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書山有路勤為徑,學海無涯苦作舟!住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-北京工業(yè)大學耿丹學院考試押題卷含答案詳解(圖片大小可自由調(diào)整)全文為Word可編輯,若為PDF皆為盜版,請謹慎購買!第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共100題)1.翻譯題
I.TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChineseonyourANSWERSHEET.(10%)
Astheeconomicdownturnforcescorporationsandsmallbusinessestoshedjobs,onelargeemployerstillhasthe“helpwanted”signout:theU.S.government.Expertssaythefederalgovernment’scivilianworkforceof2.8millionislikelytoexpandsignificantlyoverthenextseveralyearsasitgearsuptostimulatetheeconomy,rescuetroubledbanks,overhaulhealthcareandpursueotherelementsofPresidentBarackObama’sagenda.Withtheeconomyinturmoil,thestabilityofagovernmentcareernowholdsgreaterappeal.Anditdoesn’thurtthatthenewboss,PresidentBarackObama,hasencouragedcitizenstoconsiderpublicservice—amarkedcontrasttopredecessorGeorgeW.Bush,whodisparagedgovernment.
【答案】在經(jīng)濟低迷迫使大小企業(yè)紛紛裁員之際,有一個“大雇主”仍在招聘人員,那就是美國政府。專家稱,隨著美國刺激經(jīng)濟、救援銀行、改革醫(yī)療體系和奧巴馬總統(tǒng)提出的其他政策措施的推進,未來幾年美國聯(lián)邦政府公務(wù)員隊伍可能將在現(xiàn)有280萬人的基礎(chǔ)上大幅擴充。在目前的經(jīng)濟動蕩時期,穩(wěn)定的政府職位更具吸引力。此外,新上任的總統(tǒng)巴拉克?奧巴馬鼓勵公民投身公共服務(wù),這與前總統(tǒng)喬治?沃克?布什蔑視政府的做法形成了鮮明對比。
2.填空題
Directions:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Ftofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Thereisoneextrachoice,whichdoesnotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)
WaystoFightRisingFoodPricesFood,clothingandsheltergenerallytopthelistofbasichumanneeds.Whileshoppingatadiscountstoreinsteadofthemallgenerallytakescareoftheclothingissue,andlivinginasmallapartmentinsteadofaMcMansioncanaddressyourhousingsituation,risingworldfoodpricescanleadtosomesignificantchallengesinthefooddepartment.Everythingfromrisingtransportationcoststothedevelopmentofbiofuelspushesupthecostoffoodandputapinchonconsumers’wallets.(41)
Diningoutisexpensive.(42)Evengoodcoffeeischeapertomakeifyoudoityourself.Fastfoodisexcludedfromthecategory,ashigh-calorie,low-qualityfoodcanbeabargainprice,buttheimpactonyourlong-termhealthoverridesthebenefitofshort-termsavings.
Ifyoustumblearoundthegrocerystoreandfillyourcartwitheverythingthatcatchesyoureye,chancesareyouwillspendalotmoremoneythanyouneededto.(43)Planyourmealsfortheweekahead,andmakecarefulnoteofwhatyouneedtobuyinordertopreparethosemeals.Oncethelistismade,purchaseonlytheitemsonthelist,andavoidimpulsebuys.
Grocerystoresaredesignedtomakeyougothroughamazetogettothemostbasicitemsinthehopethatyouwillmakeafewimpulsebuysalongtheway.(44)Becausemostnecessitiesandbasiccookingitemsarefoundalongtheoutsideperimeterofthestore,startthereandworkyourwayaroundtheperimeterandstepintothemazetograbanyleftoveritemsonyourlist.
Ourfast-pacedsocietyencouragesconvenience,andgrocerystoreshavecapitalizedonthistrend.Ready-mademealsareeasytobuy,buttheycomewithapremiumpricetag.Insteadofputtingthatrotisseriechickenandmacaronisaladinyourcart,buytheingredientsandpreparethemealyourself.Thesameconceptappliestofrozenentrees,bakedgoodsandanyotherfoodsthathavebeenpreparedinsomewayforaddedconvenience.
