高考英語(yǔ)說(shuō)明文閱讀專練二（帶答案）一Somebeesseemtobeabletochoosewhethertobecomeaworkeroraqueen—butthousandsofcompetitorsforthethrone(王位)arekilledineachhive(蜂巢).Aboutone-fifthofallMeliponabeecheiibeelarvae(幼蟲)starttodevelopasqueens,butthecolonyacceptsonlyone.Therestareattackedbystrong-jawedworkers.Biologistssuspectedthatcoloniesofthisspeciesoverproducequeensasanevolutionarystrategytotakeoverotherhives.Butitnowseemsthatitissimplyaresultofthe“selfishness”ofindividuallarvae,tothedetrimentofthewholecolony,saysCaliariOliveiraatKULeuveninBelgium.Unlikemostbeecolonieswhereworkersselectonelarvatobecometheonlyqueenbyfeedingitaspecialdiet,theM.beecheiicolonyisspendingalotofresourcestoproducenewindividuals,andthenalltheydoafterwardsiswastethoseresourcesandkillthequeens.“Thisisaverygoodexampleofthetragedyofthecommons,whenachaseforpersonalgainharmssociety,”saysCaliariOliveira.Inthepast,researcherssuggestedthatM.beecheiiworkerswerefeedingachemicalcalledgeraniol(香葉醇)tothefuturequeens.Oliveiraandhiscolleagueswonderedifthebeeschosesomanyqueensinordertospreadthecolony’sDNAintootherhives.Toinvestigatefurther,theytookgeneticsamplesofqueensandworkersfrom25free-rangingM.beecheiicolonies.Inthelab,theyalsogavehigherdosesofgeranioltomorethan600larvae.Totheirsurprise,theydiscoveredthatextrageranioldidn’taffectlarvaldevelopment,soworkersweren’tcontrollingqueenproductionafterall.GeneticanalysisrevealedthattheDNAofeachhiveremained100percentconsistent.Thenewstudy“settlesabitofacontroversy”aboutMeliponabees,saysChristophGrueterattheUniversityofBristol,UK.Butitdoesn’tofferanewexplanationforhowthelarvae“decide”tobecomequeens.“Forme,thisisstilloneofthebiggestpuzzlesinbiology.”1.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“tothedetrimentof”meaninParagraph3?A.Takingchargeof. B.Fallingvictimto.C.Providingsupportfor. D.Causingdamageto.2.Whydidtheresearchersfeedextrageranioltothelarvae?A.Totesttheirassumption. B.Tosimplifytheirresearch.C.Toapplynewtechniques. D.Toconfirmpreviousfindings.3.WhatdoesChristophGrueterthinkofthenewstudy?A.Itisfruitless. B.Itisinnovative.C.Itisinsufficient. D.Itissatisfactory.4.Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A.Somebeecoloniesadopteffectiveevolutionarystrategies.B.Somebeecolonieshavetokillthousandsofwannabequeens.C.Somebeespeciesoverproducequeenstoconquerotherhives.D.Somebeespeciesrelyonachemicaltospreadthecolony’sDNA.二LatespringisarguablythebestseasontovisitAmsterdam.Theforecastofmildtemperaturescouldn’tbemoreperfectforbikingaroundthecityandexploringthesurroundingcountrysidebytramsandbuses.StartinginearlyApril,thelegendarytulipsbegintobloom,whichattractstravelersfromaroundtheworld.ThefamousKing’sDaycorrivaledonApril27,isanothermajordraw.PlacestoVisitVanGoghMuseumTheNetherlandshasbirthedmanyfamousartists.NonemoresothanVincentVanGogh.Worksbythetorturedartistareondisplayathisnamesakemuseum.Ifyouhopetosee“Sunflowers”onyourtriptoAmsterdam,besuretobuyticketsaheadoftime.AnneFrankHouseWidelyregardedasAmsterdam’smostsignificantattraction,theAnneFrankHouseinvitesvisitorstolearnaboutthelifeoftheJewishdiaristwhohidfromtheNazisduringWWIIthroughacollectionofherwriting,photos,videos,andpersonalitems.Keepinmindthatticketsselloutmonthsinadvance.VondelparkLocatedinAmsterdam-Zuid,Vondelparkisasprawling47-hectareurbangreenspacefeaturinganopen-airtheatre,playground