1、二 、 虛 擬 語(yǔ) 氣 ( S u b j u n c t i v e M o o d )主語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣主語(yǔ)從句(常用形式主語(yǔ) it 來(lái)代替，結(jié)構(gòu)為 It is that)中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣主要取決于某些用來(lái)表示建議、命令、要求、驚異和失望等的形容詞和過(guò)去分詞，其形式為：( should )+ 動(dòng)詞原形。常這樣用的形容詞有：appropriate，advisable，better，desirable，essential，imperative，important，insistent，natural，necessary ，preferable ， strange ， urgent ， vital

2、等。過(guò)去分詞有：desired, demanded, ordered, requested, suggested, recommended, required等。例如：It is essential that you (should) win the voters hearts.It was suggested that he (should) join the club activities.表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣在表示建議、 命令、主張、目的和愿望等的名詞后面的表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要求使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。其形式為：( should )+ 動(dòng)詞原形。常這樣用的名詞有：resol

3、ution, pray, decision, motion, suggestion, preference, proposal, advice, recommendation, desire,demand, requirement, order, necessity, request, idea等。例如：He gave orders that the guests (should) be hospitably entertained.他下令熱情款待這些客人。His proposal is that we (should) get rid of the bad habits.賓語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣

4、某些動(dòng)詞后所接賓語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要求用虛擬語(yǔ)氣， 用來(lái)表示建議、 命令和要求等。 其形式為：( should ) + 動(dòng)詞原形。常這樣用的動(dòng)詞有： ask （ 要求 ）, advise, determine, decide, command, insist, intend, move, prefer, propose,等。 例如：他要求推遲那個(gè)會(huì)議。order, recommend, request, require, suggest, urge, demand, desire, directHe insisted that the meeting (should) be put off.T

5、hey proposed that all the plans (should) be discussed at the meeting. 在會(huì)上討論。2 )在以 it 為形式賓語(yǔ)的復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)從句中也可以用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，其形式為：使用的形容詞(賓補(bǔ))與主語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣所使用的形容詞相同。例如：We think it advisable that he (should) think deeply before acting. 下才是明智的。3) wish 后面所跟的賓語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣表示某種不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。他們建議所有的計(jì)劃都應(yīng)該should ) + 動(dòng)詞原形。這一句型中我們認(rèn)為他在行動(dòng)之前好好

6、考慮一其主要形式有三種：表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬wish + 主語(yǔ) + 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式( be 用 were )表示對(duì)過(guò)去情況的虛擬wish + 主語(yǔ) + had + 過(guò)去分詞表示對(duì)將來(lái)情況的虛擬wish + 主語(yǔ) + would + 動(dòng)詞原形例如：I wish I knew what was going to happen.但愿我能知道要發(fā)生什么事。She wished she had stayed at home.她后悔當(dāng)時(shí)不在家。I wish I were rich.我巴不得我很有錢。注意：在表示對(duì)過(guò)去情況的虛擬時(shí)，有時(shí)也可以用下列形式： wish + 主語(yǔ) + would ( could )

7、+ have + 過(guò)去分詞I wish I could have seen her last night.要是我昨天晚上能夠見到她那該多好。if 條件句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣形式if 非真實(shí)條件句所表示的假設(shè)則是不可能或不大可能發(fā)生或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的，句中的主句與從句都用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。在 if 非真實(shí)虛擬條件句中，主句和從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞主要有下面幾種形式：從句主句without, but for, but that, otherwise, or, but等。例如：與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式（ be 用 were ）would （ should ， could ，might ） + 動(dòng)詞原形與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反had + 過(guò)去分詞

8、should （ would ， could, might ） + have + 過(guò)去分詞與將來(lái)事實(shí)可能相反動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式 （ should+ 動(dòng)詞原 形， were to + 動(dòng)詞原形）should （ would ， could ，might ） + 動(dòng)詞原形例如：If there were no gravity, we should not be able to walk.假如沒有引力，我們就不可能行走。I wo uldn t have known what these were for if I hadn假如t b別ee人n 不tol告d.訴 我，我就不知道這些東西是干什么的了。2 ）正式

9、文體中，有時(shí)可把虛擬條件句中的連詞 if 省去，而將 were, had, should等助動(dòng)詞（不包括行為動(dòng)詞）提到主語(yǔ)前面倒裝處理。如果句中沒有 were, had 或 should 時(shí)，既不能省略 if ，也不能倒裝。例如： Were I to meet him tomorrow （= If I were to meet him tomorrow）, I should ask him about it.要是我明天見到他，我就會(huì)問他這件事的。Had I had the money last year （= If I had had the money last year）, I would

