1、住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-南京大學考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題According to anthropologists, people in preindustrial societies spent 3 to 4 hours per day or about 20 hours per week doing the work necessary for life. Modem comparisons of the amount of work performed per week, howe

2、ver, begin with the Industrial Revolution (17601840) when 10 to 12-hour workdays with six workdays per week were the norm. Even with extensive time devoted to work, however, both incomes and standards of living were low. As incomes rose near the end of the Industrial Revolution, it became increasing

3、ly common to treat Saturday afternoon as a half-day holiday. The half holiday had become standard practice in Britain by the 1870s，but did not become common in the United States until the 1920s.In the United States, the first third of the twentieth century saw the workweek move from 60 hours per wee

4、k to just 50 hours by the start of the 1930s. In 1914 Henry Ford reduced daily work hours at his automobile plants from 9 to 8. In 1926 he announced that henceforth his factories would close for the entire day on Saturday. At the time, Ford received criticism from other firms such as United States S

5、teel and Westinghouse, but the idea was popular with workers.The Depression years of the 1930s brought with them the notion of job sharing to spread available work around; the workweek dropped to a modem low for the United States of 35 hours. In 1938 the Fair Labor Standards Act mandated a weekly ma

6、ximum of 40 hours to begin in 1940，and since that time the 8-hour day, 5-day workweek has been the standard in the United States. Adjustments in various places, however, show that this standard is not immutable. In 1987, for example, German metalworkers struck for and received a 37. 5-hour workweek,

7、 and in 1990 many workers in Britain won a 37-hour week. Since 1989, the Japanese government has moved from a 6-to a 5-day workweek and has set a national target of 1,800 work hours per year for the average worker. The average amount of work per year in Japan in 1989 was 2,088 hours per worker, comp

8、ared to 1,957 for the United States and 1,646 for France.1.What does the passage mainly discuss?2.Compared to preindustrial times, the number of hours in the workweek in the nineteenth century （ ）.3.What is one reason for the change in the length of the workweek for the average worker in the United

9、States during the 1930s?4.Which of the following is mentioned as one of the purposes of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938?問題1選項A.Why people in preindustrial societies worked few hours per week.B.Changes that have occurred in the number of hours that people work per week.C.A comparison of the numb

10、er of hours worked per year in several industries.D.Working conditions during the Industrial Revolution.問題2選項A.remained constantB.decreased slightlyC.decreased significantlyD.increased significantly問題3選項A.Several people sometimes shared a single job.B.Labor strikes in several countries influenced la

11、bor policy in the United StatesC.Several corporations increased the length of the workweek.D.The United States government instituted a 35-hour workweek問題4選項A.To discourage workers from asking for increased wages.B.To establish a limit on the number of hours in the workweek.C.To allow employers to se

12、t the length of the workweek for their workers.D.To restrict trade with countries that had a long workweek.【答案】第1題:B第2題:D第3題:A第4題:B【解析】1.主旨題。根據(jù)文章第一段，作者主要對工業(yè)化前后，人們工作時間的變化。選項B符合題意。2.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段，工業(yè)革命前，人們每天花三到四個小時來完成生活必需的勞動，到了現(xiàn)代，人們每周需要工作六天，每天工作十到十二小時，可以得出，工作時間是不斷增長的。選項D符合題意。3.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段，“The Depres

13、sion years of the 1930s brought with them the notion of job sharing to spread available work around”，工作的大蕭條時代到來，使他們有了工作分擔的想法，所以有時候幾個人會同事做同樣的工作。選項A符合題意。4.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段，“In 1938 the Fair Labor Standards Act mandated a weekly maximum of 40 hours to begin in 1940，and since that time the 8-hour day, 5-day

14、 workweek has been the standard in the United States.”，8小時5天的工作制就開始了，選項B符合題意。2.單選題The sheer diversity of tropical plants represents a seemingly （ ） source of raw materials, of which only a few have been utilized.問題1選項A.exploitedB.controversialC.inexhaustibleD.remarkable【答案】C【解析】形容詞詞義辨析。exploited “被利