,shadedareas,ponds,andcyclingpaths.Whenthesuncomesout,itinstantlybecomesahotspotforafternoonpicnicsandsunbathing.CanalCruiseNotriptoAmsterdamwouldbecompletewithoutacanalcruise.It’strulythebestwaytosee“VeniceoftheNorth”.YoucanpurchaseticketsonabiggerboatorchoosesomethingabitmoreintimateandromanticlikeaprivatevesseloperatedbythePulitzerAmsterdam.Bookingearlyisnecessaryifyoudon’twanttosettleforsecondbest.1.WhowouldprobablyliketovisitAnneFrankHouse?A.Artists. B.Historyfans. C.Hikers.D.Movielovers.2.Whichplacedoesn’tneedreservation?A.VanGoghMuseum. B.AnneFrankHouse. C.Vondelpark.D.CanalCruise.3.Whereisthistextmostlikelyfrom?A.Anewsreport. B.Asciencemagazine. C.Atravelbrochure. D.Atalebook.三Mr.Paganoiswatchingavideoofapolarbearswimmingafteraseal.Thesealescapes!Thebearmeetsanotherbear.Theysniffateachotherandthengoseparateways.Whatmakesthisvideosounusualisthatit’sfromthepointofviewofthepolarbear.Acamerawaspreviouslyputaroundthebear’sneckbyMr.Pagano’sresearchteamwiththeaimtofindoutwhatpolarbearswillneedtosurviveintheirchanginghabitat.Accordingtoscientists,polarbearsareendangeredbecauseofEarth’swarmingclimate,whichisshrinkingtheicepackthatfloatsontheArcticOcean.Theicepackgoesthroughayearlycycle.Inthefallandwinter,theicepackgrowssouthward,stretchingtowardNorthAmerica,Asia,andEurope.Bytheendofwinter,theicepackliesovershallowerwatersnearland,wheresealslive.Thepolarbearshuntalongtheedgeofthatice,eatingsealsinthespringandearlysummerbeforetheiceovershallowwatersmelts.It’showthebearsfattenupforthenextwinter.Inthepastfewdecades,theicepackhasstartedtogrowlaterinthefall.Asaresult,itisn’tasthickandstartstomeltandbreakupearlierinthespring.Thatgivesthebearslessseaiceforhuntingandforcessomeofthemtoswimfarthertomovebetweenlandandicehabitats.Studiesshowthat,inplaceswheretheicehasbeenbreakingupearlierfordecades,thenumberofbearsisgoingdown,andtheiroverallhealthisgettingworse.Scientistswanttoknowifbearsarestillfindingenoughtoeatandhowfartheyhavetotravel,orswim,tofindfood.UsingtheGPScollars,theresearchersconfirmedthatsomebearsareswimminglongdistances.Of52bears,20tookatotalof50long-distanceswims,eachoneajourneyofmorethan30miles.Arethelong-distancetravelsharmingtheirchancesforsurvival?IfpolarbearsaregoingtosurviveinthewarmingArctic,humansmayneedtoactrightnow.WiththeworkofscientistslikeMr.Pagano,silverliningswillfinallycutopenthedarkness.1.WhatprobablyisMr.Pagano?A.Aclimatescientist. B.Azoologist. C.AGPSengineer. D.Aniceobserver.2.Thevideoisspecialbecause________.A.itismadebyprofessionalanimalresearchers B.itsaimistotracebearbehaviorsinNorthPoleC.itisfilmedbyacameraattachedtoapolarbear D.ituseshi-techGPStostudypolarbears’habitats3.WhatmakespolarbearsintheArcticendangered?A.Theshrinkingshallowwaters. B.Thedecreasingnumberofseals.C.Thelong-distancetravelsforhabitats. D.Thechangedyearlycycleoficepacks.4.Accordingtotheauthor,Mr.Pagano’sresearchis________.A.hopeful B.limited C.complete D.questionable四ForthefirsttimeinthehistoryoftheOlympicGames,andinChina,theOlympicandParalympicGamesBeijing2022willusenaturalcarbondioxide(CO2)refrigerationsystemsatfouroftheiricesportscompetitionandtrainingvenues.TheuseofthenaturalCO2technologyisreplacinghydrofluorocarbons(HFCs),traditionallyusedtocoolicerinks（溜冰場(chǎng)）andprovedtodamagetheearth’sozonelayerandcontributetoglobalwarming.HFCshaveawarmingimpactthatisuptofourthousandtimesgreaterthanCO2.