1、論英語典故與習(xí)語的來源與翻譯abstratidisarefixedphrasesthatgthrughthetestfhistryandanntbetreatedseparately.inrdertbelyalttheriginaltext,thetranslatinfenglishidisshuldntnlykeeptheriginaltastefthesure,butalseetthestandardsfriting,espeiallyfrythlgyandallusin.beauseenglishidishaveanifestedandabsrbedthedifferentnatinal

2、ulturefanientgreek,anientre,andnrtherneurpe,itisretypialandrepresentativethantherfrsflanguagenrefletingtheulturaldiversity.destiatinandfreignizatinaretainethdsftranslatin.andtherearesenretetranslatinskillsasflls:1.hetrendfult

3、uralglbalizatin,ultureangvariusnatinalitiespereateandstiktgetherutually.andthereadersabilitytaepttheneulturaliageryhasiprveddaybyday.therefreslngasnttaffettheunderstandingfsurelanguage,theauthradvatestranslatingenglishidisdiretlyasfaraspssibletarryntheulture,hihprtestheexhangeandfusinfultureallverth

4、erld.keyrdsidis;allusin;translatinethds【摘要】習(xí)語是指那些經(jīng)受了歷史的長期考驗,千錘百煉而形成的固定詞組。為了忠于原文,習(xí)語翻譯既要保持源語的原汁原味,也要符合譯入語語言文字的需求。尤其在翻譯習(xí)語中的神話典故時更應(yīng)注意以下三點(diǎn)1.譯入語構(gòu)造的平衡2.譯出源語的民族特色和地域色彩3.盡可能保存源語的形象。因為英語習(xí)語吸收了眾多來自古希臘，古羅馬，北歐古代神話等歐洲各民族的文化精華，所以在表達(dá)語言的文化差異方面,習(xí)語比其他語言成分更具有典型性和代表性。根本的英語翻譯方法有歸化和異化，詳細(xì)表達(dá)如下：直譯法，意譯法，借用法，直譯加注。在當(dāng)前文化全球化的時代背景下

5、，各民族間的文化互相浸透和交融的趨勢愈來愈強(qiáng)。人們對于外來文化、異國情調(diào)的包容、接納以致欣賞才能也日漸進(jìn)步。因此,作者認(rèn)為只要在不影響譯語讀者理解的前提下,應(yīng)提倡盡量以文化直入形式進(jìn)展習(xí)語翻譯,以促進(jìn)世界文化的交流與交融?！娟P(guān)鍵詞】習(xí)語；神話典故；翻譯方法1.intrdutinhenpeningxfrdadvanedlearnersditinaryfurrentenglish,neanseesuhanentry:“idi(n.)phrasersentenehseeaningisntlearfrtheeaningfitsindividualrdsandhihustbelearntasahleun

6、it.1andenglishtranslatintheretiianpeternearkalssaid:“anidiisaurrentandfrequentlyusedgrupfrdshseeaningisntlearfrtheneaningsfitsnstituentrds.2inbrief,idisarefixedphrasesthatgthrughthetestfhistryandanntbeseparated.sthehleeaningusuallyanntbesurisedintranslatinandthepnentsustntbeseparatedatnesease.2.bakg

7、rundenglishasaninternatinallanguage,itsusageiside-ranging.anyuntrieshseenglishastheirffiiallanguage.hatisre,sixtyperentfbradastingintherlduseenglishtprpagatetheirinfratin.furse,thereareanyidisinenglishandpartsfthearelanrds.thefeaturesfassiilatinglanrdsinenglishareevident.nthenehand,itbelngstgeranila

8、nguagefailythatenablesitttakepssessinfthenrdsingeranilanguage.nthetherhand,englishkeepsintuhithfrenhandranlanguagefailylselyfralngtie.theanientgreekythlgies,ranythsandfairytalesfnrtherneurpearethepublilynedealthfeurpeannatins.theyhavedeepinfluenendevelpentfhleeurpeanultureinhihanystriesprvidesureate

9、rialsfrenglishidis.therefre,englishidistakeinanyrdthatanrepresenttheaineurpeanulture.anditisretypialandrepresentativethanthersinrefletingtheulturaldiversity.justlikebansaid:talent,quik-ittedandspiritinanatinanallbefundinitsidis.32.1thesuresfenglishidisaseverynekns,idisefrdifferentaspets:differentliv

