huamengedu.新SAT必備背景知識(shí)----DeclarationofIndependence華盟教育Mellisa在.....的過程中民族在.....的過程中民族開始從事，擔(dān)任合適的驅(qū)使InthecourseofPeopleAssumeDecentImpel釋義：在人類事物的發(fā)展過程當(dāng)中，一個(gè)民族應(yīng)該解開與另一個(gè)民族之間的政治聯(lián)系，這件事情非常的必要。然后，這個(gè)民族應(yīng)該開始成為一個(gè)獨(dú)立國家，并且立足于地球的其他政權(quán)之中，并且建立這樣一個(gè)國家是有自然定律和上帝授意的。出于對(duì)人類輿論的尊重，應(yīng)該把驅(qū)使民族獨(dú)立的原因公布出來。Weholdthesetruthstobeself-evident,thatallmenarecreatedequal,thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienablerights,thatamongthesearelife,libertyandthepursuitofhappiness.Thattosecuretheserights,governmentsareinstitutedamongMen,derivingtheirjustpowersfromtheconsentofthegoverner.Thatwheneveranyformofgovernmentbecomesdestructiveoftheseends,itistherightofthepeopletoalterortoabolishit,andtoinstitutenewgovernment,layingitsfoundationonsuchprinciplesandorganizingitspowersinsuchform,astothemshallseemmostlikelytoeffecttheirsafetyandhappiness.Self-evidentUnalienableConsentEndAbolishEffect不言而喻的不可剝奪的同意，贊成Self-evidentUnalienableConsentEndAbolishEffect不言而喻的不可剝奪的同意，贊成目標(biāo)廢除獲得釋義：我們認(rèn)為以下真理是不言而喻的：所有人生而平等，人們被他們的造物者賦予了一些不了被剝奪的權(quán)利，生存權(quán)，自由權(quán)和追求快樂的權(quán)利。為了保證這些權(quán)利，政府出現(xiàn)了。政府的正當(dāng)?shù)臋?quán)利是經(jīng)過統(tǒng)治者同意才被授予的。任何形式的政府一旦對(duì)這些目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)進(jìn)行了破壞，人們就有權(quán)利廢除這個(gè)政府，建立一個(gè)新的政府。根據(jù)這樣的原則來建立政府,并且以這樣的原則組織政府。對(duì)于人民來講，才能獲得安全感和幸福感。Prudence,indeed,willdictatethatGovernmentslongestablishedshouldnotbechangedforlightandtransientcauses,andaccordinglyallexperiencehathshewn,thatmakindaremoredisposedtosuffer,whileevialsaresufferable,thantorightthemselvesbyabolishingtheformstowhichtheyareaccustomed.Butwhenalongtrainofabusesandusurpations,pursuinginvariablythesameObjectevincesadesigntoreducethemunderabsoluteDespotism,itistheirright,itistheirduty,tothrowoffsuchGovernment,andtoprovidenewGuardsfortheirfuturesecurity suchhasbeenthepatientsufferanceoftheseColonies;andsuchisnowthenecessitywhichconstrainsthemtoaltertheirformerSystemsofGovernment.ThehistoryofthepresentKingofGreatBritainisahistoryofrepeatedinjuriesandusurpations,allhavingindirectobjecttheestablishmentofanabsoluteTyrannyovertheseStates.Toprovethis,letFactsbesubmittedtoacandidworld.釋義：審慎地來說，成立了多年的政府不應(yīng)該由無關(guān)緊要或者一時(shí)的原因換掉。根據(jù)過往的經(jīng)驗(yàn)來看，當(dāng)邪惡可以忍受的時(shí)候，人們更愿意忍受，而不是為自己伸冤而廢除政府。但是當(dāng)存在長期的濫用權(quán)力和強(qiáng)取豪奪，表明政府企圖把人民處于專制狀態(tài)下，人民就有權(quán)利推翻政府，為他們將來的生活提供保障。這就是殖民地人民過去遭受的這種苦難強(qiáng)迫人們推翻更換政府。當(dāng)今的大不列顛的歷史就是不斷的強(qiáng)取豪奪，這樣做的目的就是為了在各個(gè)州之上建立絕對(duì)的暴政?？偠灾?