1、語法(GRAMMAR)轉(zhuǎn)載8/27/20221講座綱要句子基本結(jié)構(gòu)時態(tài)語態(tài)虛擬語氣非謂語動詞從句倒裝；強調(diào)8/27/20222基本句子結(jié)構(gòu)最基本句子結(jié)構(gòu)：A + B + C簡單句必須有A系統(tǒng)：名詞及相當(dāng)于名詞。簡單句只有一套B系統(tǒng)：動詞并列句是簡單句子的平等結(jié)合。主從句是簡單句子的級別結(jié)合。請判定一下句子是否是語法正確的句子8/27/20223She knew he was still alive, she could hardly speak without weeping.There are some people think lucky numbers can bring good lu

2、ck.He committed another mistake made the boss intensely furious.Should the university campus be open to tourists has caused a heated debate in China.Study English grammar with Stephen was a pleasant experience.My biggest headache is memorize so many words a day. 基本句子結(jié)構(gòu)8/27/20224基本句子結(jié)構(gòu)She knew he was

3、 still alive, she could hardly speak without weeping.錯。兩個完整句子豈能用逗號連接？！可改成：She knew he was still alive；she could hardly speak without weeping.Knowing he was still alive, she could.When she knew he was still alive, she could.8/27/20225基本句子結(jié)構(gòu)There are some people think lucky numbers can bring good luck

4、.四級作文中最常見的錯誤。原因同前。可以改成There are some people who think lucky numbers can bring good luck.Some people think lucky numbers can bring good luck.8/27/20226He committed another mistake made the boss intensely furious.錯。雙B(謂語)結(jié)構(gòu)！可改為：That he committed another mistake made the boss intensely furious. Committ

5、ing another mistake made .基本句子結(jié)構(gòu)8/27/20227Should the university campus be open to tourists has caused a heated debate in China.錯。 A 若是句子，不能直接放置?？筛臑椋篧hether the university campus should be open to tourists has caused基本句子結(jié)構(gòu)8/27/20228基本句子結(jié)構(gòu)Study English grammar with Stephen is a pleasant experience.錯。因

6、為study 是動詞，不能作主語A?？筛臑椋篠tudying English with Stephen is a pleasant experience. (動名詞作主語)That we study English grammar with Stephen is 8/27/20229基本句子結(jié)構(gòu)My biggest headache is memorize so many words a day. 錯。雙B結(jié)構(gòu)；也可理解成C不能是動詞?？筛臑椋篗y biggest headache is to memorize so many words a day.8/27/202210基本句型 A +B

7、+C：B的兩種形式B部分只有這樣兩種基本形式：實義動詞 系動詞 ： be （Cadj; n; prep短語）Eg.The conference began in the morning.Harlan Sanders started the new business with his first Social Security check.The way to a mans heart is through his stomach.8/27/202211基本句型 A +B +C的轉(zhuǎn)換與擴大定語狀語8/27/202212結(jié)構(gòu)的啟示任何句子應(yīng)包含AB成分，其分界線應(yīng)該明顯。在寫作過程中，以動詞為中心

8、組建句子，避免Chenglish。復(fù)雜句子簡單化，促進(jìn)理解；簡單句子復(fù)雜化，提升表達(dá)。8/27/202213一、時間變化： B的時態(tài)現(xiàn)在時間一般現(xiàn)在現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行現(xiàn)在完成一般將來現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行將來完成過去時間一般過去過去進(jìn)行過去完成過去將來 常見的時態(tài)如上。時態(tài)一致即現(xiàn)在和過去兩大類型中的時態(tài)不要混雜使用，除非有明顯的或間接的時間狀語要求。8/27/202214時態(tài)的配合現(xiàn)在與現(xiàn)在配合；過去與過去配合。* I saw a lot of people when I am walking along the Wuluo Road.一般將來時和一般現(xiàn)在時分別在主從句中I will phone you whe

9、n I reach the hotel.If it is still hot tomorrow, John will go swimming in the East Lake.從句：since過去時，主句：現(xiàn)在完成時Since the PRC was founded, he has lived here in this shabby house.8/27/202215練習(xí)An Olympic Marathon is 26 miles and 385 yards, approximately _ from Marathon to Athens.A) the distanceB) distance

