2011年英語考研必備defgdefgdefgdefg2010年全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語試題defgdefgSectionIUse ofEnglishdefgdefgDirections:defgdefgReadthefollowingtext。Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETlo(10points)defgdefgln1924America*NationalResearchCouncilsenttwoengineerstosuperviseaseriesofindustrialexperimentsatalargetelephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthornePlantnearChicagooIthopedtheywouldlearnhowstop-floorlighting]workers*productivity?Instead,thestudiesended2givingtheirnametothe"Hawthorneeffect”,theextremelyinfluentialideathatthevery3tobeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjects*behaviorodefgdefgTheideaarosebecauseofthebehaviorofthewomenintheHawthorneplantoAccordingto5oftheexperiments,theirhourlyoutputrosewhenlightingwasincreased,butalsowhenitwasdimmedoItdidnot6whatwasdoneintheexperiment;somethingwaschanged,productivityrose。A(n)8thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe9toalterworkers*behavioritselfodefgdefgAfterseveraldecades,thesamedatawereHtoeconometrictheanalysisoHawthorneexperimentshasanothersurprisestorethedescriptionsonrecord,nosystematic13wasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlightingodefgdefgltturnsoutthatpeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmaybehaveletto14interpretationofwhathappedo15 ,lightingwasalwayschangedonaSunday。WhenworkstartedagainonMonday,output16rosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand17toriseforthenextcouple

ofdayso18 ,acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMonday,workers19 tobediligentforthefirstfewdaysoftheweekinanycase,before20 aplateauandthenslackeningoff。Thissuggeststhatthealleged“Hawthorneeffect**ishardtopindownodefgdefglo[A]affected[B]achieved[C]extracted[D]restoreddefgdefg2o[A]at[B]up[C]with[D]offdefgdefg3o[A]truth[B]sight[C]act[D]proofdefgdefg4o[A]controversial[B]perplexing[C]mischievous[D]ambiguousdefgdefg5o [A]requirements[B]explanations[C]accounts[D]assessmentsdefgdefg6o[A]conclude [B]matter[C] indicate[D]workdefgdefg7o[A]asfaras[B]forfearthat [C]incasethat [D] so longasdefgdefg8o[A]awareness[B]expectation [C]sentiment [D]illusiondefgdefg90[A]suitable[B]excessive [C]enough[D]abundantdefgdefg10o[A]about[B]for[C]on[D]bydefgdefgllo[A]compared[B]shown[C]subjected[D]conveyeddefgdefgl2o[A]contraryto[B]consistentwith[C]parallelwith[D]peculiartodefgdefgl3o[A]evidence[B]guidance[C]implication[D]sourcedefgdefgl4o[A]disputable[B]enlightening[C]reliable[D]misleadingdefgdefg15o[A]Incontrast[B]Forexample[C]Inconsequence[D] Asusualdefgdefgl6o[A]duly[B]accidentally[C]unpredictably[D]suddenlydefgdefgl7o[A]failed[B]ceased[C]started[D]continueddefgdefg20o[A]breaking[B]climbing[C]surpassing[D]hittingdefgdefgSectionIIReading ComprehensiondefgdefgPartAdefgdefgDirections:defgdefgReadthefollowingfourtexts。Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D]oMarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEETlo(40points)defgdefgTextIdefgdefgOfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepastquarter-century,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledecline

inthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverageodefgdefgltisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapersoYetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsofcriticismpublishedinthe20thcenturyconsistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews?Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheirlearnedcontentswereoncedeemedsuitableforpublicationingeneral-circulationdailiesodefgdefgWeareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviewspublishedinEnglandbetweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWarII,atatimewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornamenttothepublicationsinwhichitappearedoInthosefar-offdays,itwastakenforgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycoveredoTheirswasaseriousbusiness,andeventhosereviewerswhoworetheirlearninglightly,likeGeorgeBernardShawandErnestNewman,couldbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereaboutoThesemenbelievedinjournalismasacalling,andwereproudtobepublishedinthedailypresso“Sofewauthorshavebrainsenoughorliterarygiftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism,nNewmanwrote,uthatIamtemptedtodefine'journalism'as6atermofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoarenotreadtowriterswhoare。M,defgdefgUnfortunately,thesecriticsarevirtuallyforgottenoNevilleCardus,whowrotefortheManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975,isnowknownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricketoDuringhislifetime,though,hewasalsooneofEngland'sforemostclassical-musiccritics,astylistsowidelyadmiredthathisAutobiography(1947)becameabest-seller。Hewasknightedin1967,thefirstmusiccritictobesohonoredoYetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowinprint,andhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialistsodefgdefglsthereanychancethatCardus'scriticismwillenjoyarevival?Theprospectseemsremote?Journalistictasteshadchangedlongbeforehisdeath,andpostmodernreadershavelittleusefortherichlyupholsteredVicwardianproseinwhichhe