10、ingenvirnents;everydaylife;religin;histrialevents;literaryrksandythlgyandallusin.2.1.1idisfrdifferentlivingenvirnentsidisarelselyrelatedtpepleslabrandlife,beausepepleinapartiularultureneedrdstnaeandexplainbjetsandappearanepresentinthatulture.thehanpeple,livenland,andbelngtanagrariansietythatplaesagr

11、iulturalprdutinatthetpfthenatinalagenda.duringthelnghistryffaring,thehineselanguagehasauulatedlargenubersffarersidislike瑞雪兆豐年(atiesnprisesagdharvest),五谷豐收(abundantharvestfallfdrps).hilebritishliveinanislanduntry,prbablyhaveidisabutaterandsailing.frexaple,espeak揮金如土inhinese，buteshuldrenderitintenglis

12、has“spendneylikeater.andtherearesiilarexaplesasflls:“tkeepnesheadabutater(奮力圖存)，“infullsail(全力以赴),“ternessail(甘拜下風(fēng)).hatisre,thereedifferentspeialprdutsdeterinedbythedifferentgegraphialsurrundings.frexaple,“l(fā)ikeushrsand“springuplikeushrsinenglish,eans像蘑菇一樣,and雨后春筍般地涌現(xiàn)inhinese.bthfthehavethesaeeaningf

13、thegreatdevelpentfathing,buttheyusetheirrespetivethingstfrtheetaphr,beausehinaabundsithbab,hereasitdesntgrinengland.sthehinesepeplearequitefailiarithbab;hiletheenglishdnt.thisaseisquitethesaeiththeidi“plentifulasblakberries,frblakberriesareeasilyavailableinenglandhileinhinese,多如牛毛isused,frattleanbef

14、undeveryhereinhina.2.1.2idisfreverydaylifeentertainentandativities,hiharepartsfnatinalulture,arequitedifferentinvariusuntries.hrseraing,bxingandriketareanientandtraditinalsprtsinengland,sinenglish,thereareidislike“nekandnek(不分上下)，“dnandut(倒下出局)，“ntriket(不講信譽(yù))，and“straightfrtheshulder(直截了當(dāng))，and“havea

15、gdinnings(一帆風(fēng)順)；hereastheanienthinesepreferredhuntingandhess:棋逢對手(diandutdiand),劍拔弩張(atdaggersdran),明槍易躲，暗箭難防(falsefriendsarersethanpeneneies).thereareseaspetsineverydaylifeintheflling.()idisfrfdinengland,breadisusuallyeatentgetherithbutter,andsalt,ilkandreaaretheireverydaydiet.allfthearetheeveryday

16、dietfresternpepleandthusappear“thereisnuseryingverspiltilk(不要做無謂的懊悔)，“bakersdzen(面包師的第十三個面包),and“plishtheapple(拍馬屁)；hinahasalnghistryfkingandthehineseareknnasthestritial,frhattahgreateriprtanetfdthananytherpeple,asisrefletedinthesayinglike:畫餅充饑(tdraakestallayhunger)()idisfrseabthinthehineseandtheeng

17、lishlanguages,idisabuttheseaarenuerus,beausebthfthesetuntriesaresurrundedandhalf-surrundedbysea,andtheyarerihinnaturalresuresffish.fishingplaysavitalrleintheireny,salargenuberfidisnerningfisharehandeddn:“fishbeginststinkatthehead(上梁不正下梁歪),“neverffertteahfishtsi(不要班門弄斧)，and“tfishintrubledater(渾水摸魚).(

18、)idisfrilitaryaffairsthehistryfankindisalstthehistryfar,hihisthesurefnuerusidis.thehinesenatinhasalnghistryfarfrrethantthusandyears,andtherefrethehineselanguageisrihinsuhidis:項莊舞劍，意在沛公(xiangzhuangperfredthesrddaneasaverfrhisatteptnliubangslife.-atithahiddentive);四面楚歌(beindesperatestraits);暗度陳倉(tstea