10、C) is the distanceD) the distance is8/27/202216You should have put the milk in the icebox; I expect it _ undrinkable by now.A) becameB) had becomeC) has becomeD) becomes8/27/202217By the end of this month, we surely _ a satisfactory solution to the problem. A) have foundB) will be findingC) are find

11、ingD) will have found 8/27/202218The thief who broke into a church was caught, because traces of wax found on his clothes _ from the sort of candles only used in churches.A) had comeB) comingC) have comeD) was come8/27/202219The company _ a rise in the salary for years, but nothing has happened yet.

12、A) is promisedB) has been promisingC) is promisingD) promised8/27/202220二、A/C換位：B的語態(tài)英語句子有兩種語態(tài)：主動和被動。(vi有被動語態(tài)嗎？)被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成為 beV-ed被動語態(tài)有時態(tài)變化嗎？為什么要使用被動語態(tài)？漢英被動語態(tài)的異同如何判定被動語態(tài)？（重點）8/27/202221被動語態(tài)的判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)意義法； 形式法 Your PIN will not verify during the deposit transaction. (T or F?) Various methods have been tried in

13、 order to boost the production.Rome wasnt built in one day.做一道選擇題8/27/202222Great as Newton was, many of ideas _ today and are being modified by the scientists of our times.A) have challengedB) are challengingC) have been challengedD) are to challenge8/27/202223主動轉(zhuǎn)化為被動When are you going to reveal th

14、e result of the study? A promising firm has offered Johnson a good job.A stranger has just gone to the capital city.8/27/202224三、真假變化：B在虛擬語氣中的表示法兩大概念：虛假；主觀。謂語動詞的一種特殊形式。 分類：非真實條件中句中的虛擬語氣 名詞從句中的虛擬語氣 8/27/2022251.非真實條件中句中的虛擬語氣（簡化版）8/27/2022261)條件與結(jié)果的時間概念一致If I were you, I wouldnt behave so rudely in th

15、is situation.If you had a quality control inspection, you would improve your finished product.If the letter had arrived a little earlier, I would have accepted the job offered to me.If he had not been the son of the famous Lord R. Churchill, young Winston Churchill would have been expelled from the

16、school.8/27/2022272）條件結(jié)果時間不一致If he had followed the doctors advice, he would be well now . (主句表示現(xiàn)在的 “假” ，從句與過去事實相反)If they hadnt kindly offered him a bamboo stick, Stephen wouldnt be standing here.8/27/2022283) If的省略：had/ should/ were提前Were I you, Had your letter arrived a little earlier, Had I been

17、 more careful, I could have done better.8/27/2022294）其他條件的表示方法prep短語：with; without; but forconj：or；otherwise;Context:Without gravity, what would the world be like?But for their help, we would be still in the dark.The party would have been held at my house, but the central heating broke down, and we

18、had to have it at Johns.8/27/2022305） But for 與if 從句的轉(zhuǎn)換But for his help, we would be still in the dark.= If it were not for his help, .=if it had not been for his help,.8/27/202231名詞性從句的虛擬賓語從句中（主體）建議要求：should V建議：suggest; advise; desire; propose; move (提出) 要求：request; require; insist; direct; order;

19、 demand; decree8/27/202232賓語從句中的虛擬語氣 The new traffic law requires that the passenger sitting in the front of the car should wear a seat belt.I suggest that he should come to attend Stephens lecture.They maintain that we should take these steps to prevent the possible harm. I proposed that they shoul

20、d set a deadline for coping with the issue. 8/27/202233幾點注意should可以省略特別注意被動語態(tài)The Senate proposed at the conference that all necessary measures _ (take) to ensure the security of the region.8/27/202234意愿：時態(tài)后退表虛擬wish; would rather; would just as soon; had ratherI would rather the kids stayed at home w