specializedoMoreover,theamateurtraditioninmusiccriticismhasbeeninheadlongretreatodefgdefg21oItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2thatdefgdefg[A]artscriticismhasdisappearedfrombig-citynewspapersodefgdefg[B]English-languagenewspapersusedtocarrymoreartsreviewsodefgdefg[C]high-qualitynewspapersretainalargebodyofreadersodefgdefg[D]youngreadersdoubtthesuitabilityofcriticismondailiesodefgdefg22oNewspaperreviewsinEnglandbeforeWorldWarIIwerecharacterizedbydefgdefg[A]freethemesodefgdefg[B]casualstyle?defgdefg[C]elaboratelayoutodefgdefg[D]radicalviewpoints0defgdefg23oWhichofthefollowingwouldShawandNewmanmostprobablyagreeon?defgdefg[A]Itiswriters*dutytofulfilljournalisticgoalsodefgdefg[B]Itiscontemptibleforwriterstobejournalistsodefgdefg[C]Writersarelikelytobetemptedintojournalismodefgdefg[D]Notallwritersarecapableofjournalisticwritingodefgdefg24oWhatcanbelearnedaboutCardusaccordingtothelasttwoparagraphs?defgdefg[A]Hismusiccriticismmaynotappealtoreaderstodayodefgdefg[B]Hisreputationasamusiccritichaslongbeenindisputeodefgdefg[C]Hisstylecaterslargelytomodernspecialistsodefgdefg[D]Hiswritingsfailtofollowtheamateurtraditionodefgdefg25oWhatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?defgdefg[A]NewspapersoftheGoodOldDaysdefgdefg[B]TheLostHorizoninNewspapersdefgdefg[C]MournfulDeclineofJournalismdefgdefg[D]ProminentCriticsinMemorydefgdefgText2defgdefgOverthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshavebeengrantedforwhatarecalledbusinessmethods。AmazonocomreceivedoneforitsHone-clicknonlinepaymentsystemoMerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategyoOneinventorpatentedatechniqueforliftingaboxodefgdefgNowthenation'stoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalebackonbusiness-methodpatents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago。Inamovethathasintellectual-propertylawyersabuzztheU。SocourtofAppealsforthefederalcircuitsaiditwould

useaparticularcasetoconductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatentsoInreBilskijasthecaseisknown,isMaverybigdeal”，saysDennisDoCrouchoftheUniversityofMissouriSchooloflawoItnhasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatentsoHdefgdefgCurbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-face,becauseitwasthefederalcircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithis1998decisionintheso-calledstateStreetBankcase,approvingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fundassetsoThatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initiallybyemerginginternetcompaniestryingtostakeoutexclusiverightstospecifictypesofonlinetransactionsoLater,moveestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmightbeatthemtothepunchoIn2005,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300business-methodpatentsdespitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisforgrantingthemoSimilarly,someWallStreetinvestmentfilmsarmedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancialproducts,evenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthepracticeodefgdefgTheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskintheenergymarketoTheFederalcircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourfsjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshould“reconsider”itsstatestreetBankrulingodefgdefgTheFederalCircuifsactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsbythesupremeCourtthathasnarrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholdersoLastApril,forexamplethejusticessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor''inventions“thatareobviousoThejudgesontheFederalcircuitareHreactingtotheanti-patenttrendattheSupremeCourt”,saysHaroldCoWegner,apatentattorneyandprofessoratGeorgeWashingtonUniversityLawSchoolodefgdefg26oBusiness-methodpatentshaverecentlyaroused concern because ofdefgdefg[A]theirlimitedvaluetobusinessdefgdefg[B]theirconnectionwithassetallocationdefgdefg[C]thepossible restriction ontheir grantingdefgdefg[D] thecontroversy over