“TheOlympicGamesarefirstandforemostasportingevent,butwiththeirglobalvisibility,theyalsoprovideanimportantplatformtoshowcasesustainablesolutions,saidMarieSallois,IOCDirectorforSustainability.TheuseofnaturalCO2refrigerantsattheGameswillhelpreducecarbonemissionsequalto3,900carsperyear,cuttingthemtonearlyzero.Asimilarcarbonreductioncouldbeachievedbyplantingabout1.2milliontrees.Thesystemalsohasacoolingefficiencythatis1.2timeshigherthanthetraditionalHFCrefrigerants,andcanmaintainatemperatureconsistencyof0.5degreesCelsiusorlessacrossicesurfaces,makingtheiceeasiertoskateon.Thecarbondioxideusedforthetechnologyiscollectedandpurifiedfromindustrialwastegases,whilethewasteheatgeneratedduringtherefrigerationprocessisrecycledandusedforthestadium’sambient（周圍的）heating,hotwaterforicemakingandmeltingandshowers,andtheefficientcontrolofindoortemperatureandhumidityallyeararound.Itisestimatedtosaveuptotwomillionkilowatt-hoursofelectricityannuallycomparedtothetraditionalHFCsystems.Beijing2022hascommittedtostagingcarbon-neutralGames,andthedebut（首次亮相）ofthenewrefrigerationtechnologyisamongmanywaysinwhichitisreducingtheGames’carbonfootprint.Beijing2022willalsopowerallitsvenueswithrenewableenergyandusefuel-efficientandclean-energyvehiclesforallpassengercars.1.WhatdoweknowaboutHFCs?A.ItmakesEarthwarm. B.Itisanewtechnology.C.It’sonlyusedtocoolicerinks. D.ItwillbeusedinOlympicBeijing2022.2.What’sthebenefitofnaturalCO2refrigerants?A.Theycanprotect1.2milliontrees.B.Theycoolmorerapidlythantraditionalones.C.Theywillmakecarbonemissionszero.D.Theykeepthetemperatureabove0.5degreesCelsius.3.HowcanthenaturalCO2technologysaveelectricity?A.Itpurifiesitswasteair. B.ItcollectsCO2intheopenair.C.Itcontrolsindoortemperature. D.Itmakesagooduseofthewasteheat.4.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“staging”meaninParagraph6?A.Controlling. B.Winning.C.Holding. D.Playing.五Whenitcomestopraisingyourchildfortheiractions,parentswalkafinelinebetweenbeinghelpfulorharmfultotheirchild’sdevelopment.However,ifyou’vegotsomerisingtoddlersinyourhomethatneedtolearntobrushtheirteeth,don’tworry.It’sjustfinetopraisethem.“Ourstudydoessuggestthatpraisecanbeareallypositivefeatureofparenting.Praisewinsthegoldwhencomparedtoboringinstruction,atleastwhenitcomestodentalhygiene.Youcan’tgowrongifyousay‘goodjob!’whenyourchildsuccessfullybrushestheirownteeth,”saidJuliaLeonard,anassistantprofessorofpsychologyatYaleUniversity.Thestudyfollowed81three-year-oldsjustlearningtobrushtheirteeth.Parentswererequiredtovideotheirchild’stooth-brushingendeavors(嘗試)for16nights,hittingrecordastheyhandedthebrushtotheirchildandpushingstopwhentheytookitback.Thatallowedresearcherstocapturealloftheparent’spraise-“Welldone!Goodjob!”—andinstructionalendeavorssuchas“Brushthebacksofyourteeth.”and“Hey,don’tstop.You’renotdoneyet.”Afteruploadingthevideos,parentsweretoldtoscoretheirchild’smood(extremelybadtoextremelygood)andtheirownstresslevelsduringthenightlyendeavor.Thosescoresrangedfromascaleof0(easy-peasy)to10(I’mpullingalltheirteethoutnow).Interestingly,achild’stoothbrushingsuccesswasdirectlyrelatedtothelevelofpraiseintheparentstalk.Childrenbrushedlongerondayswhentheirparentsusedmorepraiseandlessinstruction.Theworkisthefirsttoshowthatparentpraiserelatestochildpersistence.However,thestudycouldnotshowadirectcauseandeffect,onlyanassociation,Leonardstressed.