(45)Payattentiontothepricesandpickupthefamily-sizepackageiftheper-unitcostislowerandyouhaveaplacetostoreit.Shoppingatbig-boxbulkretailerslikeSam’sClubandCostcocanalsosaveonyourbillifyoushoptherefrequentlyenoughtocoverthecostofmembership,butpaycarefulattentiontoyourspendinghabits.Thebigboxesareoftennobargaincomparedwithsalespricesandcouponsavingsatotherstores.Inaddition,theymayencourageyoutobuymorethanyouneed,drivingupyourgrocerybill.
A.Justaboutanynutritiousmealthatyoubuyinaformalrestaurantcanbemadeathomeforafractionoftheprice.
B.Ifyoukeeptoyourplannedlist,youwon’tbetemptedwhenyougetforceddownthejunkfoodaisletogetatthemilk.
C.Tominimizeyourcashoutlay,prepareashoppinglistbeforeyouleavehome.
D.Whiletheneedtoeatisn’tsomethingyoucanavoid,therearesomestepsyoucantaketokeepthecostsincheck.
E.Storesoftenplacethemostexpensiveitemsateye-level.
F.Inaddition,bulkbuyingcansaveyouasignificantamountofmoney.
【答案】41.D
42.A
43.C
44.B
45.F
【解析】41.該段講述了食物、衣服和住所這三個基本需求,衣服和住所可以通過打折商店和住小公寓解決,但是不斷上漲的食品成本使得消費者變得拮據(jù),然后下面幾段都是在講述如何省錢,所以這段的最后一句是一個過渡句,起承上啟下的作用,A、B、C、D、E項都是省錢的方法,只有D項“雖然你無法避免對食物的需求,但你可以采取一些措施來控制成本”既提到了上文的食品需求,又引出了下文的控制成本的方法,所以該題選擇D項正確。
42.由該段第一句Diningoutisexpensive.(外出就餐很貴)和第三句Evengoodcoffeeischeapertomakeifyoudoityourself.(如果你自己做的話,即使是好咖啡也會更便宜)可知,這一段講的方法是在家里做飯,在選項中只有A項提到了在家里做,所以該題選擇A項“你在正規(guī)餐廳里買的任何一頓營養(yǎng)餐,都可以在家里做,花費只是價格的一小部分”正確。
43.由最后兩句Planyourmealsfortheweekahead,andmakecarefulnoteofwhatyouneedtobuyinordertopreparethosemeals.Oncethelistismade,purchaseonlytheitemsonthelist,andavoidimpulsebuys.(提前計劃一周的飲食,仔細記下準備這些食物需要買什么。一旦列好清單,就只買清單上的東西,避免沖動購物。)可知,該段講述列購物清單的省錢方法,所以答案是和購物清單有關(guān),所以該題選擇C項“為了減少你的現(xiàn)金支出,在你離開家之前準備一份購物清單”正確。
44.由后面的句子Becausemostnecessitiesandbasiccookingitemsarefoundalongtheoutsideperimeterofthestore,startthereandworkyourwayaroundtheperimeterandstepintothemazetograbanyleftoveritemsonyourlist.(因為大多數(shù)的必需品和基本的烹飪用品都是在商店的外圍找到的,所以從那里開始,沿著周邊工作,然后進入迷宮,把清單上的任何剩下的東西都拿出來)可知,要填入的句子還是和購物清單有關(guān),這里把雜貨店說成迷宮,是因為當你穿過雜貨店買東西時可能會沖動購物,所以B項“如果你堅持你的計劃清單,當你被迫沿著垃圾食品通道去買牛奶時,你就不會被誘惑了”符合該段段意。
45.根據(jù)后一句中的family-sizepackage(家庭裝)可知,該段是建議人們批量購買,單位成本低,就能省下食品支出,只有F項“此外,批量購買可以為你節(jié)省一大筆錢”符合。
3.單選題
Therehasbeenmuchoppositionfromsomesocialgroups,(
)fromthefarmingcommunity.
