虛擬語氣的構(gòu)成及其用法一、語氣的定義和種類（一）語氣的定義語氣，是指用謂語動(dòng)詞的不同表現(xiàn)形式來表示說話人對(duì)講話內(nèi)容所帶不同的態(tài)度、看法以及心情等。（二）語氣的種類共有三種：陳述、祈使、虛擬語氣。1.陳述語氣表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)是現(xiàn)實(shí)的、確定的或符合事實(shí)的，用于陳述句、疑問句和某些感嘆句。謂語動(dòng)詞大多使用陳述語氣。Eg.IhavereceivedalotofChristmasgiftsandcardsfrommyfriendsonlineallovertheworldsinceonemonthago.我從一個(gè)月前就收到了世界各地網(wǎng)友們寄來的許多圣誕禮品和賀卡。Hetakesawalkaftersuppereveryday.他每天晚飯后都散步。2.祈使語氣是說話人向?qū)Ψ较逻_(dá)命令、指示，提出要求、勸告等，謂語動(dòng)詞用原形。Eg.Tellhernottogetupsolateagain.叫她別再起床起得那么遲了。Askhimtotakeawalkaftersupper,please.請(qǐng)讓他晚飯后散散步。3.虛擬語氣用來表示假想、愿望、懷疑或推測，它表現(xiàn)說話人的主觀因素較多，所講內(nèi)容往往是與事實(shí)相反的，或是其實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性微乎其微，甚至不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)。但為了使說話的語氣客氣、緩和、委婉，便使用虛擬語氣。Eg.IfIhadmoremoney,Iwouldbuyabiggerapartment.我要是有再多一點(diǎn)錢，我就買一套更大一些的房子。（言下之意：我現(xiàn)在沒錢，也買不起更大的房子。）Ifhetookawalkaftersuppereveryday,hewouldkeepfit.要是他每天晚飯后散散步，他就會(huì)保持健康了。（言下之意：他不太可能養(yǎng)成晚飯后散步的習(xí)慣，而現(xiàn)在健康狀況也不好。）句型結(jié)構(gòu)如下：Itisstrangethat…(很奇怪……)Itisorderedthat…(根據(jù)命令、要求……)Itisproposedthat…(人們建議……)Itisdesiredthat...(最好、需要……)Itisrequestedthat…(人們要求……)Itissuggestedthat…(有人建議……)Itisrecommendthat…(有人推薦……)Itisdemandedthat…(根據(jù)要求……)Itisdecidedthat…(已經(jīng)決定……)Itisarrangedthat…(已經(jīng)安排……)Itisagreatpitythat…(……真是一件憾事)這些詞在表示上述相關(guān)的意思，其所構(gòu)成的主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句等句型中，都要使用“(should)+動(dòng)詞原形”。例如：Itisnecessarythathe(should)besenttoBeijingrightaway.有必要立即派他去北京。（主語從句）Theorderwasthatthemedicine(should)besenttherebyplaneatonce.命令是藥品必須馬上用飛機(jī)送到那里。（表語從句）Theorderthatthemedicines(should)besenttherebyplaneatoncewassenttothebranchoffice.立刻用飛機(jī)運(yùn)送藥品的命令被下達(dá)至支部。（同位語從句）2.主語+v.+that+(should)動(dòng)詞原形所用v.表示建議、勸告、命令等主觀色彩（前一節(jié)中已列出）。例如：Isuggestthatyou(should)notbelateagainnexttime.我建議你下次別再遲到了。Heproposedthatwe(should)talkhearttoheart.他提議我們交心談一談。注意：這類中有些動(dòng)詞發(fā)生意思改變，則所帶賓語從句不用虛擬。如suggest表示“間接地表明”或“暗示”之意；insist意為強(qiáng)調(diào)、堅(jiān)持自己的所作所為、堅(jiān)持說時(shí)，要用陳述語氣。Whathesaidsuggested(表明)thathedidnotagreewithus.他所說的話表明他不同意我們的意見。Isuggestedthatyou(should)notbelateagainnexttime.我建議你下次別再遲到了。Sheinsiststhatsheisright.她強(qiáng)調(diào)自己是對(duì)的。SheinsistedthatIshouldfinishtheworkatonce.她堅(jiān)持要求我馬上完成這項(xiàng)工作。3.incase/lest/forfear+that+should動(dòng)詞原形(should不可省)意為唯恐…,以免/以防…,后接消極意義的目的狀語從句。例如：Hetookaraincoatwithhimincase/lestitshouldrain.他怕下雨便帶了一件雨衣。Sheputawoolblanketoverthechildforfearthat/lestheshouldcatchacold.她把一條毛毯蓋在孩子身上，以防他感冒。第二類型：were/did型。即借用動(dòng)詞過去式的某個(gè)形式以及be動(dòng)詞的“were”來表達(dá)虛擬。1.if非真實(shí)條件句；2.wish+賓語從句；3.wouldrather/wouldsooner/hadrather/wouldprefer+賓從(還不如…,寧可…,倒希望…)；4.Ifonly+從句(要是…就好了,但愿…)5.Itis(high)time+(that)從句(是…的時(shí)候了)6.asif/though+從句(似乎…)1.if非真實(shí)條件句型非真實(shí)條件句指對(duì)已經(jīng)發(fā)生過的事情，或?qū)Σ豢赡馨l(fā)生或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的事情，作出與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。例如：Iftherehadbeenadoctoravailable,thechildmighthavebeensaved.如果當(dāng)時(shí)有醫(yī)生在，這個(gè)孩子就有可能得救了。(事實(shí)即當(dāng)時(shí)醫(yī)生不在場，孩子并未得救)非真實(shí)性條件句轉(zhuǎn)化為倒裝句：

在上述含有虛擬語氣的條件狀語從句中，如含有had,should,were這三個(gè)詞的話，可將if省略，再將句子的主語和謂語動(dòng)詞中的had,should或were實(shí)行倒裝，意思相同。例如：

Ifyouwerethemanagerhere,whatwouldyoudo?

