外國語大學翻譯筆試（回憶版英語基一、Fillingfollowingblankswithaword.NicholasKristofisaNewYorkTimescolumnist.?2014/thenewyorktimesAmericanDreamisLeavingAmericaThebestescalatortoopportunityintheUSiseducation.Butanewstudyunderscoresthattheescalatorisbroken.Weexpecteachgenerationtodobetter,but,currently,moreyoungAmericanmenhavelesseducation(29%)thantheirparentsthanhavemoreeducation(20%).throughcollegethemselves.Inotherrichcountries,thefigureis23%.TheUSisdevotingbillionsofdollarstocompetewithRussiamilitarily,butmaybeweshouldtrytocompeteeducationally.Russianowhasthelargestpercentageofadultswithauniversityeducationofanyindustrializedcountry—apositiononceheldbytheUS,althoughwe’replunginginthatroster.ThesefigurescomefromtheannualsurveyofeducationfromtheanizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment,orOECD,anditshouldbeashocktoAmericans.AbasicelementoftheAmericandreamisequalaccesstoeducationasthelubricantofsocialandeconomicmobility.ButtheAmericandreamseemstohaveemigratedbecausemanycountriesdobetterthantheUSineducationalmobility,accordingtotheOECDAsrecentlyas2000,theUSstillrankedsecondintheshareofthepopulationwithacollegedegree.Nowwehavedroppedtofifth.Among25-to-34-year-olds—aglimpseofhowwewillrankinthefuture—werank12th,whileonce-impoverishedSouthKoreatopsthelist.AnewPewsurveyfindsthatAmericansconsiderthegreatestthreattoourcountrytobethegrowinggapbetweentherichandpoor.Yetwehaveconstructedaneducationsystem,dependentonlocalpropertytaxes,thatprovidesgreatschoolsfortherichkidsinthesuburbswhoneedtheleasthelp,andbroken,dangerousschoolsforinner-citychildrenwhodesperayneedahelhand.Toooften,theUS’seducationsystemamplifiesnotopportunitybutinequality.MydadwasaWorldWarIIrefugeewhofledandRomaniaandeventuallymadehiswaytoFrance.HespokeperfectFrench,andPariswouldhavebeenanaturalplacetosettle.ButhefeltthatFrancewasstratifiedandwouldofferlittleopportunitytonnilessEasternEuropeanrefugee,oreventohischildrenagenerationlater,sohesetoutfortheUS.Hedidn’tspeakEnglish,but,onarrivalin1951,heboughtacopyoftheSundayeditionofTheNewYorkTimesandbegantoteachhimself—andthenheworkedhiswaythroughReedCollegeandtheUniversityofChicago,earningaPhDandingauniversityprofessor.HerodetheAmericandreamtosuccess;sodidhisonlychild.Butwhilehewasrightin1951tobetonopportunityintheUSratherthanEurope,theseday dperhapsbewrong.ResearchersfindeconomicandeducationalmobilityarenowgreaterinEuropethanintheUS.That’sparticularlysadbecause,asmyTimescolleagueEduardoPorternotedlastmonth,egalitarianeducationusedtobetheUS’sstrongsuit.Europeancountriesexcelledat-rateeducationfortheelites,buttheUSledthewayinmasseducation.Bythemid-1800s,mostAmericanstatesprovidedafreeelementaryeducationtothegreatmajorityofwhitechildren.Incontrast,aslateas1870,only2%ofBritish14-year-oldswereinschool.ThentheUSwasthemajorcountry,inthe1930s,inwhichamajorityofchildrenattendedhighschool.Bycontrast,aslateas1957,only9%of17-year-oldsinBritainwereinschool.Untilthe1970s,wewerepre-eminentinmasseducation,andClaudiaGoldinandLawrenceKatzofHarvardUniversityarguepowerfullythatthiswasthesecrettotheUS’seconomicrise.Thenweblewit,andthelatestOECDreportunderscoreshowtherestoftheworldiseclipsingus.Ineffect,theUShase19th-centuryBritain:rovidesuperbeducationforelites,butwefalteratmasseducation.Inparticular,wefailatearlyeducation.AcrosstheOECD,aageof70%of3-year-oldsareenrolledineducationprogrammes.IntheUS,it’s38%.Insomequarters,there’srceptionthatAmericanteachersarelazy.ButtheOECDreportindicatesthatAmericanteachersworkfarlongerhoursthantheircounterpartsabroad.YetAmericanteachersearn68%asmuchastheaverageAmericancollege-educatedworker,whiletheOECDaverageis88%.Fixingtheeducationsystemisthecivilrightschallengeofourera.AstartingpointistoembraceanethosthatwasbornintheUSbutisnowanexpatriate:thatweoweallchildrenafairstartinlifeintheformofaccesstoaneducationescalator.Let’sfixthe二、Answerfollowingquestions大概，有出入）1、Whydidtheauthor’sfatherleaveforAmerica?2、WhatiseducationalmobilitylikeinEurope?3、AccordingtoClaudiaGoldinwhatisthesecrettotheUS’seconomicrise?4、Whatisthe19th-centuryBritaineducationlike?5、AccordingtotheauthorhowtofixtheproblemofAmericaneducation三、WritearesponseWouldwebebetteroffwithoutreligion?Writeintheformatwhyorwhynot時間：12.28上午8:30~11：30一、writeadescriptionoffuturecitybasedonthefollowingAsmuchastheInternethasalreadychangedtheworld,itistheWeb’snextphasethatwillbringthebiggestopportunities,revolutionizingthewaywelive,work,play,andlearn.Thatnextphase,whichsomecalltheInternetofThingsandwhichwecalltheInternetofEverything,isthein