問題1選項
A.straightforwardly
B.notably
C.virtually
D.exceptionally
【答案】B
【解析】考查副詞辨析。straightforwardly意為“正直地”;notably意為“尤其,特別”;virtually意為“實際上,實質(zhì)上”;exceptionally意為“例外地,異常地”。
句意:已遭到來自一些社會團體的強烈反對,尤其是來自農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)。
4.單選題
Itisacommonplaceamongmoraliststhatyoucannotgethappinessbypursuingit.Thisisonlytrueifyoupursueit(1).GamblersatMonteCarloarepursuingmoney,andmostofthemloseitinstead,butthereareotherwaysofpursuingmoney,whichoften
(2)
.Soitiswithhappiness.Ifyoupursueit
(3)
drink,youareforgettingthehang-over.Epicuruspursueitbylivingonlyincongenialsocietyandeatingonlydrybread,
(4)
byalittlecheeseonfeastdays.Hismethodprovedsuccessfulinhiscase,buthewasavaletudinarian,andmostpeoplewouldneedsomethingmore
(5)
.Formostpeoplethepursuitofhappiness,
(6)
supplementedinvariousways,istooabstractandtheoreticaltobe
(7)
asapersonalruleoflife.ButIthinkthat
(8)
personalruleoflifeyoumaychooseitshouldnot,exceptinrareandheroiccases,be
(9)
withhappiness.
Thereareagreatmanypeoplewhohaveallthe
(10)
conditionsofhappiness,i.e.healthandasufficientincome,andwho,
(11)
,areprofoundlyunhappy.Insuchcasesitwouldseemasifthe
(12)
mustliewithawrongtheoryastohowtolive.Inonesense,wemaysaythatanytheoryastohowtoliveiswrong.Weimagineourselvesmoredifferentfromtheanimalsthanweare.Animalsliveon
(13)
,andarehappyaslongasexternalconditionsare
(14)
.Ifyouhaveacatitwillenjoylifeifithasfoodandwarmthandopportunitiesforan
(15)
nightonthetiles.Yourneedsaremorecomplexthanthoseofyourcat,buttheystillhavetheirbasisininstinct.Incivilizedsocieties,especiallyinEnglish-speakingsocieties,thisistoo
(16)
tobeforgotten.Peopleproposedtothemselvessomeoneparamountobjectiveand
(17)
allimpulsesthatdonotministertoit.Abusinessmanmaybeso
(18)
togrowrichthattothisendhe
(19)
healthandprivateaffections.Whenatlasthehasbecomerich,no
(20)
remainstohimexceptharryingotherpeoplebyexhortationstoimitatethisnobleexample.
問題1選項
A.eagerly
B.reasonably
C.reluctantly
D.unwisely
問題2選項
A.succeed
B.enrich
C.win
D.defeat
問題3選項
A.attheexpenseof
B.bymeansof
C.inneedof
D.forfearof
問題4選項
A.compensated
B.supplemented
C.accompanied
D.accumulated
問題5選項
A.prosperous
B.rigorous
C.vigorous
D.gorgeous
問題6選項
A.even
B.though
C.unless
D.if
問題7選項
A.extravagant
B.deficient
C.excessive
D.adequate
問題8選項
A.whatever
B.whenever
C.however
D.whosever
問題9選項
A.incomparable
B.incompatible
C.incapable
D.incredible
問題10選項
A.spiritual
B.material
C.economical
D.social
問題11選項
A.nevertheless
B.therefore
C.otherwise
D.hence
問題12選項
A.flaw
B.error