19、laarhn).anditisalsirrredinthefllingenglishidis:“hatillinsdiedthataesarightbegreat(一將功成萬骨枯);“eetnesaterl(遭遇慘敗);“pyrrhivitry(得不償失的成功);andgentleansagreeent(君子協(xié)定).2.1.3idisfrreliginreliginisaniprtantsurefridis.itisasialphenennandainlyadefethisgverningpersnalandsialndut.parativelyspeaking,buddhishasgreat

20、erinflueneinhineseulturealthughhinaisaulti-religiusuntry.itasfirstintrduedinthinainthefirstenturyad,andhasshapedthehineselanguage,diet,arts,et.,andgreatlystiulatedthedevelpentfhineseliterature.thelargenuberfrdsandidisderivedfrbuddhisisneftheanifestatinsfitsinfluene,suhas放下屠刀，立地成佛(abutherbeesabuddhat

21、heenthedrpshisleaver-arngderahievessalvatinassnashegivesupevil)and做一天和尚，撞一天鐘(takeapassiveattitudetardnesrk).andtherearequiteafeenglishidisfrreligin.suhas:benjainsess(最大的份額);raiseain(大吵大鬧);applefsd(金玉其外，敗絮其中);spterberus(賄賂);handritingntheall(不祥之兆)andsn.2.1.4idisfrhistrialeventsinstlanguage,pepleebell

22、ishtheirspeehrritingithreferenestharatersreventsfrtheirhistry,thatistsay,idiatiexpressinsarelselyrelatedtauntryshistry.therearealtfidisinthehineselanguageanntfindanequivalentintheenglishlanguagebeausethehistryfthetuntriesarequitedifferent.anyidisarefrtheirnhistry.theenglishlanguagehasuhlessidisfrhis

23、trialeventsthanthehineselanguagebeauseenglishjusthasahistryfrethannethusandyearsduringhihlessiprtanthistrialeventshappened.frexaple,“teetnesaterl(遭遇滑鐵盧)isfrthedefeatfnaplenataterlin1815,hiheanstbepletelydefeated.2.1.5idisfrliteraryrksliteraryrksarealsneftheainsuresfenglishidis.inenglishliterature,th

24、estglitteringstarisshakespeare.hisdraasaretheajrsurefthiskindidis:“tlainespundfflesh(割某人的一磅肉)isfrtheerhantfvenie;“akeassuranedublysure(加倍小心)esfrabeth.andtherearetherexaples:“readingakesafullan,nfereneareadyan,ritinganexatan-bannstudy;“theuglyduking(丑小鴨)isfrhanandersnstales;“jekyllandhyde(雙重性格)rigina

25、tesfrstevensnsthestrangeasefdr.jekyllandr.hyde;“pensesaeand“l(fā)danftheseaefrarabiantales.2.1.6idisfrythlgyandallusininthisthesis,theauthrfusesnthetranslatinfythlgiesandallusinsinenglishidis,hihefrstriesfgdsandheres.aseallkn,greekandranivilizatinshaveagreatinfluenenenglish,sthegreekandranivilizatinshav

26、egreatinfluenenenglishidis.letspayattentintthefllingidis:(1)“ahillesheel(致命弱點(diǎn))hihesfrthegreekythlgyhastheeaning“theneeaksptinaansirustanesrharater.ingreekepi,histhertkahillesupsidednintthestyxhenheasahild.sheasars-prfexepthisheelbeauseitasheldinhisthershand.therefreintryar,hediedfrparisshtapisnedarr

27、inthisheel.(2)therexaples,“herulesshieeans“thereardftilinreferenetpleasure,“theherulianeffrts(九牛二虎之力)，and“thepillarsfherules(天涯海角).itissaidthatherulesasnefthestfausheresingreekythlgies.hekilledtsnakeshenheasababy,andasknnasaanfusle.herefusedthepleasuregddesssallure,entthrughinnuerablehardshipsandint

28、heend,hentheeternallife.idishavebeenalledtherystallizatinflanguage.anapprpriateuseftheinurspeehandritingilladdtthestrengthandvividnessfidis.perhapssepeplearequitefailiarith“tutthegrdiankntand“apandrasbxsuhallusinsntnlyakethelanguageriher,butalsakeuniatinuhrevividerandeasier.hever,indailyuniatin,pepl