authorizationdefgdefg27oWhichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilskicase?defgdefg[A]Itsrulingcomplieswiththecourtdecisionsdefgdefg[B]Itinvolvesaverybigbusinesstransactiondefgdefg[C]IthasbeendismissedbytheFederalCircuitdefgdefg[D]ItmaychangethelegalpracticesintheU。Sodefgdefg28oTheword"about-face”(Line19Para3)mostprobablymeansdefgdefg[A]lossofgoodwilldefgdefg[B]increaseofhostilitydefgdefg[C]changeofattitudedefgdefg[D]enhancementofdignitydefgdefg29o Welearnfromthelasttwoparagraphsthatbusiness-methodpatentsdefgdefg[A]areimmunetolegalchallengesdefgdefg[B]areoftenunnecessarilyissueddefgdefg[C]lowertheesteemforpatentholdersdefgdefg[D]increasetheincidenceofrisksdefgdefg30oWhichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectofthetext?defgdefg[A]Aloomingthreattobusiness-methodpatentsdefgdefg[B]Protectionforbusiness-methodpatentholdersdefgdefg[C]Alegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodpatentsdefgdefg[D]Aprevailingtrendagainstbusiness-methodpatentsdefgdefgText3defgdefglnhisbookTheTippingPoint,MalcolmGladwellarguesthatsocialepidemicsaredriveninlargepartbytheactingofatinyminorityofspecialindividuals,oftencalledinfluentials,whoareunusuallyinformed,persuasive,orwell-connectedoTheideaisintuitivelycompelling,butitdoesn'texplainhowideasactuallyspreadodefgdefgThesupposedimportanceofinfluentialsderivesfromaplausiblesoundingbutlargelyuntestedtheorycalledthe"twostepflowofcommunication":Informationflowsfromthemediatotheinfluentialsandfromthemtoeveryoneelse。Marketershaveembracedthetwo-stepflowbecauseitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfindandinfluencetheinfluentials,thoseselectedpeoplewilldomostoftheworkforthem0Thetheoryalsoseemstoexplainthesuddenandunexpectedpopularityofcertainlooks,brands,orneighborhoodsoInmanysuchcases,acursorysearchforcausesfindsthatsomesmallgroupofpeoplewaswearing,promoting,ordevelopingwhateveritisbeforeanyoneelsepaidattentionoAnecdotalevidenceofthiskindfitsnicelywiththeideathatonlycertainspecialpeoplecandrivetrendsdefgdefglntheirrecentwork,however,

someresearchershavecomeupwiththefindingthatinfluentialshavefarlessimpactonsocialepidemicsthanisgenerallysupposedoInfact,theydon'tseemtoberequiredofallodefgdefgTheresearchers*argumentstemsfromasimpleobservingaboutsocialinfluence,withtheexceptionofafewcelebritieslikeOprahWinfrey—whoseoutsizepresenceisprimarilyafunctionofmedia,notinterpersonal,influence-eventhemostinflueiitialmembersofapopulationsimplydon*tinteractwiththatmanyothers。Yetitispreciselythesenon-celebrityinfluentialswho,accordingtothetwo-step-flowtheory,aresupposedtodrivesocialepidemicsbyinfluencingtheirfriendsandcolleaguesdirectly?Forasocialepidemictooccur,however,eachpersonsoaffected,musttheninfluencehisorherownacquaintances,whomustinturninfluencetheirs,andsoon;andjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachofthesepeoplehaslittletodowiththeinitialinfluentialoIfpeopleinthenetworkjusttwodegreesremovedfromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,forexamplefromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,forexamplethecascadeofchangewon'tpropagateveryfaroraffectmanypeopleodefgdefgBuildingonthebasictruthaboutinterpersonalinfluence,theresearchersstudiedthedynamicsofpopulationsmanipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingofpopulations,manipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingtopeople'sabilitytoinfluenceothersandtheirtendencytobeinfluencedoOurworkshowsthattheprincipalrequirementforwhatwecall"globalcascadesthewidespreadpropagationofinfluencethroughnetworks-isthepresencenotofafewinfluentialsbut,rather,ofacriticalmassofeasilyinfluencedpeople,eachofwhomadopts,say,alookorabrandafterbeingexposedtoasingleadoptingneighbor。Regardlessofhowinfluentialanindividualislocally,heorshecanexertglobalinfluenceonlyifthiscriticalmassisavailabletopropagateachainreactionodefgdefg31oBycitingthebookTheTippingPoint,theauthorintendstodefgdefg[A]analyzetheconsequencesofsocialepidemicsdefgdefg[B]discussinfluentials,functioninspreadingideasdefgdefg[C]exemplifypeople'sintuitiveresponsetosocialepidemicsdefgdefg[D]describetheessentialcharacteristicsof