21、atching TV.I would rather you had gone to the fashion show.I wish I were as strong as you.8/27/202235Compare:I would rather the kids stayed at home watching TV.I would rather stay at homeWho would you rather _ with you to that fantastic place, Mary or Rose?A) go B) went8/27/202236主語從句中的虛擬語氣its neces

22、sary / important / essential/ natural (should) vits better/ advisable/ decided/ demanded/ desired/ suggested/ arranged/ . (should) vits a pity/ shame/ incredible/ strange/ no wonder . (should) v8/27/202237It is better that we meet some other time.It is strange that she should have failed to see her

23、own shortcomings.It is a great pity that he should be so conceited.It is altogether proper and fitting that we should do this.8/27/202238主語從句中的虛擬語氣:一個特例It is time + that 從句（用一般過去式（更常見）或should + 動詞原形）Its time we went / should go to bed.Its high time we went to school.Its time we had a break of five m

24、inutes.8/27/202239其他名詞從句的虛擬表語從句中: should v同位語從句中: should vMy suggestion is that we should put off the meeting till next Friday.He approved her proposal that the oil price should be raised a little.8/27/202240其他的虛擬If only: 時態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)移lest/ for fear that/ in case：強烈主觀：should v8/27/202241Exercise:Its time tha

25、t _ about the traffic problem downtowns.A) something was doneB) everything is doneC) anything will be doneD) nothing to be done8/27/202242Id rather you _ those important documents with you.A) dont takeB) didnt takeC) wont takeD) not take8/27/202243The opening ceremony was a great occasion. It was es

26、sential that_ for that.A) we are preparedB) we should be preparedC) we were preparedD) we had been prepared8/27/202244The result has turned still worse than it _.A) would otherwise have beenB) would be otherwise C) has otherwise been D) had otherwise been8/27/202245Batteries must be kept in dry plac

27、es lest electricity _ away.A) should leakB) leakedC) was leakingD) must leak8/27/202246It is high time that the third world countries _a more active role in economic affairs of the world.A) playB) should playC) played D) had played8/27/202247At the last conference, the motion that the chairman of th

28、e International Olympic Games _ was defeated.A) would be dismissedB) be dismissedC) were dismissedD) was dismissed8/27/202248_ for your help, wed never have been able to get over the difficulties.A) Had it not beenB) If it were notC) Had it notD) If we hadnt been8/27/202249_ if I had arrived yesterd

29、ay without letting you know beforehand?A) Would you be surprisedB) Were you surprisedC) Had you been surprised D) Would you have been surprised 8/27/202250If the whole operation _ beforehand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost.A) was not plannedB) has not been plannedC) had not been

30、 plannedD) were not planned8/27/202251As Commander-in-chief in the armed forces, I have directed that all measures _ for our defense.A) had been takenB) would be takenC) be takenD) to be taken8/27/202252非謂語動詞常見的非謂語動詞形式有動詞不定式，分詞，動名詞。 非謂語動詞存在理由8/27/202253分 詞 概念：現(xiàn)在分詞:主動;進(jìn)行過去分詞:被動;完成。burning forest 燃燒著的

31、森林/ burned skin 燒傷了的皮膚 developing countries/ developed countries *A puzzle: I put my bare hands in the boiled water but I was not injured. Why?句法功能：分詞在句中可作定語、狀語、表語、 賓語/主語補足語。8/27/202254分詞的語法功能定語 （重點）我是一個專業(yè)是會計的學(xué)生。I am a student majoring in accounting in my university days.We are brothers sharing weal

32、 and woe.They live in a room facing the south.China stretches across a vast area covering the cold, temperate and tropical zones.8/27/202255昨天買的一本書：translate！Suddenly there appeared a young lady _ (dress) in red.Is this the book recommended by the teacher?During the eclipse we can see only part of t

33、he moon lighted by the sun.It is a truth, universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.8/27/202256狀語 （重點&難點!）Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.（時間狀語）The students went out of the school, laughing and talking. （伴隨狀語）Given better attenti

34、on, the trees could grow better. （條件狀語）8/27/202257Given another chance, I would say to that girl.Relatives of passengers on a ferry that sank in the Red Sea attacked the offices of the ships owners Monday, throwing furniture into the street and burning the companys sign. Riot police fired tear gas t

35、o restore order. (8:17 a.m. ET, Feb. 6, 2006, AP)8/27/202258分詞狀語Standing on the top floor of the Yellow Crane Tower, the whole city can be seen.（）（） Standing on the top floor of the Yellow Crane Tower, we can see the whole city.8/27/202259* Permitting, the football match will be played on Wednesday.