29、eusuallydntknhy“hbsnshieeansnhieatall(別無選擇);“pilepelinnssaeansextreelydiffiult(難上加難),r“eruryfigeansthefirstfruit(最初的果實(shí)).ifthesurefanidiisknn,itiseasiertfigureutitseaning.itisdiffiultttranslateidisfaithfullybeauseidisreflettheisdfrdinarypeplethatisall-inlusive.theknledgefthesuresftheseidisillhelpuspr

30、ehendhattheyreallyean.2.2thediffiultiesinthetranslatinfenglishidisinthe1950stheaerianriterhkettputfrardthenept“randhlesinpatterns文化空缺hiheans“theaidentalgapinnservatinhenntrastingtlanguages.4andnidahadsaid:thereustbeinfratindrainsinanyursefnservatinandtheabsluteequityisneverpssible.thegalftranslatini

31、snservatininaxiutenablethefreignreadersunderstandthesureulture.therearetreasnsasflls.firstly,thefratinandslidifiatinfenglishidisareinrelatinshipiththedifferenthistries,envirnentsandulturalbakgrunds.itntainsertainnatinalultureharateristisandinfratin.furtherre,hineseandenglishliveindifferentregins,sth

32、eirlivingenvirnentsandexperienesaredifferent,espeiallyintheiraystbservetherld,understandtherldandtransfrtherld.theirultureatspheresareunique.sendly,hinesebelngstthesin-tibetanlanguagefailyhileenglishbelngsttheind-eurpeanlanguagefaily,stheirlanguagestruturesaredifferent.allentinedabveenrihtheidisanda

33、kethereplex.2.3thedevelpentftranslatinprinipletheprinipleftranslatinbeteenenglishandhinesehasdevelpedfralngtie.abuttranslatinstandards,translatrsfrheandabradputfrarddifferentpinins.fryanfus“faithfulness,expressiveness,eleganetr.zhangpeijis“faithfulnessandsthness;frfuleis“apprxiatininspiritttheaerian

34、faustranslatintheretiianeugenenidas“funtinalequivalener“dynaiequivalene,eayseethatthesepsitinsaffeteahther,suppleenteahtheralthughtheirephasesaredifferent.thefusisttranslatethesuretextfaithfully,eanhile,tkeeptheriginaltasteasuhaspssible.thequalityfidistranslatinhasthediretinfluenentheentireartile.in

35、rdertbelyalttheriginaltext,thetranslatinustntnlyaintainitsriginaltasteandflavr,butalsnfrtthedeandfritingintargetlanguage.hever,theidistranslatinisdiffiultteetthesetstandardsatthesaetie.itisextreelyiprtantttranslateidisfaithfully,andthetranslatinbeteenenglishandhineseustpayattentintfllingthreepints:(

36、)idisareheavilyulture-laded;theyhaveanifesteddifferentnatinalflavrs.therefre,thetranslatinfidisusttrytkeeptheriginaltasteandnttusethsetargetrdsthathavestrngnatinalharateristis.()hineseidisstressttherhythandstruture.sitisneessarytaugentrreadjusttheriginallanguagestruturehentranslatingenglishidis.()dn

37、esbestttranslatetheriginaliages,etaphrieaningandrhetrifthesurelanguage.3.nthetranslatinethdsfenglishidis3.1taintranslatinapprahesfenglishidisdestiatinandfreignizatinaretainapprahesftranslatin.theustranslatintheretiianvenutidefinesthetethdsasfll:5destiatinadptsthenatinalenterpriniple,enablesthesurela

38、nguagetexttsatisfythevalueftargetlanguageandulture,andleadsthesurelanguagereadersintthetargetulture,hilefreignizatineanstaeptthedifferenesbeteenfreignlanguageultureandtargetlanguageulturettaketargetlanguagereaderstseethefreignsene.frthedefinitins,eanseebthfthehlddifferentapprahestardtheulturaldiffer

39、enes.buttheauthrbelievesthatthedestiatinisthebestaytenrihtheexpressinftargetlanguage.adptingdestiatininaxiuanenablethetargetlanguagereaderseergethesaerthesiilarassiatinasthesurelanguagereaders.3.2furnretetranslatinskillsfenglishidistherearesenreteskillsftranslatinbeteenenglishandhinese,hihareitedasf