10、 have bought the house.如果我去年有了這筆錢，我就買那所房子了。3）時(shí)間錯(cuò)綜條件句：通常情況下，在非真實(shí)條件句中主句和從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所指時(shí)間是一致的，但有時(shí)也可能 指不同的時(shí)間，這時(shí)要根據(jù)上下文的意思采用不同的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式。例如：If I were you, I would have taken his advice.我要是你，就采納他的建議了。 （從句指現(xiàn)在，主句指過(guò)去）If the weather had been more favorable, the crop would be growing still better.如果氣候更適宜一些，莊稼會(huì)長(zhǎng)得更好。 （從句

11、指過(guò)去，主句指現(xiàn)在）含蓄虛擬條件句1 ）有時(shí)假設(shè)的情況并不以條件從句形式表示出來(lái)， 而是通過(guò)一個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)或其他方式表示。 常用的詞或短語(yǔ)有：要是沒有你的幫Without your help (=If we had not had your help), we could not have succeeded.助，我們是不會(huì)成功的。But for electricity (= If there were no electricity), there would be no modern industry.要是沒有電，就不會(huì)有現(xiàn)代工業(yè)。He was having a meeting; otherw

12、ise he would have come over to help us.他當(dāng)時(shí)正在開會(huì)，否則的話他就來(lái)幫我們了。He felt very tired yesterday, or he would have attended the party.他昨天很累，不然他就參加那個(gè)聚會(huì)了。2 )在某些暗含虛擬條件的簡(jiǎn)單句中，虛擬語(yǔ)氣可通過(guò)上下文表現(xiàn)出來(lái)。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用should/would be 形式和 should/would have been 虛擬形式。例如：Any men in his position would have done like that.任何人處在他的位置都會(huì)那么做的。Yo

13、u should (ought to) have come earlier.你本應(yīng)早點(diǎn)來(lái)的。其他句型中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣在 would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might as well和 would prefer 等后面所跟的從句中，也要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，表示愿望，意為“寧愿、但愿”。其形式為：“ would rather (would sooner主語(yǔ) )+ + 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式” 表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的情況?！?would rather (would sooner主語(yǔ) )+ + 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去完成式”表示過(guò)去的情況。例如：I d rather he did

14、n t go n要o是w.他 現(xiàn)在不走就好了。I d just as soon you had been here yesterday.要是你昨天在這里就好了。(sh在句型 “ It is (high/ about) time后面也可”以跟 虛擬語(yǔ)氣，從句中常用過(guò)去式。有時(shí)也用“+ 動(dòng)詞原形”，意為“該是的時(shí)候了” 。例如：It is time that the boy (should) go to school.這個(gè)小孩該上學(xué)了。It is high time (that) the weather improved.天氣真該好起來(lái)了。在“ if only引”起 的感嘆句中也要求用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，表

15、示愿望。形式為：用過(guò)去式或wou ld/could + 動(dòng)詞原形” 表示與現(xiàn)在或未來(lái)事實(shí)相反的愿望。過(guò)去完成式表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的愿望。例如：If only you would listen to our advice.要是你聽我們的建議就好了。If only I had not been busy last week!要是上周我不忙該多好??！注：if only 也可以用于虛擬條件句中。例如：If only I had more money, I could buy a car.要是我有更多的錢，我就可以買輛車了。連接詞“ in case, lest, for fear that可以用來(lái)引導(dǎo)”

16、虛 擬語(yǔ)氣。 其形式通常為： “ lest (in case, for fearthat) + 主語(yǔ) + should + 動(dòng)詞原形”。 lest, for fear that后接從句中的 should 可以省去， in case 連接從句中的 should 通常不省去，但是 in case 句中可以不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，而用陳述語(yǔ)氣。 lest, for fear that 后面也 可以接其他形式。例如：我不會(huì)做聲的，以免打擾你。在使用這一方法的時(shí)候要謹(jǐn)慎小He took his coat with him in case it should rain.他帶著雨衣以防下雨。I will not ma

17、ke a noise for fear that I (should/might) disturb you.Care must be taken in using this method lest overflow (should) occur.心，以免發(fā)生溢流現(xiàn)象。一、動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)( Tenses and Voices of Verbs)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作或情況發(fā)生時(shí)間的各種形式。英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有 16 種時(shí)態(tài)：一般進(jìn)行完成完成進(jìn)行現(xiàn)在am, is , are, do,doesam/is/aredoinghave/has donehave/has beendoing將來(lái)wil

18、l/shall dowill/shall bedoingwill/shall havedonewill/shall havebeen doing過(guò)去was, were, did,was/werehad donehad been doingv-eddoing過(guò)去would/should dowould/shouldwould/shouldwould/should將來(lái)be doinghave donehave been doing但是常見的只有九種：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)、一般將來(lái)時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過(guò)去完 成時(shí)、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。常用的時(shí)態(tài)只有八種。1 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表