“Wedon’tknowthatpraisecauseskidstobrushlonger.Wejustknowit’sassociatedwithmorebrushing,shesaid.Moreresearchisneededtoseeifthestudy’sfindingscouldbeappliedtoothertasksthatrequireachild’spersistence.1.Whatdoweknowaboutpraise?A.Ithasdoubleeffectsonchildren. B.Itmakeschildrenmoreobedient.C.Ithelpschildrenbecomeconfident. D.Itispopularinchildren’seducation.2.HowdidJuliaLeonardgetdataforherresearch?A.Byinterviewingparents. B.Bycollectingrecordings.C.Bysendingquestionnaires. D.Byusingonlinedatabases.3.Whatcanwelearnfromthefinding?A.Praisehelpstobuildagoodhabit.B.Over-praisingdoesn’tleadtoidealresults.C.Instructionhasnoeffectontoothbrushing.D.Thefindingisconsistentwithpreviousstudies.4.Whichofthefollowingisasuitabletitleforthetext?A.LessInstruction,LongerBrushing. B.ThePowerofParents.CTheSecretofBuildingPersistence. D.Parents:Showeryourchildwithpraise.六HerearefourwonderfulhotelsandcampsitesinEurope.EkiesAllSensesResort,Chalkidiki,GreeceThiscouldbetheperfectretreatforstressedparentswhoneedspoiling.Forastart,it’sinlovelyGreece,butthere’snoneedtotakeaferry,asit’sonthemainland.Withajuicebarbesidethe(heated)pool,open-airspa,calmbeach,restaurantsormealsondemand,andsecretbaystoexplorebyboat,itmakesforasuper-relaxedbreak.·Doublesfrom€

88,juniorsuite(sleeps4)from€138anight,familysuite(sleeps6)from

€272B&B,openlateApril-OctoberCasaVicentina,Algarve,PortugalForaback-to-naturefeel,family-runCasaVicentinaintheAlgarveisperfect.Builtwithecologicalmaterials,it’sinaprotectedparkareaonanaturallake.Breakfastisaplentifulbuffet-andbikesaresuppliedfreeofchargesoyoucangotothebeachorcafesandrestaurants.Accommodationisinbrightlydecoratedroomsorlargersuitescompletewithsmallkitchens.·Roomsfrom€75B&B,wonderfulland.ComFairyChimneyInn,Cappadocia,TurkeyOlderkidswilllovethefairytalelandscapeofCappadociaandtheexcitementofstayinginacavehotel.TheFairyChimneyInnusedtobepartofacavemonastery(修道院).Itsroomsarebeautifulandhomely,withtraditionaldecorationsandtheoccasionalreminderofthemodernworld.Allroomshavecourtyardsoverlookingtheextraordinarylandscape.·Roomsfrom€55B&B,plus11perchild,fairychimney.ComCasaSanGabriel,Umbria,ItalyCasaSanGabrielisasmallhilltopfarmwherethreeself-cateringcottagesshareaswimmingpool,playgroundandbarbecue.There’saddedexcitementforyoungguestsinthefamilyofalpacas(羊駝)keptonsite.Thereareseveralwater,wildlifeandactivityparksnearby,andslightlyfurtherafieldaPinocchiothemepark.·AweekatIIFienilecottage(sleeps4-6)costsfrom€650,B&B(lowseasononly)from€95,1.IntheEkiesAllSensesResort,youcanenjoy_______.A.aferryjourney B.anopen-airspaC.livingintreehouses D.dancingintheplayground2.Whichofthefollowingwillyouchooseifyouwanttoenjoyabreakfastbuffet?A.TheEkiesAllSensesResort. B.CasaVicentinaC.TheFairyChimneyInn D.CasaSanGabriel3.Ifyouwanttoseesomewildlifeonholiday,whichwebsiteshouldyouclick?A. B.C. D.七Whenmakingchoices,peopleassumethattheypickwhattheylike.However,researchsuggeststhatwelikesomethingstrictlybecausewehavechosenit.Inotherwords,wedislikethingswedon’tchoose.Andthisphenomenonhasexistedsincewewerebabies.Inanexperiment,USresearchersbroughtseveral10to20-month-oldbabiesintoalabandgavethemtwosamebrightandcolorfulsoftblockstoplaywith.Theyseteachblockfarapart,sothebabieshadtocrawltooneortheother—arandomchoice.Afterthebabychoseoneofthetoys,theresearcherstookitawayandcamebackwithanewoption.Thebabiescouldthenpickeitherthetoytheydidn’tplaywithbefore,orabrand-newtoy.Itturnedoutthatthebabiesreliablychosetoplaywiththenewtoyratherthantheonetheyhadnotchosen.Infollow-upexperiments,whenresearchersinsteadhelpedchoosewhichtoythebabywouldplaywith,thephenomenondisappeared.