1、第2課時(shí)(Section A Grammar Focus4c)單 詞instead點(diǎn)撥instead 做副詞，意為“相反，代替”，修飾整個(gè)句子做狀語。如：Jack is ill.So I go instead.杰克生病了，因此換我去。He never works, instead he plays all day and all night.他從不工作，而是整日整夜地玩。鏈接instead of 是介詞短語，意為“代替，而不是”，后面常跟名詞、代詞或動(dòng)名詞。如：She goes shopping instead of staying at home. 她沒有待在家而是去購物了。I can go

2、 to the meeting instead of my sick sister. 我可以代替我生病的妹妹去開會(huì)。語 法1感嘆句點(diǎn)撥感嘆句一般是用來表示說話時(shí)的喜悅、驚訝等情感。英語感嘆句常用 what 和 how 引導(dǎo)，what 和 how 與所修飾的詞置于句首，其他部分用陳述句語序。(1)由 what 引導(dǎo)的感嘆句what 意為“多么”，用作定語，修飾名詞(被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分)，單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前要加不定冠詞 a/an，復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞前不用冠詞。這類句子的結(jié)構(gòu)形式是：What (a/an)adj.n.主語謂語！如：What a clever girl she is! 多么聰明的姑娘呀！Wh

3、at an interesting story it is! 多么有趣的故事呀！What good children they are! 他們是多么好的孩子呀！What delicious food it is! 多么美味的食物呀！(2)由 how 引導(dǎo)的感嘆句how 意為“多么”，用作狀語，修飾形容詞或副詞(被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分)。如果修飾形容詞，則句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用系動(dòng)詞；如果 how修飾副詞，則句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用行為動(dòng)詞，這類句子的結(jié)構(gòu)形式是： Howadj./adv.主語謂語！如：How cold it is today! 今天多么冷呀！How nice the pictures are! 多么漂亮

4、的圖畫呀！How well she sings! 她唱得多好呀！How hard they are working now! 他們干得多么起勁呀！2賓語從句點(diǎn)撥(1)賓語從句的定義賓語從句在復(fù)合句中起賓語的作用，可以做動(dòng)詞的賓語，也可以做介詞的賓語。如：I heard that he would come here later on.我聽說以后他會(huì)來這里。(做動(dòng)詞的賓語)He said nothing about who broke the window last night. 關(guān)于昨晚誰打破的玻璃他什么也沒有說。(做介詞的賓語)(2)賓語從句中引導(dǎo)詞(連詞)的用法賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞有 that

5、 (that 常可省略), whether, if。如：He told me (that) he would go to the college the next year. 他告訴我他明年上大學(xué)。I dont know if there will be a bus any more.我不知道是否還會(huì)有公交車。Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.沒有人知道他是否能通過考試。that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句當(dāng)由陳述句充當(dāng)賓語從句時(shí)，用 that 引導(dǎo)。.that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中，在非正式場(chǎng)合 that 可以省略?？?跟 that 從 句做賓語的動(dòng)詞有：

6、 say, think, insist, wish, hope,demand, imagine, wonder, know, suppose, see, believe, agree,admit, deny, expect, explain, order, command, feel, dream, suggest,hear, mean, notice, prefer, request, require, propose, declare, report等。如：The boy believes that he will travel through space to otherplanets.

7、男孩相信他將通過太空去另一個(gè)星球旅行。.在以下情況中 that 不能省略a當(dāng)句中的動(dòng)詞后接多于兩個(gè)由 that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句時(shí)，第一個(gè) that 可省，但后面的 that 不可省。如：I believe (that) you have done your best and that things willget better.我相信你已經(jīng)盡了最大努力并且事情會(huì)變得更好。b當(dāng)主句的謂語動(dòng)詞與 that 賓語從句之間有插入語時(shí)，that一般不可省。如：Just then I noticed, for the first time, that our master waswearing his f

8、ine green coat and his black silk cap.就在那時(shí)我第一次注意到我們的師傅穿著好看的綠色外套并戴著黑色絲綢禮帽。c當(dāng) that 從句是雙賓語中的直接賓語時(shí)，that 不可省。如：I cant tell him that his mother died.我不能告訴他，他的媽媽去世了。d當(dāng) it 做形式賓語時(shí)，that 不可省。 如：She made it clear that she had nothing to do with him.她明確表示，她和他無關(guān)。e當(dāng)賓語從句前置時(shí)，that 不可省。如：That our team will win, I beli

9、eve.我相信我們隊(duì)會(huì)贏。f 當(dāng) that 做 learn, suggest, explain, agree, wonder, prove,mean, state, feel, hold 等動(dòng)詞的賓語時(shí)，that 不可省。whether, if 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句.當(dāng)由一般疑問句充當(dāng)賓語從句時(shí)，用 if 或 whether 引導(dǎo)，意為“是否”。如：I dont know if/whether he still lives here after so many years.我不知道這么多年后他是否還住在這兒。.在有些情況下，whether 和 if 的用法有一定區(qū)別。awhether 引導(dǎo)的從句常可以與連詞 or 或 or not 直接連用，而 if 一般不能。如：Let me know whether you can come or not. 讓我知道你是否會(huì)來。b當(dāng)賓語從句提到句首時(shí)，只能用 whether 引導(dǎo)，而不能用 if。如：Whether it is true or not, I cant tell.我不能分辨它是否正確。cwhether 可以引導(dǎo)帶 to 的不定式，if 則不能。