influentialsodefgdefg32oTheauthorsuggeststhatthentwo-step-flowtheoryndefgdefg[A]servesasasolutiontomarketingproblemsdefgdefg[B]hashelpedexplaincertainprevalenttrendsdefgdefg[C]haswonsupportfrominfluentialsdefgdefg[D]requiressolidevidenceforitsvaliditydefgdefg33。Whattheresearchershaveobservedrecentlyshowsthatdefgdefg[A]thepowerofinfluencegoeswithsocialinteractionsdefgdefg[B]interpersonallinkscanbeenhancedthroughthemediadefgdefg[C]influentialhavemorechannelstoreachthepublicdefgdefg[D]mostcelebritiesenjoywidemediaattentiondefgdefg34o TheunderlinedphraseMthesepeople"inparagraph4referstotheoneswhodefgdefg[A]stayoutsidethenetworkofsocialinf!uencedefgdefg[B]havelittlecontactwiththesourceofinfluencedefgdefg[C]areinfluencedandtheninfluenceothersdefgdefg[D]areinfluencedbytheinitialinfluentialdefgdefg35owhatistheessentialelementinthedynamicsofsocialinfluence?defgdefg[A]Theeagernesstobeaccepteddefgdefg[B]Theimpulsetoinfluenceothersdefgdefg[C]Thereadinesstobeinfluenceddefgdefg[D]TheinclinationtorelyonothersdefgdefgText4defgdefgBankershavebeenblamingthemselvesfortheirtroublesinpublicoBehindthescenes,theyhavebeentakingaimatsomeoneelse:theaccountingstandard-settersoTheirrules,moanthebanks,haveforcedthemtoreportenormouslosses,andit*sjustnotfair。Theserulessaytheymustvaluesomeassetsatthepriceathirdpartywouldpay,notthepricemanagersandregulatorswouldlikethemtofetch。defgdefgUnfortunately,banks'lobbyingnowseemstobeworkingoThedetailsmaybeunknowable,buttheindependenceofstandard-setters,essentialtotheproperfunctioningofcapitalmarkets,isbeingcompromisedoAnd,unlessbankscarrytoxicassetsatpricesthatattractbuyers,revivingthebankingsystemwillbedifficultodefgdefgAfterabruisingencounterwithCongress,America'sFinancialAccountingStandardsBoard(FASB)rushedthroughrulechangesoThesegavebanksmorefreedomtousemodelstovalueilliquidassetsandmoreflexibilityinrecognizinglossesonlong-termassetsintheirincome

statementoBobHerz,theFASB'schairman,criedoutagainstthosewhoHquestionourmotiveso“Yetbanksharesroseandthechangesenhancewhatonelobbygrouppolitelycalls“theuseofjudgmentbymanagement。MdefgdefgEuropeanministersinstantlydemandedthattheInternationalAccountingStandardsBoard(IASB)dolikewise0TheIASBsaysitdoesnotwanttoactwithoutoverallplanning,butthepressuretofoldwhenitcompletesitreconstructionofruleslaterthisyearisstrongoCharlieMcCreevy,aEuropeancommissioner,warnedtheIASBthatitdid“notliveinapoliticalvacuum"but"intherealword”andthatEuropecouldyetdevelopdifferentrulesodefgdefgltwasbanksthatwereonthewrongplanet,withaccountsthatvastlyovervaluedassetsoTodaytheyarguethatmarketpricesoverstatelosses,becausetheylargelyreflectthetemporaryilliquidityofmarkets,notthelikelyextentofbaddebtsoThetruthwillnotbeknownforyears0Butbank'ssharestradebelowtheirbookvalue,suggestingthatinvestorsareskepticaloAnddeadmarketspartlyreflecttheparalysisofbankswhichwillnotsellassetsforfearofbookinglosses,yetarereluctanttobuyallthosesupposedbargainsodefgdefgTogetthesystemworkingagain,lossesmustberecognizedanddealtwithoAmerica'snewplantobuyuptoxicassetswillnotworkunlessbanksmarkassetstolevelswhichbuyersfindattractiveoSuccessfulmarketsrequireindependentandevencombativestandard-settersoTheFASBandIASBhavebeenexactlythat,cleaninguprulesonstockoptionsandpensions,forexample,againsthostilityfromspecialinterestsoButbygivingintocriticsnowtheyareinvitingpressuretomakemoreconcessionsodefgdefg36oBankerscomplainedthattheywereforcedtodefgdefg[A]followunfavorableassetevaluationrulesdefgdefg[B]collectpaymentsfromthirdpartiesdefgdefg[C]cooperatewiththepricemanagersdefgdefg[D]reevaluatesomeoftheirassetsodefgdefg37oAccordingtotheauthor,therulechangesoftheFASBmayresultindefgdefg[A]thediminishingroleofmanagementdefgdefg[B]therevivalofthebankingsystemdefgdefg[C]thebanks'long-termassetlossesdefgdefg[D]