C.defect
D.fault
問題13選項
A.intelligence
B.imitation
C.impulse
D.impression
問題14選項
A.vulnerable
B.conceivable
C.endurable
D.favorable
問題15選項
A.enthusiastic
B.occasional
C.indifferent
D.underlying
問題16選項
A.abrupt
B.absurd
C.acute
D.apt
問題17選項
A.hinder
B.restrain
C.refrain
D.abolish
問題18選項
A.anxious
B.obvious
C.suspicious
D.cautious
問題19選項
A.abandons
B.cherishes
C.sacrifices
D.reconciles
問題20選項
A.pleasure
B.property
C.wealth
D.opportunities
【答案】第1題:D
第2題:A
第3題:B
第4題:B
第5題:C
第6題:C
第7題:D
第8題:A
第9題:B
第10題:B
第11題:A
第12題:D
第13題:C
第14題:D
第15題:B
第16題:D
第17題:B
第18題:A
第19題:C
第20題:A
【解析】(1)考察副詞詞義辨析。eagerly“渴望地,熱切地”;reasonably“合理地”;reluctantly“不情愿地”;unwisely“愚蠢地,不明智地”??崭裉幩诰渥拥木湟馐牵哼@種情況只適用于你不明智地去追求它(幸福)。選項D符合題意。
(2)考察動詞詞義辨析。Succeed“成功”;enrich“使豐富”;win“贏得”;defeat“打敗”。空格處所在句子的句意是:蒙特卡洛的賭徒熱衷于追求金錢,大部分人都輸了,但是還有很多其他方法能夠成功得到金錢。選項A符合題意。
(3)考察詞組辨析。attheexpenseof“以…為代價”,bymeansof“通過......方式”;inneedof“需要”;forfearof“為避免”??崭裉幩诰渥拥木湟馐牵喝绻阃ㄟ^喝酒的方式來得到幸福,你會忘記宿醉。選項B符合題意。
(4)考察動詞詞義辨析。Compensate“補償”;supplement“補充,增補”;accompany“陪伴,伴隨”;accumulate“積累”。空格處所在句子的大意是Epicurus每天只補充一點干面包,只有在節(jié)日里才會加點奶酪。選項B符合題意。
(5)考察形容詞詞義辨析。Prosperous“興旺的,繁榮的”;rigorous“嚴格的,嚴密的”;vigorous“有活力的”;gorgeous“華麗的,極好的”??崭裉幩诰渥拥拇笠馐牵篍picurus用他自己的方式得到了幸福,因為他體弱多病,大多數(shù)人身體健康,因而會選擇一些更具有活力的事情來做。選項C符合題意。
(6)考察連詞的用法。空格處所在句子的大意是:對于大部分追求幸福的人來說,除非通過多種方式來達到這個目標,否則這件事就太抽象,太理論化,以至于不足以成為人們的生活準則。選項C“除非”符合題意。
(7)考察形容詞詞義辨析。Extravagant“過度的,過分的”;deficient“不足的,有缺陷的”;excessive“過度的,過分的”;adequate“足夠的”??崭裉幩诰渥拥木湟鈪⒖忌弦活}。選項D符合題意。
(8)考察關(guān)系詞的用法??崭裉幩诰渥拥木湟馐牵旱俏艺J為無論你選擇什么樣的準則,它不應該與幸福沖突,除了在極少數(shù)和英雄事跡中。選項A符合題意。
(9)考察形容詞詞義辨析。Incomparable“無可比擬的”;incompatible“不相容的”;incapable“無能的”;incredible“不可思議的,難以置信的”。空格處所在句子的句意參考第58題。選項B符合題意。
(10)考察形容詞詞義辨析。Spiritual“精神的”;material“物質(zhì)的”;economical“經(jīng)濟的,節(jié)約的”;social“社會的”??崭裉幩诰渥拥木湟馐牵汉芏嗳藫碛谐渥愕奈镔|(zhì)條件,比如健康和薪水,但是卻一點都不幸福。選項B符合題意。
(11)考察前后邏輯。從前后文可得知空格處后面的內(nèi)容與前面的內(nèi)容是一個轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,選項A符合題意。
(12)考察名詞詞義辨析。四個詞都有“不好”的意思??崭裉幹饕獜娬{(diào)的是人性格上的弱點,fault符合題意。
(13)考察固定搭配。onimpulse“一時沖動,本能”。
(14)考察形容詞詞義辨析。vulnerable“脆弱的,易受傷的”;conceivable“可信的,可想到的”;endurable“能持久的,耐用的”;favorable“有利的,討人喜歡的”??崭裉幩诰渥拥木湟馐牵簞游锘钪灰灸苄缘男枨蟮玫綕M足就可以了,只要外部條件比較好它們就會很滿足。選項D符合題意。
(15)考察形容詞詞義辨析。enthusiastic“充滿激情的”,occasional“偶然的,偶爾的”,indifferent“漠然的”,underlying“潛在的”。空格處所在句子的句意是:如果你養(yǎng)了一只貓,它只要有食物,能保暖,偶爾還能夜里去屋頂,那它就會覺得很幸福了。選項B符合題意。
(16)考察形容詞詞義辨析。abrupt“突然的”,absurd“荒謬的”,acute“尖銳的”,apt“適當?shù)?,傾向于”??崭裉幩诰渥拥木湟馐牵涸谖拿魃鐣?,尤其是英語國家,這一點往往容易被遺忘。選項D符合題意。
(17)考察動詞詞義辨析。Hinder“阻礙”;restrain“壓制,抑制”;refrain“克制”;abolish“廢除,廢止條令”。空格處所在句子的句意是:人們給自己設(shè)定了一個最高目標,然后壓制住所有那些不能讓這個目標實現(xiàn)的沖動。選項B符合題意。