15、用的”；controversial “有爭議的”；inexhaustible “無窮無盡的”；remarkable “卓越的，非凡的”。句意：熱帶植物的多樣性代表了似乎用之不竭的原材料，其中只有少部分被利用了。選項C符合題意。3.單選題In most earthquakes the Earth s crust cracks like porcelain. Stress builds up until a fracture forms at the depth of a few kilometers and the crust slips to relieve the stress. Some

16、earthquakes, however, take place hundreds of kilometers down in the Earths mantle, where high pressure makes rock so ductile that it flows instead of cracking, even under stress severe enough to deform it like putty. How can there be earthquakes at such depths?That such deep events do occur has been

17、 accepted only since 1927, when the seismologist Kiyoo Wadati convincingly demonstrated their existence. Instead of comparing the arrival times of seismic waves at different locations, as earlier researchers had done, Wadati relied on a lime difference between the arrival of primary (P) waves and th

18、e slower secondary (S) waves. Because P and S waves travel at different but fairly constant speeds; the interval between their arrivals increases in proportion to the distance from the earthquake focus，or a rupture point.For most earthquakes, Wadati discovered, the interval was quite short near the

19、epicenter, the point on the surface where shaking is the strongest for a few events, however, the delay was long enough at the epicenter. Wadati saw a similar pattern when he analyzed data on the intensity of shaking. Most earthquakes had a small area of intense shaking, which weakened rapidly with

20、increasing distance from the epicenter, but others were characterized by a lower peak intensity, felt over a broader area. Both the P-S intervals and the intensity patterns suggested two kinds of earthquakes: the more common shallow events, in which the focus lay just under the epicenter, and the de

21、ep events, with a focus several hundred kilometers down.1.The passage is primarily concerned with（ ）.2.It can be inferred from the passage that if the S waves from an earthquake arrive at a given location long after the P waves, which of the following must be true?3.The passage suggests that which o

22、f the following must take place in order for any earthquake to occur?4.The authors explanation of how deep events occur would be most weakened if which of the following were discovered to be true?問題1選項A.demonstrating why the methods of early seismologists were flawedB.defending a revolutionary theor

23、y about the causes of earthquakes and methods of predicting themC.discussing the evidence for the existence of deep events and the conditions that allow them to occurD.comparing the effects of shallow events with those of deep events問題2選項A.The earthquake was a deep event.B.The earthquake was a shall

24、ow eventC.The earthquake focus was distant.D.The earthquake had a low peak intensity.問題3選項A.Stress must build up.B.Cool rock must descend into the mantle.C.A fracture must occur.D.Both A and C.問題4選項A.Deep events are far less common than shallow events.B.Deep events occur in places other than where c

25、rustal plates meet.C.Mantle rock is more ductile at a depth of several hundred kilometers than it is at 50 kilometers.D.The speeds of both P and S waves are slightly greater than previously though.【答案】第1題:C第2題:A第3題:D第4題:B【解析】1.主旨題。根據(jù)文章第一段，“How can there be earthquakes at such depths”，首先提出了問題， “這么深的地

26、方是如何發(fā)生地震的”，文章第二段介紹了地震學家證明了這種深層地震的存在，根據(jù)第三段，“Both the P-S intervals and the intensity patterns suggested two kinds of earthquakes”，地震學家繼續(xù)論證了P-S間隔和強度模式表明存在兩種地震。選項C符合題意。2.推斷題。根據(jù)文章第三段，“and the deep events, with a focus several hundred kilometers down.”，可推斷P-S間隔很長的就被稱作deep events，選項A符合題意。3.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段第二

27、句，“Stress builds up until a fracture forms at the depth of a few kilometers”，可知地震形成的條件包括壓力的斷裂。選項D符合題意。4.推斷題。根據(jù)文章第三段，“the more common shallow events,”，可知A選項是原文已經(jīng)提到了，可排除。根據(jù)第一段，“in the Earths mantle, where high pressure makes rock so ductile”，可知選項C是原文中提到的，可排除。根據(jù)文章第三段，“the P-S intervals and the intensit