36、 * Permitting, weather will be played on Wednesday.Weather permitting, the football match will be played on Wednesday. 8/27/202260分詞狀語的特殊形式獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu):The holidays being over, they began to get down to doing their work again.We went far into the forest, her father acting as guide.John stood there, his ey

37、es never leaving the black hat.An efficient reader never reads with his lips moving.Tom walked into the room, his hand wrapped in bandage.All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours.8/27/202261這樣的獨立結(jié)構(gòu)還可用介詞with引導(dǎo)He stood there with his hands crossed before him.With tears rolling d

38、own her cheeks, she left this sandy beach where she used to have so much fun .8/27/2022623）表語 (C)The news is exciting.The door remained locked.What is done cant be undone.8/27/2022634) 補足語I am sorry I have kept you waiting for so long.Dont you see him coming toward us? She suddenly heard someone kno

39、cking at the door. When he came to, he found himself surrounded by a group of girls in white.8/27/202264現(xiàn)在分詞的復(fù)雜時間表示法Going to Tibet many times, he offered to be our guide. （）Having been to Tibet many times, he offered to be our guide. （）8/27/202265Having written the letter, he went to the post office

40、.Having been passed by Congress, the act will be put to effect soon.The bridge _ (build) over there now is going to be the longest in China.8/27/202266Ex:_(believe) the earth to be flat, many people feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth.No matter how frequently _ (perform), the w

41、orks of Beethoven always attract large audience.8/27/202267After jumping out of a boat, _.A) the shark bites the man.B) the shark bit the manC) the man is bitten by a sharkD) the man was bitten by a shark8/27/202268_that everything was in place, he locked up the shop and went home.A) CheckingB) Havi

42、ng checkedC) Having been checkedD) Being checked8/27/202269The manager promised me to keep me _ of how our business was going on.A) to be informedB) on informingC) informedD) informing8/27/202270All the tasks _ ahead of time, they decided to go on holiday for a week.A) had been fulfilledB) were fulf

43、illed C) having been fulfilledD) been fulfilled8/27/202271_the temperature falling so rapidly, we couldnt go on with the experiment.A) WithB) For C) As D) Since8/27/202272Ill never forget _ you for the first time.A) to meetB) to have met C) meeting D) having to be meeting8/27/202273A new technique _

44、, the yields of the company doubled as against those before.A) having worked outB) having been worked outC) Being worked outD) Working out8/27/202274_ such a good chance, he planned to learn more.A) Have givenB) Having been givenC) Having givenD) Giving8/27/202275All fights _ because of the terrible

45、 weather, they had to go there by train.A) having been canceledB) had been canceledC) having canceledD) were canceled8/27/202276翻譯：那么多會員缺席，會議不得已延期到下周舉行。從這方面看（see），事情不象人們想象的那么嚴(yán)重。8/27/202277轉(zhuǎn)換：After I had put down my newspaper, I walked over to the window and looked out.Mrs. Wilson sat down quickly, b

46、ecause she suddenly felt dizzy.It rained for two weeks on end so that it completely ruined our holiday.If it is used economically, our food supply will last at least six weeks.The man was accompanied by a porter who weighed over 160 kilos.8/27/202278不定式一.常識不定式通常由不定式符號 to + 動詞原形構(gòu)成。不定式的否定結(jié)構(gòu)：not to + V

47、 不定式前可以加某些疑問代詞，如who, what，which，或疑問副詞，如when, where， how，why等，構(gòu)成一種特殊的不定式短語。例：what to do next, how to get there等。不定式可以有邏輯主語。由for + noun/pron 構(gòu)成。如：Its good for the children to watch TV.等。Compare: Its kind of you to help me with my English.8/27/202279二.語法功能不定式或不定式短語在句中作主語，表語，賓語，定語，狀語，賓語補足語和主語補足語等。1.主語(A