(18)考察固定搭配。beanxiousto“渴望”。選項A符合題意。
(19)考察動詞詞義辨析。Abandon“放棄”;cherish“珍惜”;sacrifice“犧牲”;reconcile“調(diào)停,使和解”。根據(jù)前后邏輯可知,商人為了追求財富,犧牲了健康和私人感情。選項C符合題意。
(20)考察名詞詞義辨析。pleasure“快樂”,property“財產(chǎn)”,wealth“財富”,opportunities“機遇”。空格處所在句子的句意是:當他最終變得富有后,除了通過勸告別人來效仿這個典范來煩擾他人外,沒有任何快樂可言。選項A符合題意。
5.單選題
Ourteacherdidn’thavetimesofartogointoit(
),buthegaveusanideaabouthisplan.
問題1選項
A.inturn
B.athand
C.inconclusion
D.atlength
【答案】D
【解析】考查短語辨析。inturn“依次,輪流地”;athand“手頭,在手邊”;inconclusion“綜述,總結(jié)”;atlength“終于,詳盡地”。句意:到目前為止,我們老師沒有時間詳細討論,但他給了我們一個關(guān)于他計劃的想法。選項D符合題意。
6.單選題
Mac'sclose()tohisbrothermadepeoplemistakethemfuroneanother.
問題1選項
A.resemblance
B.identity
C.appearance
D.relationship
【答案】A
【解析】句意:麥克和弟弟長得十分相像,人們常常把他們倆認錯。
考查固定搭配??崭裉幟~應與to構(gòu)成搭配,根據(jù)后面句意可知A項“resemblanceto與…相似”正確。
7.單選題
Herhonestyis(
),nobodycandoubtit.
問題1選項
A.outofthequestion
B.withoutquestion
C.inquestion
D.besidethequestion
【答案】B
【解析】考查詞組辨析。outofthequestion意為“不可能的,不必談的”;withoutquestion意為“毫無疑問”;inquestion意為“考慮之中的,被談?wù)撝摹?;besidethequestion意為“不相關(guān),不切題”。
句意:她的誠實是毫無疑問的,沒有人能懷疑它。
8.單選題
Whencompaniesdobusinessoverseas,theycomeincontactwithpeoplefromdifferentcultures.Theseindividualsoftenspeakadifferentlanguageandhavetheirownparticularcustomandmanners.Thesedifferencescancreateproblems.
Forexample,inFrance,businessmeetingsbeginpromptlyatthedesignatedtimeandeveryoneisexpectedtobethere.Foreignbusinesspeoplewhoaretardyareoftenleftoutsidetocooltheirheelsasameansoflettingthemknowtheimportanceofpromptness.Unlessoneisawareofsuchexpectedbehaviorshemayendupinsultingthepeoplewithwhomhehopestoestablishtraderelations.
Asecondtraditionalproblemisthatofmonetaryconversions.Forexample,ifatransactionisconductedwithRussia,paymentmaybemadeinrubles.Ofcourse,thiscurrencyisoflittlevaluetotheAmericanfirm.Itis,therefore,necessarytoconverttheforeigncurrencytoAmericandollars.HowmucharetheseRussianrublesworthintermsofdollars?Thisconversionrateisdeterminedbyeverymarket,wherethecurrenciesofcountriesareboughtandsold.Thusthereisanestablishedrate,althoughitwilloftenfluctuatefromdaytoday.Forexample,therublemaybeworth0.75onMondayand0.72onTuesdaybecauseofanannouncedwheatshortageinRussia.Inaddition,thereisthedilemmaassociatedwithconvertingat0.72.Somefinancialinstitutionsmaybeunwillingtopaythisprice,feelingthattherublewillsinkmuchloweroverthenextweek.Asaresult,conversionmayfinallycomeat0.69.These“l(fā)osses”mustbeacceptedbythecompanyasoneofthecostsofdoingbusinessoverseas.