28、y patterns”，P-S間隔會對不同類型的地震形成有影響，P和S的速度同時增加不會形成間隔，所以D選項可排除。選項B符合題意。4.單選題Using many symbols make （ ） to put a large amount of information on a single map.問題1選項A.possibleB.it possibleC.it is possibleD.that possible【答案】B【解析】語法知識。it 做形式賓語，后面用動詞不定式to do 接真正的賓語。句意：用大量的符號把大量的信息放在一張圖上成為可能。選項B符合題意。5.單選題The pa

29、ssengers carried on drinking and dancing （ ） unaware of the impending disaster.問題1選項A.witheringlyB.contemptuouslyC.morallyD.blissfully【答案】C【解析】副詞詞義解析。witheringly “使人不自在地”；contemptuously “輕蔑地”；morally “道德上，確實”；blissfully “幸福地”。句意：乘客們喝酒跳舞，沒有意識到即將發(fā)生的災(zāi)難。選項C表程度，符合題意。6.翻譯題據(jù)心理學家稱，樂觀和自信是健康的心理狀態(tài)所應(yīng)具備的要素。焦慮是一種

30、心理問題，他源自對生活中的不確定因素的內(nèi)在恐懼，或者說是一種不安全感。繁榮的市場經(jīng)濟中躁動的消費需求是某些人焦慮情緒產(chǎn)生的原因。名車、豪宅和優(yōu)越的生活被人們視為高檔的標志。但是，由于多數(shù)人難以達到這樣的生活標準，有些人就會產(chǎn)生失落感。然而，這種出于對金錢崇拜而產(chǎn)生的焦慮感并不具有代表性。對于多數(shù)人來說，引起焦慮的重要原因是高昂的房價、教育支出和醫(yī)療費用。人們生活在巨大的壓力之下，但是低廉并且增長緩慢的工資使他們看不到脫離困境的希望。有時似乎是機會多多，人們也會因此而產(chǎn)生焦慮?！敬鸢浮縋sychologists said that confidence and optimism are the

31、important elements of a healthy state of mind. Nervousness is a mental problem and is resourced from an inner emotional insecurity over uncertain factors in life. In the prosperous market economy, restless consumption demands are the reason for the nervous emotions. Brand-name car, houses and superi

32、or life are the marks of high-end life. However, most people tend to be disappointed because they cannot reach this living standard. Furthermore, such nervousness over money worship is not representative. For most people, the nervousness is resulted from expensive house, high education expenditure a

33、nd high medical cost. People live under this tremendous pressure, and they cannot find any hopes of being lifted out of the hardship because of the low and slow-growing incomes. Sometimes there seems to be many opportunities, but people also feel anxious about this. 7.單選題In spite of the（ ）economic f

34、orecasts, manufacturing output has risen slightly.問題1選項A.gloomyB.miserableC.shadowyD.obscure【答案】A【解析】考查近義詞辨析。gloomy “慘淡”miserable “悲慘的，痛苦的”；shadowy “模糊的”；obscure “晦澀的，不清楚的”。in spite of表示轉(zhuǎn)折，句子意思為：盡管經(jīng)濟前景不景氣，但是制造業(yè)的產(chǎn)量略有上漲。選項A符題意。8.單選題The teacher wanted to make the students realize that reading good lite

35、rature is a good way to broaden their（ ）.問題1選項A.visionB.horizonC.scopeD.expansion【答案】B【解析】名詞詞義辨析。vision “幻覺” ;horizon “眼界，地平線” ;scope “范圍” ;expansion “擴充”。句意：這位老師想讓學生們意識到讀一些好的文學作品是開闊視野的一個好的方法。選項B符合題意。9.單選題Starting a new business can be a risky （ ）.問題1選項A.processingB.attemptingC.undertakingD.overhaul