19、示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作；表示現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)、特征和真理。句中常用often, usually, every day等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)。有時(shí)該時(shí)態(tài)可表示按計(jì)劃、 規(guī)定要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作， 句中都帶有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)， 但限于少數(shù)動(dòng)詞如 begin, come, leave,go, arrive, start, stop, return, open, close等。例如 ：He goes to school every day.If you come this afternoon, well have a meeting.2 一般過(guò)去時(shí)l) 表示過(guò)去某時(shí)間發(fā)生的事、存在

20、的狀態(tài)或過(guò)去反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。表示過(guò)去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，也可用“ used to ”和“ would + 動(dòng)詞原形”。注意： used to 表示過(guò)去常發(fā)生而現(xiàn)在不再發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。另外“ be used to + 名詞或動(dòng)名詞”表 示“習(xí)慣于”。例如：He worked in a factory in 1986.I used to smoke when I was a college freshman.3. 一般將來(lái)時(shí)一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，其表達(dá)形式除了“ will 或 shall+ 動(dòng)詞原形”外，還有以下幾種形式。l) “ be going to+ 動(dòng)詞原形”，表示即將發(fā)生的

21、或最近打算進(jìn)行的事。例如：We are going to have a meeting today2) go, come, start, move, sail, leave, arrive等詞可用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)表示按計(jì)劃即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作；有時(shí)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)也可表示將來(lái)。例如：I m leaving for Beijing.“be to+ 動(dòng)詞原形”表示按計(jì)劃要發(fā)生的事或征求對(duì)方意見。例如：The boy is to go to school tomorrow“ be about to+ 動(dòng)詞原形”表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例如：We are about to leave4 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)1) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在正

22、在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，由“ to be+ 現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成，另外“系動(dòng)詞 + 介詞或副詞”也表示進(jìn) 行時(shí)的意義。例如：What are you doing?The bridge is under construction表示感覺、愿望和狀態(tài)的某些動(dòng)詞如have, be, hear, see, like等詞一般不用進(jìn)行時(shí)。5. 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻、某一階段正進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，由“ was/were+ 現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。例如 :He was reading a novel when I came in 6. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)由“ have 十過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。其使用有以下情況：1) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)所

23、表示的動(dòng)作在說(shuō)話之前已完成，而對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響。句中沒有具體時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。例如：He has gone to Fuzhou. (說(shuō)話人認(rèn)為他不在該地 )He has been to Fuzhou. ( 說(shuō)話人認(rèn)為他在該地 )2) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)所表示的動(dòng)作開始于過(guò)去， 持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在， 也許還會(huì)持續(xù)下去。 常用 for 或 since 表示一段時(shí)間 的狀語(yǔ)或 so far, now, today, this week/month/year等表示包括現(xiàn)在時(shí)間在內(nèi)的狀語(yǔ)。例如 :He has studied English for 5 years.He has studied English since 1985

24、.注意：表示短暫時(shí)間動(dòng)作的詞，如come, go, die, marry, buy等的完成時(shí)不能與 for ， since 等表示一段時(shí)間的詞連用?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還可用在時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，表示將來(lái)某時(shí)完成的動(dòng)作。例如：I ll go to your home when I have finished my homework7 過(guò)去完成時(shí)l) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)由“ had+ 過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。過(guò)去完成時(shí)的動(dòng)詞表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一動(dòng)作之前完成的動(dòng)作或狀 態(tài)。句中常用 by, before, until, when等詞引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。例如：By the end of last year we had bu

25、ilt five new houses.2) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)的動(dòng)詞還可表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)到過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間或持續(xù)下去。例如：Before he slept, he had worked for 12 hours.8. 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的用法過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)表示從過(guò)去的某時(shí)間看來(lái)將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)由 “ should/would+ 動(dòng)詞原形” 構(gòu)成。第一人稱用 should ，其他人稱用 would 。例如：They were sure that they would succeed.9. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)由“ have(has)+ been+ 現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成，

26、表示現(xiàn)在以前一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。有些詞，如 work, study, live, teach 等用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)意思差不多。例如：I have worked here for three yearsI have been working here for three years.但多數(shù)動(dòng)詞在這兩種時(shí)態(tài)中表示不同意思。例如：I have written a letter. (已寫完 )等不能用這種時(shí)態(tài)。I have been writing a letter. (還在寫 )注意：表示短暫動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞，如 finish, marry, get up, come, go動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)l. 概念

27、與構(gòu)成 ：當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí) ,謂語(yǔ)的形式用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)；當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由助動(dòng)詞“ be+ 過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成，時(shí)態(tài)通過(guò) be 表現(xiàn)出來(lái)。如下表所述：時(shí)態(tài)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)式例句一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)am/is/are + done/v-edYou are required to do this.一般過(guò)去時(shí)was/were + done /v-edThe story was told by her.一般將來(lái)時(shí)will/shall be + done/v-edThe problem will be discussed tomorrow.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)am/is/are + being+