ligentconnectionofpeople,processes,data,andthings.Althoughitonceseemedlikeafar-offidea,itis ingarealityforbusinesses, ernments,andacademicinstitutionsworldwide.Today,halftheworld’spopulationhasaccesstotheInternet;by2020,two-thirdswillbeconnected.Likewise,some13.5billiondevicesareconnectedtotheInternettoday;by2020,weexpectthatnumbertoclimbto50billion.Thethingsthatare—andwillbe—connectedaren’tjusttraditionaldevices,suchascomputers,tablets,andphones,butalsoparkingspacesandalarmclocks,railroadtracks,streetlights,garbagecans,andcomponentsofjetengines.Alloftheseconnectionsarealreadygeneratingmassiveamountsofdigitaldata—anditdoubleseverytwoyears.Newtoolswillcollectandsharethatdata(some15,000applicationsaredevelopedeachweek!)and,withytics,thatcanbeturnedintoinformation,inligence,andevenwisdom,enablingeveryonetomakebetterdecisions,bemoreproductive,andhavemoreenrichingexperiences.Andthevaluethatitwillbringwillbeepic.Infact,theInternetofEverythinghasthepotentialtocreate$19trillioninvalueoverthenextdecade.Fortheglobalprivatesector,thisequatestoa21percentpotentialaggregateincreaseincorporateprofits—or$14.4trillion.Theglobalpublicsectorwillbenefitaswell,usingtheInternetofEverythingasavehicleforthedigitizationofcitiesandcountries.Thiswillimproveefficiencyandcutcosts,resultinginasmuchas$4.6trillionoftotalvalue.Beyondthat,itwillhelp(andalreadyishel)addresssomeoftheworld’smostvexingchallenges:agingandgrowingpopulationsrapidlymovingtourbancenters;growingdemandforincreasinglylimitednaturalresources;andmassiverebalancingineconomicgrowthbetweenbrisklygrowingemergingmarketcountriesandslowingdevelopedcountries.PHYSICALMorethanhalfoftheworld’spopulationnowlivesinornearamajorurbanarea,andthemovetowardever-greaterurbanizationshowsnosignsofslowing.AccordingtotheUnitedNations,theglobalpopulationisexpectedtogrowfromsevenbilliontodayto9.3billionby2050,andtheworld’scitieswillhaveto modateabout70percentmoreresidents.Thetraditionalwaysofdealingwiththeinflux—simplyaddingmorephysicalinfrastructure—won’twork,givenlimitedresourcesandspace.Newwaysofincorporatingtechnologywillberequiredtoprovideurbanservices,whetherit’sroads,water,electricity,gas,workspaces,schools,orhealthcare.Inthefuture,therewillbelessemphasisonphysicalconnectionsandmoreonaccesstovirtualconnections.Citiesalsofacebudgetarychallenges,battlingrisingcostsandshrinkingresources.Theworld’scitiesaccountfor70percentofgreenhouse-gasemissions,andaccordingtoUN-HABITAT,energy-relatedcostsareoneofthebiggestmunicipalbudgetitems.Technologycouldprovideasimplefixjustbyupdatingagingstreetlightingsystems.ThatwouldalsoimprovecitizensafetyandcreateamorefavorableenvironmentforbusinessTherearesimilarissuesinmanyoftheworld’swatersystems,withagingpipesindesperateneedofreplacing.Forinstance,theUnitedStates’waterinfrastructureisnearofitslifecyclewithapproxima y240,000watermainbreakseachyear.Thecostoffixingthiscrumblinginfrastructurecouldexceed$1trillionoverthenext25years,assumingthatallpipesarereplaced.Byplacingnetworkedsensorsinwatermainsandundergroundpipesystemsastheyarerepairedandreplaced,citiescouldmoreeffectivelymonitorandbetteranticipatefutureleaksandotherpotentialproblemsastheinfrastructureisupgraded.Morepeoplealsomeansmorewaste.Theamountofmunicipalsolidwastegeneratedaroundtheworldisexpectedtoreach2.2billiontonsby2025—upfrom1.3billionin2012.Globally,solidwastemanagementcostswillrisetoabout$375.5billionby2025,accordingtopredictionsbytheWorldBank.Onceagain,theInternetofEverythingofferswaystobettermanageandreducethesecosts.Forexample,sensorsinresidentialandcommercialgarbagecontainerscouldalertacitywastemanagementsystemwhentheyarefull.Eachmorning,thedriverswouldreceivetheiroptimizedroutetoemptythefullcontainers.Comparedtotoday’sfixed-routesystem,thenewsystemcouldsavemillionsofdollarsbyincreasingefficienciesandworkerproductivity.Theinligentandefficientstewardshipofgrowingcitiesmusttaketoppriority.Andthere,weareconvincedthattheInternetofEverythingwillbringoneofthemostsignificanttechnologytransitionssincethebirthoftheInternet.Connectionsbetweenthingsandpeople,supportedbynetworkedprocesses,willenableeveryonetoturndataintoactionableinformationthatcanbeusedtodothingsthatweren’tpossiblebefore,ortodothembetter.Wecanmorequicklydiscoverpatternsandtrends;wecanpredictandprepareforanythingfrombusorassemblylinebreakdownstonaturaldisastersandquicksurgesinproductdemand.PUBLICPerhapssurprisingly,thepublicsectorhasbeenthemosteffectiveandinnovativeearlyadopterwhenitcomestomakinguseoftheInternetofEverything,especiallyinmajormetropolitanareas.NewandinnovativesolutionsarealreadytransforminggreenfieldsandrundownurbancentersintowhatwecallSmart+ConnectedCommunities,orSmartCities.AccordingtoIHSTechnology,thetotalnumberofSmartCitieswillquadruplefrom21to88between2013and2025.AtCisco,weareengagedwithmorethan100citiesindifferentstagesofSmartCitydevelopment.Bydefinition,SmartCitiesarethosethatintegrateinformationcommunicationstechnologyacrossthreeormorefunctionalareas.Moresimplyput,aSmartCityisonethatcombinestraditionalinfrastructure(roads,buildings,andsoon)withtechnologytoenrichthelivesofitscitizens.Creativeplatformsandkillerappshavehelpedreducetraffic,parkingcongestion,pollution,energyconsumption,andcrime.Theyhavealsogeneratedrevenueandreducedcostsforcityresidentsandvisitors.Forinstance,one-thirdoftheworld’sstreetlightsusetechnologyfromthe1960s.Citiesthatupdateagingsystemswithnetworkedmotion-detectionlightssaveadministrativeandmanagementtimeaswellaselectricityandcosts—asmuchas70–80percent,accordingtoanindependent,globaltrialofLEDtechnology.Byusingsuchenergy-savingtechnologies,citiescandrasticallylowertheirmunicipalexpendituresonelectricity.Ciscoestimatesthatsmartstreetlightinginitiativescsoreduceareacrimebysevenpercentbecauseofbettervisibilityandmorecontentcitizenry.Further,connectedlightpolescanserveaswirelessnetworkingaccesspoints,enablingcitizensandcitymanagerstotakeadvantageofpervasiveconnectivity.Andnetworkedsensorsincorporatedintoutilitylinescouldhelpreducecostsforbothconsumersandproviders,withmetersbeingrad‖remoy,andmuoreaccuray.CitiessuchasNice,Francearealreadyimplementingsmartlighting,whionitorslampintensityandtrafficsensorstoreducecartheft,assaults,andevenhomeburglary.Theselightinginitiativesarealsoexpectedtoreducethecity’senergybillbymorethan$8million.SmartCitiesarealsosavingenergyindoors.Buildingsoutfittedwithinligensorsandnetworkedmanagementsystemscancollectandyzeenergy-usedata.Suchtechnologieshavethepotentialtoreduceenergyconsumptionandcutcostsby$100billiongloballyoverthenextdecade.Thankstohighertraffic,citiesgeneratemorethan67percentofgreenhousegasesreleasedintoouratmosphere.Expertspredictthatthisfigurewillriseto74percentby2030.IntheUnitedStatesalone,trafficcongestioncosts$121billionayearinwastedtimeandfuel.Incredibly,driverslookingforaparkingspacecause30percentofurbancongestion,nottomentionpollution.To ethisproblem,thecityofSanCarlos,Californiahasembeddednetworkedsensorsintoparkingspacesthatrelaytodriversreal-timeinformationabout—anddirectionsto—availablespots.Thisprogramhashelpedreducecongestion,pollution,andfuelconsumption.Moreover,parkingfeescanbedynamicallyadjustedforpeaktimes,whichgeneratesmorerevenueforcities.Citiescanalsointegratesensorsthatcollectandsharereal-timedataaboutpublictransportationsystemstoimprovetrafficflowandbettermonitortheuseofbusesandtrains,givingthemtheabilitytoadjustroutetimesandfrequencyofstopsbasedonchangingneeds.Thisalonewillcutcostsandbringnewefficiencies.Mobileappsthataggregatetheinformation,meanwhile,canhelpcitizenstrackdelaysorcheckpick-uptimesforamoreseamlesscommute.Barcelona,Spainhasalreadychangedthetypicalexperienceofwaitingforabusbydeployingsmartbusstops,wherecitizenscanusetouchscreenmonitorstoviewup-to-datebusschedules,maps,locationsforborrowingcity-ownedbikes,andlocalbusinessesandentertainment.InnovativemunicipalleadersunderstandtheInternetofEverything’sincrediblepromise.Infact,thesedays,the