“Asiftheyweresaying,‘Hmm,Ididn’tchoosethatobjectlasttime,becauseIguessIdidn’tlikeitverymuch”saidLisaFeigenson,co-authorofthestudy.Thisisaveryimportantphenomenoninlife,Feigensonnoted.Adultswilllesslikethethingtheydidn’tchoose,eveniftheyhadnorealpreferenceinthefirstplace.Itlookslikebabiesdojustthesame.Itshowsthattheactofmakingchoiceschangeshowwefeelaboutouroptions.Therandomchoicesmightbecomeourpreferences.“Theyarereallynotchoosingbasedonwhethertheyarenovelorwhattheyprefer,”saidAlexSilver,co-authorofthestudy.Thisnewfindingexplainswhyadultsbuildunconsciouspreferencewhentheymakechoicesbetweenthesamethings.Justifying(證明有道理)choiceissomehowfundamentaltothehumanexperience.“Ichosethis,soImustlikeit.Ididn’tchoosethisotherthing,soitcannotbesogood.Adultsmaketheseinferencesunconsciously,”Feigensonsaid.Suchtendencymakessensetousasweliveinaconsumercultureandmustmakesomanychoiceseveryday,betweeneverythingfromtoothpastebrandstostylesofjeans.Next,researcherswilllookatwhethertoomanychoicescouldbeaproblemforbabiesastheycertainlyareforadults.1.Whatisthepurposeoftheexperiments?A.Totestwhetherpeoplechoosewhattheylike.B.Toseewhybabiesprefernewtoystooldones.C.Toexplainhowbabiesandadultsmakechoicesdifferently.D.Tostudyiftoomanychoicescouldcreateproblemsforpeople.2.Whatcanbelearnedfromtheexperiments?A.Babiespreferbrightandcolorfultoys.B.Babies’preferencelargelyaffectstheirchoices.C.Babiespreferadultstohelpthemmakechoices.D.Babies’previousrandomchoicesaffecttheirpreference.3.Whyisthenewfindingimportantinlife?AItentirelychangesourstylestochoose.B.Ithelpsusmakewisedecisionsinaconsumerculture.C.Itpromotestherelationshipbetweenadultsandbabies.D.Ithelpsusunderstandourunconsciouspreferenceforchoices.4.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.Babieslikewhattheychoose B.RandomchoicesmatterC.Toomanychoicespuzzletheadults D.Preferenceaffectsthechoice八Theargumentthathuman-causedcarbonemissionsaremerelyadropinthebucketcomparedtogreenhousegasesgeneratedbyvolcanoeshasbeenmakingitswayaroundtherumormillforyears.Andwhileitseemstobereasonable,thesciencejustdoesn’tbackitup.AccordingtotheUSGeologicalSurvey(USGS),theworld’svolcanoes,bothonlandandundersea,generateabout200milliontonsofcarbondioxideannually,whileourautomotiveandindustrialactivitiescausesome24billiontonsofCO2emissionseveryyearworldwide.Despitetheargumentstothecontrary,thefactsspeakforthemselves:Greenhousegasemissionsfromvolcanoescomposelessthanonepercentofthosegeneratedbytoday’shumanactivities.AnotherindicationthathumanemissionssurpassthoseofvolcanoesisthefactthatatmosphericCO2levels,asmeasuredbysamplingstationsaroundtheworld,havegoneupconsistentlyyearafteryearregardlessofwhetherornottherehavebeenmajorvolcaniceruptionsinspecificyears.“Ifitweretruethatindividualvolcaniceruptionsdominatedhumanemissionsandwerecausingtheriseincarbondioxideconcentrations,thenthesecarbondioxiderecordswouldbefullofspikes—oneforeacheruption,”saysCobyBeck,ajournalistwritingforonlineenvironmentalnews.“Instead,suchrecordss