large extent, to discover the patterns that regulate communicative behavior of the interlocutors? If the patterns are shared and understood, any co

20、mmunication will become easy and effective?二 Communication depends on the use of symbolsSymbols or codes are the basic ingredients of communication? Symbols may take the form of written or spoken words, body signs, Braille, an object like a picture or a dress, color, and many other symbols that repr

21、esent certain meanings to whoever recognize them and make sense of them.All cultures use symbols, but they usually attribute different meanings to the same symbol and may use different symbols to mean the same. Competent intercultural communications, therefore, must learn to4 read5 the symbols used

22、by their mterlocutors and understand the exact messages：! Communication is irreversibleCommunication can not be retrieved- the message delivered and interpreted by the receiver can never be taken back? Though we can modify our message, the effect produced by the original message still remains? The i

23、mplication is that improper communicative behavior may have serious consequences?二 Communication takes place in both a physical and a social contextCommunication does not take place in a vacuum. We interact with other people within specific physical surroundings and under a set of specific social fa

24、ctors. The physical surroundings serve t to be communicated, as the background of our interaction and. to a large extent, define what we communicate and how we do it. In addition, the symbolic meaning of the physical setting may contribute to the meanings intended. The social context sets the interl

25、ocutors in various social relationship How people relate to one another will determine both the form and content of conununication. Physical and social context together define the actual practice of communication: what to be communicated, where, when, with whom and how it is realized ?Communication:

26、 the Process of Understanding and Sharing MeaningThe word communication is used in a variety of ways. Before we use the term any further, we should establish a common understanding of its definition? Communication conies from the Latin communicare, which means to make common. This original definitio

27、n of the word is consistentwith the definition of communication used in this text.In this text, communication is defined as the process of understanding and sharing meaning Communication is considered a process because it is an activity, exchange, of set of behaviors-not an unchanging, static produc

28、t, in which we participate? David Berlo. a well-known communication figure, probably provides the clearest statement about communication as a process.Berio wrote: If we accept the concept of process, we view events and relationships as dynamic, ongoing, ever-changing, and continuous? When we label s

29、omething as a process, we also mean that it does not have a beginning, an end, a fixed sequence of events.1( is not static, at rest. It is moving The ingredients within a process interact, each affects all of the others?What is an example of how a process operates in everyday communication? Picture

30、two students passing on the sidewalk between classes and exchanging a few sentences last long after the words stop ?Communication is a process that requires understanding. Your professor asks, what is the ontogeny of your misogeny? You hear the words, but you may not be able to understand or interpr

31、et then? An Asian student who has to struggle with English as a second language may have the same trouble with words that most Americans regard as easy to understand Understanding, or grasping, the meaning of another persons message does not occur unless the two conmiunicators can elicit common mean

32、ings for words, phrases, and nonverbal codes. The importance of this kind of understanding was emphasized by humanistic psychologist Carl Rogers in his book On Becoming a Person. He wrote, I have found it of enormous value when I can permit myself to understand another person.In addition to understa

33、nding, communication involves sharing. Consider the popular use of the word sharing. We share a meal, we share an event, we share a sunset. Sharing is a gift that people exchange? We can also share with ourselves when we allow ourselves time to relax and daydream, time to consider who we are and wha

34、t our goals arc. We share with others when we talk to them alone or in larger groups? Regardless of the context, communication involves sharing.What exactly is understood and shared in the communication process? When you use language for expression, meaning is the shared understanding of your feelin

35、g? When you use language for pragmatic purposes, meaning is the appropriate response that indicates the message was understood. For example, you ask for a drink, and the other person gives you one? Meaning is the message you construct in your mind as you interpret the message sent.Culture and Commun

36、icationUnderstanding the intertwined relationship between culture and communication is cmcial to intercultural communication. On the other hand, culture conditions communication. First of all culture is the foundation of communication ? Without the sharing and understanding between speakers .no communication is possible ? Secondly, culture dictates every stage of the communication proces? We communicate the way we do because we are raised in a particular culture and learn