Athirduniqueproblemistradebarriers.Foronereasonoranother,allcountriesimposetradebarriersoncertaingoodscrossingtheirborders.Sometradebarriersaredirectlyrelatedtoexports.Forexample,theUnitedStatespermitsstrategicmilitarymaterialtobeshippedabroadonlyaftergovernmentpermissionhasbeenobtained.Mosttradebarriers,however,aredesignedtorestrictimport.Twoofthemostcommonimportbarriersarequotasandtariffs.
1.Thebesttitleforthepassagewouldbe(
).
2.InFrance,tardybusinesspeople
(
).
3.Accordingtothepassage,conversionrates
(
).
4.Theintendedaudienceofthispassageare
(
).
5.Whichofthefollowingislikelytobediscussedinthenextparagraph?
問題1選項
A.HowtoSucceedinInternationalTrade
B.MonetaiyConversion
C.TradeBarriers
D.UniqueProblemsinInternationalTrade
問題2選項
A.areofteninsulted
B.oftensufferfromcoldness
C.areoftenleftoutdoorswaiting
D.areoftenaskedtopolishtheirshoes
問題3選項
A.arealwaysnotchanging
B.aredeterminedbyfinancialinstitutions
C.areagreeduponbytwotradingcountries
D.varyfromdaytoday
問題4選項
A.professorsofeconomics
B.postgraduatestudentsofinternationaltrade
C.beginnersofbusiness
D.businesspeople
問題5選項
A.Exporttradebarriers.
B.Quotasandtariffs.
C.Reasonsforimposingtradingbarriers.
D.Measurestobreakdowntradebarriers.
【答案】第1題:A
第2題:C
第3題:C
第4題:D
第5題:B
【解析】1.主旨大意題。第一段先指出“當企業(yè)從事海外業(yè)務(wù)時通常都會接觸到來著不同文化的人”,后面分別從時間觀、貨幣兌換以及貿(mào)易壁壘三個方面舉例闡述并給出建議。故A項“如何在國際貿(mào)易中獲得成功”最適合做文章標題。
2.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞tardybusinesspeople定位至第二段:Foreignbusinesspeoplewhoaretardyareoftenleftoutsidetocooltheirheelsasameansoflettingthemknowtheimportanceofpromptness(遲到的外貿(mào)業(yè)務(wù)人員通常會遭遇長吋間等候,這也是一種讓他們知道準吋的重要性的方法)。因此C項“通常需要在門外等候”正確。
3.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞conversionrates定位至第三段:Thisconversionrateisdeterminedbyeverymarket,wherethecurrenciesofcountriesareboughtandsold.Thusthereisanestablishedrate,althoughitwilloftenfluctuatefromdaytoday(匯率是由支持貨幣流通的市場情況決定的。因此,盡管匯率每天都會波動,但也會有一個既定的比率),故選C“每天都會變化”。
4.判斷推理題。文章主要討論的是海外貿(mào)易過程中可能遇到的因地區(qū)差異導致的問題,因此推測文章的目標受眾是“商業(yè)人士”。
5.判斷推理題。最后一段講到了國際貿(mào)易中的第三個問題-貿(mào)易壁壘,最后一句指出:Twoofthemostcommonimportbarriersarequotasandtariffs(兩種最主要的進口壁壘就是配額與關(guān)稅),因此推測下一段將討論“配額與關(guān)稅”。
9.單選題
Thetwentiethcenturyhaswitnessedanenormousworldwidepolitical,economicandcultural(
).