theweakeningofitsindependencedefgdefg38oAccordingtoParagraph4,McCreevyobjectstotheIASBfsattempttodefgdefg[A]keepawayfrompoliticalinfluencesodefgdefg[B]evadethepressurefromtheirpeers?defgdefg[C]actontheirowninrule-settingodefgdefgID]takegradualmeasuresinreformodefgdefg39oTheauthorthinksthebankswereHonthewrongplanet"inthattheydefgdefg[A]misinterpretedmarketpriceindicatorsdefgdefg[B]exaggeratedtherealvalueoftheirassetsdefgdefg[C]neglectedthelikelyexistenceofbaddebtsodefgdefg[D]deniedbookinglossesintheirsaleofassetsodefgdefg40oTheauthor'sattitudetowardsstandard-settersisoneofdefgdefg[A]satisfactionodefgdefg[B]skepticism。defgdefg[C]objectivenessdefgdefg[D] sympathydefgdefgPartBdefgdefgDirections:defgdefgForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableparagraphsfromthelistA-Gandfillthemintothenumberedboxestoformacoherenttext。ParagraphEhasbeencorrectlyplacedoThereisoneparagraphwhichdoesnotfitinwiththetext。MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEETlo(10points)defgdefg[A]Thefirstandmoreimportantistheconsumer'sgrowingpreferenceforeatingout;theconsumptionoffoodanddrinkinplacesotherthanhomeshasrisenfromabout32percentoftotalconsumptionin1995to35percentin2000andisexpectedtoapproach38percentby2005。Thisdevelopmentisboostingwholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesegmentby4to5percentayearacrossEurope,comparedwithgrowthinretaildemandof1to2percentoMeanwhile,astherecessionisloominglarge,peoplearegettinganxiousoTheytendtokeepatighterholdontheirpurseandconsidereatingathomearealisticalternativeodefgdefg[B]RetailsalesoffoodanddrinkinEurope'slargestmarketsareatastandstill,leavingEuropeangroceryretailershungryforopportunitiestogrowoMostleadingretailershavealreadytriede-commerce,withlimitedsuccess,andexpansionabroadoButalmostallhaveignoredthebig,profitableopportunityintheirownbackyard:thewholesalefoodanddrinktrade,whichappearstobe

justthekindofmarketretailersneedodefgdefg[C]Willsuchvariationsbringaboutachangeintheoverallstructureofthefoodanddrinkmarket?DefinitelynotoThefunctioningofthemarketisbasedonflexibletrendsdominatedbypotentialbuyersoInotherwords,itisuptothebuyer,ratherthantheseller,todecidewhattobuyoAtanyrate,thischangewillultimatelybeacclaimedbyanever-growingnumberofbothdomesticandinternationalconsumers,regardlessofhowlongthecurrentconsumerpatternwilltakeholdodefgdefg[D]Allinall,thisclearlyseemstobeamarketinwhichbigretailerscouldprofitablyapplytheirscale,existinginfrastructureandprovenskillsinthemanagementofproductranges,logistics,andmarketingintelligenceoRetailersthatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropemaywellexpecttorakeinsubstantialprofitstherebyoAtleast,thatishowitlooksasawhole。Closerinspectionrevealsimportantdifferencesamongthebiggestnationalmarkets,especiallyintheircustomersegmentsandwholesalestructures,aswellasthecompetitivedynamicsofindividualfoodanddrinkcategories。BigretailersmustunderstandthesedifferencesbeforetheycanidentifythesegmentsofEuropeanwholesalinginwhichtheirparticularabilitiesmightunseatsmallerbutentrenchedcompetitorsoNewskillsandunfamiliarbusinessmodelsareneededtooodefgdefg[E]Despitevariationsindetail,wholesalemarketsinthecountriesthathavebeencloselyexamined-France,Germany,Italy,andSpain-aremadeoutofthesamebuildingblocksoDemandcomesmainlyfromtwosources:independentmom-and-popgrocerystoreswhich,unlikelargeretailchains,aretwosmalltobuystraightfromproducers,andfoodserviceoperatorsthatcatertoconsumerswhentheydon'teatathome。Suchfoodserviceoperatorsrangefromsnackmachinestolargeinstitutionalcateringventures,butmostofthesebusinessesareknowninthetradeasMhorecan:hotels,restaurants,andcafesoOverall,Europe'swholesalemarketforfoodanddrinkisgrowingatthesamesluggishpaceastheretailmarket,butthefigures,whenaddedtogether,masktwoopposingtrendsodefgdefg[F]Forexample,wholesalefoodanddrinksalescometo$268billioninFrance,Germany,Italy,Spain,andtheUnitedKingdom