36、ing【答案】C【解析】名詞詞義解析。processing “加工”，attempting “試圖”；undertaking “事業(yè)”，overhauling “翻修”。句意：開始一項新業(yè)務(wù)是件個冒險的事。選項C符合題意。10.單選題In recent years, there has been a steady assault on salt from the doctors: Salt is bad for you regardless of your health. Politicians also got on board. “ There is a direct relationsh

37、ip，” US Congressman Neal Smith noted, between the amount of sodium a person consumes and heart disease, circulatory disorders, stroke and even early death. ”Frightening, if true! But many doctors and medical researchers are now beginning to feel the salt scare has gone too far. “All this hue and cry

38、 about eating salt is unnecessary,” Dr. Dustan insists. “For most of us it probably doesnt make much difference how much salt we eat. Dustans most recent short-term study of 150 people showed that those with normal blood pressure underwent no change at all when placed on an extremely low-salt diet,

39、or later when salt was reintroduced. Of the hypertensive subjects, however, half of those on the low-salt diet did experience a drop in blood pressure, which returned to its previous level when salt was reintroduced.“An adequate to somewhat excessive salt intake has probably saved many more lives th

40、an it has cost in the general population，” notes Dr. John H. Laragh. “So a recommendation that the whole population should avoid salt makes no sense.”Medical experts agree that everyone should practice reasonable “moderation” in salt consumption. For an average person, a moderate amount might run fr

41、om four to ten grams a day, or roughly 1/2 to 1/3 of a teaspoon. The equivalent of one to two grams of this salt allowance would come from the natural sodium in food. The rest would be added in processing, preparation or at the table. Those with kidney, liver or heart problems may have to limit diet

42、ary salt, if their doctor advises. But even the very vocal “l(fā)ow salt” exponent, Dr. Arthur Hull Hayes Jr. admits that “we do not know whether increased sodium consumption causes hypertension. In fact, there is increasing scientific evidence that other factors may be involved: deficiencies in calcium

43、, potassium, perhaps magnesium, obesity (much more dangerous than sodium), generic predisposition, stress.“ It is not your enemy，” says Dr. Laragh. “Salt is the No. 1 natural component of all human tissue, and the idea that you dont need it is wrong. Unless your doctor has proven that you have a sal

44、t-related health problem, there is no reason to give it up. ”1.According to some doctors and politicians, the amount of salt consumed（ ）2.From Dr. Dustans study we can infer that（ ）3.In the third paragraph, Dr. Laragh implies that（ ）4.What is the main message of this text?問題1選項A.exhibits as an aggra

45、vating factor to people in poor health.B.cures diseases such as stroke and circulatory disorders.C.correlates highly with some diseases.D.is irrelevant to people suffering from heart disease.問題2選項A.a low-salt diet may be prescribed for some people.B.the amount of salt intake has nothing to do with o

46、nes blood pressure.C.the reduction of salt intake can cure a hypertensive patient.D.an extremely low-salt diet makes no difference to anyone.問題3選項A.people should not be afraid of taking excessive salt.B.doctors should not advise people to avoid salt.C.an adequate to excessive salt intake is recommen

47、ded for people in disease.D.excessive salt intake has claimed some victims in the general population.問題4選項A.That the salt scare is not justified.B.That the origin of hypertension is now found.C.That the moderate use of salt is recommended.D.That salt consumption is to be promoted.【答案】第1題:C第2題:A第3題:D

48、第4題:C【解析】1.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段的文章意思，以及第三句中的“direct relationship”，可以得出選項C最符合題意。2.信息推斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段的內(nèi)容，試驗中一半的高血壓患者在食用低鹽食品時血壓有所降低，可以推斷出低鹽飲食可以作為治療高血壓患者的一個方法。選項A符合題意。3.信息推斷題。根據(jù)文章第三段，充足或者稍微過量的攝入鹽，會拯救更多的人，而不是只會害死人，不可能建議所有人群都禁止食用食鹽。選項D符合題意。4.信息歸納題。根據(jù)文章意思，A選項中的理論并未得到證實，B和D選項文中沒有提及。用排除法可知，選項C符合題意。11.單選題He brought an enti