40、lls:1.literaltranslatin2.freetranslatin3.brring4.literaltranslatinithanntatintheauthrrevealstheethdsindetailintheflling.3.2.1literaltranslatinliteraltranslatinanfairlyretaintheenglishidisanalgy;iage;natinalandlalflavrs,inthepsitinfntvilatingthestandardftranslatinrausingthereadersisunderstand.thisayf

41、translatinanntnlyretaintheriginalintentin,butalsenrihhineselanguage.itanbeseenlearlyinthefllingexaples:(3)anapplefdisrd(不和女神的金蘋果)esfrgreekythlgy.thestryisabut:agddessnaeddisrdisangryandneverfrgiveskingparisandhisifebeausetheydntinvitehertpartiipateintheireddingbanquet.inrdertgiveventtthehate,sheaban

42、dnsagldenapplenthetablefeddingbanquet;delaringthatthisappleisgiventthestbeautifulladyinthiseddingbanquet.therearethreegddessesanttbtainthisgldenapple.andthenitausesrangleinaess.frthenn,theeaningfanapplefdisrdspreads.itbeesthesynnyf“theausefdisasterand“thesurefthedisagreeent.6(4)thesearethegreekgifts

43、fryu.theliteraltranslatinfthisidiis希臘人的禮物,hihesfrtheell-knnepipe“dyssey.henthegreekhadlefttry,theyleftbehindabigdenhrseutsidethetryity.priestlantriedhisbesttpersuadehiskingnttaeptthethingthatthegreekstayedbehind.hesaidthat,“ifearthegreek,evenhenbringinggifts.buthatapity,thekingandthepepledidntlisten

44、thisadvie.theypulledthebigdenhrseinttheirity.atually,inthedenhrsetherehidthestexellentgreeksldiers.atthatnight,theykilledthetrjanandfiredtheity.thisdenhrsebrughtdisastertthetry.7inenglishgreekgiftsisequalttheprverb:henthefxpreahes,takearefyurgeese.thesiilarhineseidiis“theyelleaselgesthisrespetsttheh

45、en-iththebestfintentin.黃鼠狼給雞拜年不安好心.8therexaplesare：(5)ahillesheelhiheansthenlyeakness,rstrategipint致命弱點(diǎn);(6)utthegrdianknteanstakingthedrastieasures,inhineseeans快刀斬亂麻;(7)thesrdfdales,thesrdhangingabvedalesheadparesttherryingentality憂患意識furtherre,eshuldnevernegletthefllingfats.akeageneralsurveyfthehis

46、tryftranslatin,earentdiffiulttseeanyliteraltranslatinsaretepraryeansteeteergeny.thestrearkablerepresentistransliteratins.gingthrughalngtie,heendtheybeeureverydayters.like“hur,sfa,haburgerandsn.andeshuldrealizeanthertaysftranslatin:neisi

47、itatingtheriginaltextthatisrerlessalittlenndesript,andthetherisexplainingtheriginaltextlearly,butituldbelengthy.translatingtheallusininenglishidisisthesae.(8)hereisatypialexaplentransliteratin.rightnthehineseareprbablyfailiariththesetrds:sieneandderay.butinfat,theyarentlallybrn.ntheearly20thentury,t

48、hetranslatinsfthesetrdsereratherstrangetus.thefreristransliteratedint賽因斯rshrtenedasr.sai(賽先生),hilethelatteris德謨克拉西rshrtenedasr.de德先生.afterardstheyarehangedint科學(xué)and民主9.evenr.luxunalshasadetheveryinterestingatteptinthisaspet.hetranslatedenglishrd“fairplayint費(fèi)爾潑賴hihasaeptedbythehineseatthattie.atually,

49、either“siener“fairplayisjustatepraryidealapprahftranslatininthesituatinthathadnequivalentsinhinese.(9)he1960sthereasalargequantityfyungenalled“thedeadentsinaeria.theyeredisntentediththesialsituatin,hatedanything,heldtheresistanetthetraditinalvalue,didanythingneanddifferentinrd