48、)To be or not to be, thats the question.To gamble is to commit suicide.Years may wrinkle the skin, but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul.To make a decision without knowing all the facts is difficult. (=It is difficult to make a decision without knowing all the facts.)8/27/2022802.表語(C)The purp

49、ose of this trip is to train our team in a real situation and to test our new members.Her wish is to marry a wealthy young man.One of the functions of the language is to perform actions.8/27/202281But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, any more than a b

50、usinessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. (06-49)8/27/2022823.賓語(C)常跟不定式作賓語的動詞有：pretend, afford, offer, try/manage/ attempt, fail, want/ intend/ mean, promise, refuse, seek, tend, threaten, undertake, volunteer, want, wish We tended to rise ea

51、rly to watch the sunrise.Many farmers cannot afford to spend money on fertilizer.He offered to provide a loan to us to help us with the new project. 8/27/2022834.定語I have some clothes to wash.There is nothing for us to fear. The only thing that we have to fear is fear itself.He is a nice guy to work

52、 with.She found he was the right guy for her to rely on for the rest of her life.8/27/2022845. 狀語: 目的； 結(jié)果In 1918 Lu Xun went to Japan to study medicine.He sold newspapers in his spare time to earn the tuition fee./ She left, never to return./ I hurried to the hall, only to find my mobile phone missi

53、ng.8/27/2022856.補足語 (1)1) 有些及物動詞的賓語后常有不定式做賓語補足語：ask, advise, allow, cause, enable, encourage, expect, force，help, instruct, lead, permit, persuade, urge, tell, want, warn, They didnt allow her to park the car in this street.Please remind me to take my medicine tomorrow.8/27/2022866.補足語 (2)2) 在let, m

54、ake, have, / see, hear，look at, listen to, feel, observe, watch， notice等動詞后面，作賓補的不定式均省去to，例：Did you notice him leave the house? The teacher made him write a composition every week.Attention: 在被動語態(tài)中，作為主補的不定式則要帶to。He was noticed to leave the house.He was made to write a composition every week.8/27/202

55、287特別注意：在hope, demand 等動詞后不可接不定式作賓補。例：（） He hoped me to give him more help.（） He hoped that I would give him more help.8/27/202288三. 不定式的特殊時間語態(tài)的表達(dá)8/27/202289I saw her enter the room .He pretended to be listening attentively.I am sorry to have kept you waiting. He is said to have written a new book a

56、bout modem business English.It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here. 8/27/202290Ex. for InfinitivesIf the building project_ by the end of this month is delayed, the construction company will lose a lot of money.A) to be completedB) is completed C) being completedD) completed8/27/202291It is

57、 considerate _us further investment in this research.A) of you to offerB) for you to offer C) of your offeringD) for your offering8/27/202292He asked _ since he had been working as the chair for so long.A) not to have been re-electedB) to be not re-elected C) not be have re-electedD) to have not re-

58、elected8/27/202293Mr. Henderson is supposed _ leave for the new country last month.A) to have leftB) to leave C) to be leavingD) to have been left8/27/202294People expect there_ more discussion on whether the university campus should be open on holidays.A) to beB) to being C) are toD) was8/27/202295

59、動名詞一.常識形式；實質(zhì)；出現(xiàn)理由二.邏輯主語物主代詞；名詞的所有格。The tax officer was pleased with Johns paying his income tax in time. Do you mind my making a suggestion? 但在非正式英語中，有些不同。Im pleased with John paying his income tax in time.Do you mind me making a suggestion?8/27/202296三. 語法功能主要出現(xiàn)在名詞可能出現(xiàn)的位置上。Question：名詞一般放在什么位置？8/27/

60、2022971. 主語 (A)Thinking of you makes me old.Nothing is more romantic than aging with you slowly, day by day, hour by hour .Reading aloud is very important in learning a foreign language.Breathing has become more difficult with more and more industry established here . Its nice talking to you.8/27/20