Wereyouthemanagerhere,whatwouldyoudo?

Ifheshouldactlikethatagain,hewouldbefiredimmediately.

Shouldheactlikethatagain,hewouldbefiredimmediately.非真實(shí)性條件句的基本句式：Ifheweretodoit,hewoulddoitwell.

Ifitshouldrain,wewouldn’tgoout.假設(shè)類型if從句謂語動(dòng)詞主句謂語動(dòng)詞與將來事實(shí)相反should/wereto+do(動(dòng)原)would/should/could/might+do(動(dòng)詞原形)3.wouldrather/wouldsooner/hadrather/wouldprefer+(that)動(dòng)詞一般過去時(shí)/過去完成時(shí)意為“寧愿,寧肯,寧可…”Themanagerwouldratherhisdaughterdidnotworkinthesameoffice.那位經(jīng)理寧愿女兒不與自己在同一間辦公室工作。Tobefrank,I’dratheryouwerenotinvolvedinthecase.坦率地說，我希望你不要卷入這件事。Iwouldrathereverythinghadn’thappenedinthepast.我真希望過去的一切不曾發(fā)生過。注意：wouldrather以及wouldrather…than…的句型中后接動(dòng)詞原形。Shewouldratherstayathomealonetoday.她今天寧愿自己一個(gè)人呆在家里。Iwouldratherstayathomethangoouttoday.我今天寧愿呆在家里而不出去。6.Itis(about/high)time+(that)主語+did動(dòng)詞一般過去時(shí)

（是……的時(shí)候了）

Itishightimethatwebegantowork.咱們?cè)撻_始工作了。7.Asif/though+主語+did/haddone…（似乎…）

Shelovesthechildreninthekindergartenasiftheywereherown.她像愛自己孩子一樣疼愛幼兒園的孩子們。

HetalkedaboutChinaasifhehadbeenthere.他談起中國來好像去過那里。asif(though)除了接虛擬語氣，也可以接陳述語氣。陳述語氣則表示作有根據(jù)的推測。如：

Itlooks/seemsasifitisgoingtorain.看來天要下雨。（該句為陳述語氣，表示根據(jù)表象推測很有可能發(fā)生的事。）第三類型：含蓄虛擬式

指沒有明確的條件從句的虛擬條件句，一般是條件用介詞短語、動(dòng)詞過去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、轉(zhuǎn)折語氣的連詞、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)等方式來代替虛擬條件句，甚至完全省略的其條件部分，只根據(jù)上、下文線索來判斷，這時(shí)主句的時(shí)態(tài)要求與含有條件從句的主句要求相同。用于引出含蓄虛擬條件句包括but,or(否則),otherwise(否則),without(要不是),with(要是有),butthat(要不是),butfor(要不是),ifithadnotbeenfor/倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)haditnotbeenfor/wereitnotfor(要不是)等短語。如：Withoutelectricityhumanlifewouldbequitedifferentnow.(=Iftherewerenoelectricity…)如果沒有電，今天人類的生活會(huì)完全不一樣。Butforthestorm,weshouldhavearrivedearlier.(=ifithadnotbeenforthestorm…)要不是由于這場暴風(fēng)雨，我們一定到得更早。Givenmoretimeandmoney,wecoulddotheworkbetter.(=Ifweweregivenmoretimeandmoney…)假如多給一些時(shí)間和錢，我們會(huì)把工作干得更出色。Nothavingfinishedherhomework,shecouldnothavebeenbackhome.(=Ifshehadnotfinishedherhomework…)如果完不成作業(yè)，她是不能回家的。Jackcan’thavearrivedyet;otherwisehewouldhavetelephonedme.(=ifhehadarrived)杰克不可能已經(jīng)到了，要不，他早就給我打電話了。LiMingwouldhavefallenintothewellbuthisunclecaughthim.(=ifhisunclehadnotcaughthim)要不是李明叔叔把他拉住，他就掉到井里了。Weatherpermitting,wewouldgoouttohaveapicnic.(Ifweatherpermitted…)天氣好的話，我們會(huì)出去野餐。Einsteinreceivedseveralbasketsofcards,lettersandtelegramsofcongratulation.Thegiftstohimwouldhavefilledarailroadfreightcar.(省略了Ifhisgiftshadbeenputtogether.)愛因斯坦收到了滿滿的幾籃子表示祝賀的卡片、賀信和賀電。送給他的禮物之多簡直要把一節(jié)貨車都快裝滿了。Anyoneinhispositionwouldhavedonethesame.(省略了Ifanyonehadbeenintheposition)任何人處在他的位置上，都會(huì)這么做的。Wewouldhavesucceeded(省略了Ifwehadkepttrying)我們本來是會(huì)成功的。Iwouldappreciatealittleofyourtime.(省略了Ifyouweresokindastogivemealittleofyourtime.)給我一點(diǎn)時(shí)間，我將不勝感激。虛擬語氣的相關(guān)練習(xí)和題解1.IfIwereinamovie,thenitwouldbeabouttimethatI_____myheadinmyhandsforacry.A.buryB.amburyingC.buriedD.wouldbury2.Thedeanofourdepartmentaskedthatallthestudents_____atthereceptionthisafternooninordertomeet.A.arepresentB.willbepresentC.wouldbepresentD.bepresent3.Itisrequestedthatanapplicantwhoseundergraduateworkisdoneatanotherinstitution_____twoc