50、ertutfrdinary,keptthelnghair,retheutlandishlthes,andadvatedinterursefreely.theyerealled“hippiesinenglish.httranslateitinthinese?sineinhineseglssary,nready-aderdanexpresstheabvesetinfspeehes.suarizingtherdas“theentuntertraditinr“pepledissatisfyingtherealityunavidablylsetheulturaleaning.stransliterati

51、ng“hippiesint嬉皮士anellslvethisprble.3.2.2freetranslatinfreetranslatinissiilartdestiatin.itreferstsuhatranslatinethd:henthetranslatrsarenfinedbythetargetlanguageulturaldifferenes;theyhavetdisardulturalessagetkeeptheriginalntentanditsuniativefuntin.freetranslatinisaninrpratingexplanatintdealithulturald

52、ifferenes.bviuslyfreetranslatininthepressfdealingithulturaldiffereneisveryiprtant.regardingthereadershnevergetintuhithngliaandpeaeyhihistranslatedint達(dá)蒙和皮西阿斯,theydnthaveanyideasfthisidievenifthetranslatinlkssfaithful.evenre,thesureinfratinlstpletely.bthliteraltranslatinandfreetranslatinarelyalttherig

53、inaltext.infat,hereisadialetialunifiatin.beausethetraditinaltranslatinistsubjetive,nidaprpsedfuntinalequivaleneviepintthatisrebjetive.iteanstrequestthetargetlanguagereadersthavethesaersiilarrespnseiththesurelanguagereader.theajrityftargetlanguagereadersdntunderstandthesurelanguageandultureexatly.the

54、ygrinatttaldifferentenvirnents;theirthinkingdesfquestinaredifferent.sthetranslatrshavetseeksekindflanguagethatntainsthesaeulturalinfratinfthesurelanguage.hever,funtinalequivalenetheryhasitsliitatin.statingfrpreedingtranslatinethds,nadastheryindeedgainsgreatahieveentintranslatingidis.ithasabandnedthe

55、frtfusnthentent,putasidethelanguagedifferenetfusnthereadersrespnse,parediththetranslatintherybefre;itanberatedasnekindfinnvatin.therefre,thefuntinalequivalenedublesthetranslatinfavr,andasnefashinableallverhinain1980s.untiln,theinflueneffuntinalequivaleneisstillextensive.butsenepintsutthatnidaraisedh

56、isviepinthenhestudiedthetranslatinstrategyf“hlybible.sitisresuitablefrtheissinaryidisthatareinreligiusanientbks,ythsandfablesintheesternulture.frexaple:(10)ajudaskissesfr“hlybible;(11)asiseasslnarefrgreekandranyth.althughthiskindfstruturefidisissiple,itssignifianeisprfund,anditsulturalharateristisar

57、estrng,stheyftenanntbeunderstdrtranslatedfrtheseantilevel.itustbetransplanteddiretlyfrthesurelanguageulturetthetargetlanguageulture.thisethdisalled“ulturalfasiile.venuttprpsedhis“resistanetranslatin10asakindfslutinfrtranslatinbeteenhineseandenglish.hethughttranslatinitselfundertktheulturalexhangeand

58、thereadershavetheabilitytunderstandtheexternalulturepletely.hatisre,freignnessillplayaniprtantrleinenrihingthetargetlanguageinfuture.(12)justlikenehundredyearsag,“allradsleadtreastranslatedintreahingthesaegalrnlusinfrdifferentapprahes(殊途同歸).buttdayitistranslatedinteahstrippathpassestthere(條條大路通羅馬)be

59、ausethehinesehaveaeptedtherdre.perhapsertainyearslater,thehineseanalsaepttheidi“ngliaandpeaey.besidesthishangethereisanthersituatinintheinterirhangefthesurelanguage.frexaple,intheperidfpre-liberatinandatthebeginningfliberatinthepeasantsstdfrthseenhereshrtfeduatin;theyareignrant,bakardandprbeausefthe

60、lprdutivefre.butnalngiththehangefpeasantssialpsitin,theulturalinfratinfpeasantshasbeenhanged.atpresent,therd“farersisreapprpriatetrefertthehinese“農(nóng)民thantherd“peasants.sesaydifferenttieshavedifferenttranslatededitins.justasnidasaid“atranslatedrk,natterhuhitapprahestheriginalrk,itslifeisnrethan50years