，為了證明以上說的都是事實(shí)，我們應(yīng)該把事實(shí)公諸于世，讓世人做出評(píng)判4.ThomasJefferson:AnAmericanFoundingFatherwhowasprincipleauthoroftheDeclarationofIndependence(1776).HewaselectedthesecondVicePresidentoftheUnitedState(1797---1801)andthethirdPresident(1801---1809)Hehasdissolvedrepresentativehousesrepeatedly,foropposingwithmainlyfirmnesshisinvasionontherightsofthepeople.Hehasrefusedforalongtime,aftersuchdissolution,tocauseotherstobeerected;wherebythelegislativepowers,incapableofannihilation,havereturnedtothepeopleatlargefortheirexercise;theStateremaininginthemeantimeexposedtoallthedangersofinvasionfromwithoutandconvulsionswithin.Hehasendeavoredtopresentthepopulationofthesestates;forthatpurposeobstructingthelawsofnaturalizationofforeigners;refusingtopassotherstoencouragetheirmigrationhither,andraisingtheconditionofnewapprpriationsoflands.眾議院

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撥用Governorstopasslawsofimmediateandpressingimportance,unlessWholesomePressingUtterlyAttendRelinquishInestimableFormidableDepositoryFatiguingRepresentativehouseDissolutionAnnihilationAtlargeConvulsionNaturalizationHitherAppropriation釋義：Hehasrefusedhisassenttolaws,themostwholesomeandnecessaryforthepublicgood.Hehasforbiddenhissuspendedintheiroperationtillhisassentshouldbeobtained;andwhensosuspended,hehasutterlyneglectedtoattendthem.Hehasrefusedtopassotherlawsfortheaccomodationoflargedistrictsofpeople,unlessthosepeoplewouldrelinquishtherightofrepresentationintheLegislaturet,arightinestimabletothemandformidableonlytotyrants.Hehascalledtogetherlegislativebodiesatplacesunusual,uncomfortable,anddistantfromthedpositoryoftheirpublicrecords,forthesolepurposeoffatiguingthemintocompliancewithhismeasures.有益的緊迫的完全處理放棄珍貴的可怕的儲(chǔ)藏所使人勞累釋義：他拒絕同義批準(zhǔn)一些法律，這些法律是對(duì)于公眾利益來說最有益、最必要的。英國殖民者禁止他的殖民總督批準(zhǔn)極端重要的法律。當(dāng)這個(gè)法律被擱置之后，他們又完全置之不理。殖民者拒絕通過其他的法律，對(duì)于大地區(qū)人民提供便利的法律。除非人們放棄在立法機(jī)構(gòu)中的代表權(quán)，而這種代表權(quán)是人們非常珍貴，對(duì)暴君非常害怕的權(quán)利。暴君就會(huì)召集這些立法機(jī)關(guān)到一個(gè)不尋常的，令人不適的，距離檔案庫非常遠(yuǎn)的地方，唯一的目的就是為了讓這些代表非常的疲憊，從而逼迫他們順從暴君的暴政。DeclarationofIndupendeiineUShistory:DocumentthatwasapprovedbytheContinentalCongressonJuly4,1776andthatannouncedtheseparationof13NorthAmericanBritishcoloniesfroGreatBritain.ItexplainedwhytheCongressonJuly2“unanimously"bythevotesof12colonies3(withNewYorkabstaining)hadresolvedthat“theseUnitedColoniesare,andofrightoughttobeFreeandIndependentstates."According,thedayonwhichfinalseparationwasofficiallyvotedwasJuly2,althoughthe4也thedayonwhichtheHehasobstructedtheadministrationofjustice,byrefusinghisassenttolawsforestablishingjudiciarypowers.HehasmadeJudgesdependentonhiswillalone,forthetenureoftheiroffice,andtheamountandpaymentoftheirsalaries.Hehaserectedamultitudeofnewofficers,andsenthitherswarmsofofficerstoharassourpeople,andeatouttheirsubstance.Hehaskeptamongus,intimesofpeace,standingarmieswithouttheconsentofourlegislatures.Hehasaffectedtorenderthemilitaryindependentofandsuperiortothecivilpower.Hehascombinedwithotherstosubjectustoajurisdictionforeigntoourconstitution,andunacknowledgedbyourlaws;givinghisassenttotheiractsofpretendedlegislation.JudiciaryTenureErectAmultitudeofSwarmHarassStandingarmyJurisdiction司法制度任期建立大批的成群騷擾常備軍管轄；司法權(quán)釋義：背景知識(shí)：美國獨(dú)立日時(shí)7.4號(hào)。因?yàn)楠?dú)立宣言是在1776年7月4日簽訂的。當(dāng)時(shí)在美洲有13個(gè)英屬殖民地，1776.7.2號(hào)，其中12各州（除了紐約州棄權(quán)）獨(dú)立了出來，而因?yàn)?.4號(hào)才簽訂，所有美國獨(dú)立日還是定在7.4號(hào)。1.英國殖民者阻撓法律的執(zhí)行，拒接批準(zhǔn)建立司法權(quán)力的法案。殖民者讓法官依照他自己的一員形式，原因是法官要保證自己的任期和工資。殖民者新設(shè)了大批的官員，讓這些官員騷擾人民，并且吞噬人民的財(cái)務(wù)。在和平時(shí)期，殖民者還設(shè)立了常備軍，而未經(jīng)立法機(jī)構(gòu)的同意。在殖民者的引導(dǎo)下，讓軍隊(duì)凌駕于政權(quán)之上。殖民者和別人勾結(jié)，讓我們?nèi)シ倪@樣的管理，是和我們的法律不承認(rèn)的管理，去批準(zhǔn)法律不同意的法案。Checkandbalance:Principleofgovernmentunderwhichseparatebranchesareempoweredtooreventactionsbyotherbranchesandareinducedtosharepower.Checksandbalancesareappliedprimarilyinconstitutionalgovernments.Theyareof4fundamentalimportanceintripatitegovernments,suchasthatoftheUnitedStates,whichseparatepowersamonglegislative,executive,andjudicialbranches.Forquarteringlargebodiesofarmedtroopsamongus;Forprotectingthem,byamocktrial,frompunishmentforanymurderswhichtheyshouldcommitontheinhabitantsoftheeseStates.Forcuttingoffourtradewithallpartsoftheworld;Forimposingtaxesonuswithoutourconsent;Fordeprivingusinmanycases,ofthebenefitsoftrialbyjury;Fortransportingusbeyondseastobetriedforpretendedoffenses;ForabolishingthefreesystemofEnglishlawsinaneighboringProvince,establishingthereinanarbitrarygovernment,andenlargingitsboundariessoastorenderitatonceanexampleandfitinstrumentforintroducingthesameabsoluteruleintotheseColonies;FortakingawayourCharters,abolishingourmostvaluablelaws,andalteringfundamentallytheformsofourgovernments.ForsuspendingourownLegislatures,anddeclaringthemselvesinvestedwithpowertolegislateforusinallcaseswhatsiever.Quartering駐軍Mocktrial假審訊Imposeon強(qiáng)加于Deprive剝奪Case法律案件Jury陪審團(tuán)Pretendedoffenses“莫須有的”罪名Jurisdiction管轄，司法權(quán)Arbitrary專治的Charters特許狀釋義：ChecksandBalances:憲政知識(shí)原則：制約和平衡Legislative:立法權(quán)---國會(huì)---參議院vs.眾議院Executive:行政權(quán)——總統(tǒng)Judicial:司法權(quán)----最高法院+大法官因?yàn)橛趁裾咴谖覀兊娜嗣裰g駐扎了大量的軍隊(duì)，所以美國想獨(dú)立。并且通過假的審訊審判，英國政府還庇護(hù)這些官僚，而這些官員犯下了巨大的罪行。殖民者切斷了我們與世界的貿(mào)易，未經(jīng)我們的同意，對(duì)我們強(qiáng)行征稅。殖民者在很多案件中，剝奪了我們享有陪審團(tuán)的權(quán)利。英國殖民者以莫須有的罪名把我們押解到國外受審。