49、rely new level of style and sophistication to jazz music. Although a gifted piano player, Duke Ellington used the orchestra as his principal instrument. He considered himself a composer and arranger rather than just a musician, like Jelly Roll Morton before him.It was in 1917 when Duke began playing

50、 music professionally in Washington, D. C. Stride piano players like James P Johnson and Willie “The Lion” Smith influenced his piano technique. Duke led a band called The Washingtonians, which played at The Hollywood Club in Manhattan (the club was later renamed as the Kentucky Club). This band acq

51、uired a style all its own when trumpet player Bubber Miley joined it, bringing with him his unique plunger-mute style of playing. Called the “ Jungle Sound，” this sound came to be largely responsible for Ellington s early success. A good example of this style of playing is the song East St. Louis To

52、odle-Oo. In 1924，the group recorded their first album, Choo Choo ( Gotta Hurry Home and Rainy Nights ( Rainy Days) ) . However, the band didnt hit the big time until after Irving Mills became their manager and publisher in 1926. In 1927, the band re-recorded versions of East St. Louis Toodle-Oo, the

53、n debuted two songs that would be associated with Duke for the rest of his career, Black and Tan Fantasy and Creole Love Call.Ellingtons Orchestra, unlike many of its contemporaries, was able to make the transition from 1920s hot jazz to 1930s swing music. One song it played, It Dont Mean a Thing (I

54、f It Aint Got That Swing), even came to define the era. What kept the Ellington Orchestra a major force in jazz was this very ability to adapt and grow with the times.The fame and influence of Ellington continued to grow throughout the 40s and 50s. His band continued to come up with jazz standards l

55、ike Take the A Train, Perdido, the 4 C Jam Blues, and Satin Doll Duke wrote several religious pieces in the 1960s. He also composed The Far East Suite, then also collaborated with a highly diverse group of jazz musicians, among them Charles Mingus and Max Roach with whom he played a trio.1.What is t

56、he main topic of this passage?2.According to the passage, Duke Ellington worked as all of the following EXCEPT as a（ ）.3.Which of the following statements would the author of this passage most probably agree with?4.All of the following statements about Duke Ellington are true EXCEPT（ ）.問題1選項A.the li

57、fe of Duke EllingtonB.the shift from jazz to swing musicC.the music of Duke EllingtonD.the development of jazz music問題2選項A.band leaderB.singerC.band managerD.composer問題3選項A.Duke Ellingtons resistance to change caused the collapse of his musical career.B.Duke Ellington did most of his jazz compositio

58、ns in collaboration with others.C.Duke Ellingtons classical compositions are his greatest contribution to music.D.Duke Ellingtons sophisticated musical style greatly influenced the jazz genre.問題4選項A.He trained several bands to perform his jazz music.B.He had always performed with his own band.C.He w

59、as a major influence in jazz music.D.He composed many songs that defined a certain period.【答案】第1題:C第2題:C第3題:D第4題:B【解析】1.主旨題。文章一開始講到了Duke Ellington給爵士樂帶來了一種新的風格，后面介紹了他給樂隊發(fā)展帶來的影響，以及在音樂方面的創(chuàng)作。由此可知，文章主要話題是艾靈頓公爵的音樂。選項C符合題意。2.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段，“the band didnt hit the big time until after Irving Mills became th

60、eir manager and publisher in 1926.”是歐文.米爾斯成為了經(jīng)理，而不是艾靈頓。選項C符合題意。3.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段，可看出艾靈頓讓爵士樂的風格和復(fù)雜性有了一個新的高度，而且產(chǎn)生了持久的影響力。選項D符合題意。4.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段，“He also composed The Far East Suite, then also collaborated with a highly diverse group of jazz musicians,”，艾靈頓并不只是和自己的樂隊一起表演，還和其他爵士音樂人一起合作，選項B符合題意。12.單選題Pla