in2000—morethan40percentofretailsales<,Moreover,averageoverallmarginsarehigherinwholesalethaninretail;wholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesectorisgrowingquicklyasmoreEuropeanseatoutmoreoften;andchangesinthecompetitivedynamicsofthisfragmentedindustryareatlastmakingitfeasibleforwholesalerstoconsolidateodefgdefg[G]However,noneoftheserequirementsshoulddeterlargeretailers(andevensomelargegoodproducersandexistingwholesalers)fromtryingtheirhand,forthosethatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropestandtoreapconsiderablegainsodefgdefg)41 42f43f|44|-?Ef^5|defgdefgPartCdefgdefgDirections:defgdefgReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese。YourtranslationshouldbewrittencarefullyonANSWERSHEET2。(10points)defgdefgOnebasicweaknessinaconservationsystembasedwhollyoneconomicmotivesisthatmostmembersofthelandcommunityhavenoeconomicvalue。Yetthesecreaturesaremembersofthebioticcommunityand,ifitsstabilitydependsonitsintegrity,theyareentitledtocontinuanceodefgdefgWhenoneofthesenoneconomiccategoriesisthreatenedand,ifwehappentoloveitoWeinvertexcusestogiveiteconomicimportanceoAtthebeginningofcenturysongbirdsweresupposedtobedisappearingo(46)Scientistsjumpedtotherescuewithsomedistinctlyshakyevidencetotheeffectthatinsectswouldeatusupifbirdsfailedtocontrolthem。theevidencehadtobeeconomicinordertobevalidodefgdefgltispainfultoreadtheseroundaboutaccountstodayoWehavenolandethicyet,(47)buthaveatle/stdrawnnear\hepointafadmittingthotbirdsshouldcontinueasamatterofintrinsicricht,recardlessofthepresenceorabsenceofeconomicadvantagetous。defRdefgAparallelsituationexistsinrespectofpredatorymammalsandfish-eatingbirdso(48)TimewaswhenbiologistssomewhatoverwordediheevidencethatthesecreaturespreserveIhehealthofgamebykillingthephysicallyweak,orthattheypreyonlyon“worthless''species。defgdefxSomespeciesoftreehavebeenreadoutofthepartybyeconomics-mindedforestersbecausetheygrowtooslowly,orhavetoo

lowasalevaletopayastimbercropso(49)InEurope,whereforestryisecoloeicallymoreadvanced,theiion-commercialtreespeciesarerecognizedasmembersofnativeforestcommunity,tobepreservedassuch,withinreason。defgdefgTosumup:asystemofconservationbasedsolelyoneconomicself-interestishopelesslylopsidedo(50)Ittendstoignore,andthu§eventuaHytoeliminate,manyelementsinthelandcommunitythatlackcommercialvalue,butthatareessentialtoitshealthyfunctioning。Itassumes,falsely,Ithink,thattheeconomicpartsofthebioticclockwillfunctionwithouttheuneconomicpartsodefgdefgSectionIHWritingdefgdefgPart Adefgdefg51。Directions:defgdefgYouaresupposedtowriteforthepostgraduateassociationanoticetorecruitvolunteersforaninternationalconferenceonglobalization,youshouldconcludethebasicqualificationofapplicantandtheotherinformationyouthinkrelativeodefgdefgYoushouldwriteabout100wordsoDonotsignyourownnameattheendof