首先英國殖民者在一個(gè)臨近的省份里，廢除了英國法律中的自由制度，建立了專制的制度，并且還擴(kuò)到了省份的面積疆域，建立了一個(gè)工具向這些地區(qū)的人民實(shí)施專制統(tǒng)治。英國殖民者取消了我們的特許狀，廢除了我們最珍貴的法律，改變了我們政府的基本形式。他們?nèi)∠宋覀冏约旱牧⒎?quán)力，還宣稱他們?cè)谌魏吻闆r下，都具有為我們立法的權(quán)利。CongressoftheUnitedStates:ThelegislatureoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica,establishedundertheConstitutionof1789andseparatedstructureallyfromtheexcutiveandjudicialbranchesofgovernment.Itconsistsoftwohouses:theSenate,inwhicheachstate,regardlessofitssize,isrepresentedbytwosenators,andtheHouseofRepresentatives(seeRepresentatives,Houseof),towhichmembersareelectedonthebasisofpopulation.AmongtheexpresspowersofCongressasdefinedintheConstitutionarethepowertolayandcollecttaxes,borrowmoneyonthecreditoftheUnitedStates,regulatecommerce,coinmoney,declarewar,raiseandsupportarmies,andmakealllawsnecessaryfortheexecutionofitspowers.Hehasabdictedgovernmenthere,bydeclaringusoutofhisprotectionandwagingwaragainstus.Hehasplunderedourseas,ravagedourcoasts,burntourtowns,anddestroyedthelivesofourpeople.Heisatthistransportinglargearmiesofforeignmercenariestocompletetheworksofdeath,desolationandtyranny,alreadybegunwithcircunstancesofcrueltyandpefidyscaercelyparellelinthemostbarbarousage,andtotallyunworthytheheadofacivilizednation.Hehasconstrainedourfellowcitizenstakencapitiveonthehighseastobeararmsagainsttheircountry,tobecometheexecutionersoftheirfriendsandbrethren,ortofallthemselvesbytheirhands.Hehasexciteddemosticinsurrectionamongstus,andhasendeavoredtobringontheinhabitantsofourfrontiers,themercilessIndiansavages,whoseknownruleofwarfare,isanundistinguisheddestructionofallages,sexes,andconditions.AbdicateWagePlunderRavageMercenaryDesolationPerfidyBarbarousCaptive放棄開始，進(jìn)行（戰(zhàn)爭）掠奪破壞雇傭兵荒涼背信棄義野蠻的俘虜

BrethrenInsurrectionMerciless同胞內(nèi)亂殘忍的釋義:同胞內(nèi)亂殘忍的9.Senate：Oneofthetwohousesofthelegislature(Congress)oftheUnitedStates,establishedin1789undertheConstitution.Eachstateelectstwosenatorsforsix-yearterms.TheroleoftheSenatewasconceivedbytheFoundingFathersasacheckonthepopularlyelectedHouseofRepresentatives.Thus,eachstate,regardlessofsizeorpopulation,isequallyrepresented.Further,untiltheSeventeenthAmendmentoftheConstitution(1913),electiontotheSenatewasindirectbythestatelegislatures.Theyarenowelecteddirectlybyvotersofeachstate.Ineverystageoftheseoppressionswehavepotitionedforredressinthemosthumbleterms:ourrepeatedpetitionhavebeenansweredonlybyrepeatedinjury.Aprincewhosecharacteristhusmarkedbyeveryactwhichmaydefineatyrantisunfittobetherulerofafreepeople.NorhavewebeenwantinginattentiononourBritishbrethren.Wehavewarnedthemfromtimetotimeofattemptsbytheirlegislatur