問題1選項
A.tradition
B.transportation
C.transmission
D.transformation
【答案】D
【解析】形近詞辨析題。tradition“慣例,傳統(tǒng)”;transportation“運輸”;transmission“傳遞,傳送”;transformation“轉(zhuǎn)換,改革”。
句意:20世紀見證了全世界巨大的政治、經(jīng)濟和文化的變革。選項D符合語境。
10.單選題
WhydoestheFoundationconcentrateitssupportonbasicratherthanappliedresearch?Basicresearchistheveryheartofscience,anditscumulativeproductisthecapitalofscientificprogress,acapitalthatmustbeconstantlyincreasedasthedemandsuponitrise.Thegoalofbasicresearchisunderstandingforitsownsake.Understandingofthestructureoftheatomorthenervecell,theexplosionofaspiralnebulaorthedistributionofcosmicdust,thecausesofearthquakesanddroughts,orofmanasabehavingcreatureandofthesocialforcesthatarecreatedwhenevertwoormorehumanbeingscomeintocontactwithoneanother—thescopeisstaggering,butthecommitmenttotruthisthesame.Ifthecommitmentweretoaparticularresult,conflictingevidencemightbeoverlookedor,withthebestwillintheworld,simplynotappreciated.Moreover,thepracticalapplicationsofbasicresearchfrequentlycannotbeanticipated.WhenRoentgen,thephysicist,discoveredX-rays,hehadnoideaoftheirusefulnesstomedicine.
Appliedresearch,undertakentosolvespecificpracticalproblems,hasanimmediateattractivenessbecausetheresultscanbeseenandenjoyed.Forpracticalreasons,thesumsspentonappliedresearchinanycountryalwaysfarexceedthoseforbasicresearch,andtheproportionsaremoreunequalinthelessdevelopedcountries.Leavingasidethefundsdevotedtoresearchbyindustry—whichisnaturallyfarmoreconcernedwithappliedaspectsbecausetheseincreaseprofitsquickly―thefundstheU.S.Governmentallotstobasicresearchcurrentlyamounttoabout7percentofitsoverallresearchanddevelopmentfunds.Unlessadequatesafeguardsareprovided,appliedresearchinvariablytendstodriveoutbasicresearch.Then,asDr.Watermanhaspointedout,“Developmentswillinevitablybeundertakenprematurely,careerincentiveswillgravitatestronglytowardappliedscience,andtheopportunitiesformakingmajorscientificdiscoverieswillbelost.Unfortunately,pressurestoemphasizenewdevelopments,withoutcorrespondingemphasisuponpurescience,tendtodegradethequalityofthenation’stechnologyinthelongrunratherthantoimproveit.”
1.Thetitlebelowthatbestexpressestheideasofthispassageis(
).
2.Industryisprimarilyinterestedinappliedresearchbecauseit
(
).
3.Thefederalgovernment
(
).
4.Lessdevelopedcountries(
).
問題1選項
A.Roentgen'sIgnoranceofX-rays
B.TheAttractivenessofAppliedResearch
C.TheImportanceofBasicResearch
D.BasicResearchvs.AppliedResearch
問題2選項
A.providesbetterunderstanding
B.isfrowneduponbytheFoundation
C.offersimmediateprofit
D.solvespracticalproblems
問題3選項
A.devotesmorethan90%ofitsresearchanddevelopmentfundstoappliedresearch
B.spendsfarmoreonappliedresearchthanmilitaryproblems
C.opposestheFoundation’sgrantstobasicsearch
D.isnotconcernedaboutthenatureofthesearchbeingdonebythescientistsitemploys
問題4選項
A.devotealargeportionoftheirbudgettoappliedresearch
B.realizethatprogressdependsonbasicresearch
C.encouragetheircareerscientiststoexperiment
D.devotelessthan7%oftheirscientificbudgettobasicresearch
【答案】第1題:D
第2題:C
第3題:A
第4題:D
【解析】1.主旨大意題。由文章首句WhydoestheFoundationconcentrateitssupportonbasicratherthanappliedresearch?為什么基金會把它的支持集中在基礎(chǔ)研究而不是應用研究?以及第二段Appliedresearch,undertakentosolvespecificpracticalproblems,hasanimmediateattractivenessbecausetheresultscanbeseenandenjoyed.為解決具體的實際問題而進行的應用研究具有直接的吸引力,因為其結(jié)果是可以看到和享受的??芍疚闹饕v基礎(chǔ)研究和應用研究的對比。
2.細節(jié)事實題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到第二段中“Leavingasidethefundsdevotedtoresearchbyindustry—whichisnaturallyfarmoreconcernedwithappliedaspectsbecausetheseincreaseprofitsquickly...撇開工業(yè)研究的經(jīng)費不談——工業(yè)研究自然更關(guān)心應用方面,因為這些能迅速增加利潤······可知C項正確。
3.判斷推理題。由第二段中“...thefundstheU.S.Governmentallotstobasicresearch
currentlyamounttoabout7percentofitsoverallresearchanddevelopmentfunds.目前美國政府分配基礎(chǔ)研究基金金額約7%的整體研發(fā)基金?!笨芍A(chǔ)研究的投資額才7%,其他都用于應用研究。故A項正確。
4.判斷推理題。由題干中的Lessdevelopedcountries定位到第二段中的Forpracticalreasons,thesumsspentonappliedresearchinanycountryalwaysfarexceedthoseforbasicresearch,andtheproportionsaremoreunequalinthelessdevelopedcountries.Leavingasidethefundsdevotedtoresearchbyindustry—whichisnaturallyfarmoreconcernedwithappliedaspectsbecausetheseincreaseprofitsquickly―thefundstheU.S.Governmentallotstobasicresearchcurrentlyamounttoabout7percentofitsoverallresearchanddevelopmentfunds.“由于現(xiàn)實原因,任何國家在應用研究上的投入總是遠遠超過在基礎(chǔ)研究上的投入,而在欠發(fā)達國家,這一比例更加不平等。撇開工業(yè)上的研究經(jīng)費不談,工業(yè)上的研究經(jīng)費自然更關(guān)心應用方面的問題,因為這能迅速增加利潤。美國政府目前撥給基礎(chǔ)研究的經(jīng)費大約占其全部研究和發(fā)展經(jīng)費的7%?!笨芍绹诨A(chǔ)應用上的投資尚且才7%,再由欠發(fā)達國家比例更不平衡可知欠發(fā)達國家在基礎(chǔ)應用上的投資更少。故D項正確。
11.單選題
I’msureyourresearchhas______thisdisease.
問題1選項
A.contributedtounderstandingof
B.contributedtounderstandof
C.beencontributedtounderstandof
D.beencontributedtounderstandingof
【答案】A
【解析】考查賓語從句。句意:我相信你的研究有助于了解這種疾病。I’msure(that)+賓語從句,根據(jù)contribute的動作發(fā)生在過去、對現(xiàn)在有影響,確定用現(xiàn)在完成時;根據(jù)contribute的動作是主動發(fā)生,確定用主動語態(tài);根據(jù)of所屬結(jié)構(gòu)確定用名詞性的understanding,A選項contributedtounderstandingof符合題意。B選項understand是動詞詞性,C選項和D選項中hasbeendone是被動語態(tài)。因此A選項正確。
12.翻譯題
Directions:ReadthefollowingtwotextscarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET.(10points)
Ahundredyearsagoitwasassumedandscientifically“proved”byeconomiststhatthelawsofsocietymadeitnecessarytohaveavastarmyofpoorandjoblesspeopleinordertokeeptheeconomygoing.(1)Today,hardlyanybodywoulddaretovoicethisprinciple.Itisgenerallyacceptedthatnobodyshouldbeexcludedfromthewealthofthenation,eitherbythelawsofnatureorbythoseofsociety.Theopinions,whichwerecurrentahundredyearsago,thatthepoorowedtheirconditionstotheirignorance,lackofresponsibility,areoutdated.InallWesternindustrializedcountries,asystemofinsurancehasbeenintroducedwhichguaranteeseveryoneaminimumofsubsistenceincaseofunemployment,sicknessandoldage.Iwouldgoonestepfurtherandarguethat,eveniftheseconditionsarenotpresent,everyonehastherighttoreceivethemeanstosubsist,inotherwords,hecanclaimthissubsistenceminimumwithouthavingtohaveany“reason”.(2)Iwouldsuggest,however,thatitshouldbelimitedtoadefiniteperiodoftime,let’ssaytwoyears,soastoavoidtheencouragingofanabnormalattitudewhichrefusesanykindofsocialobligation.
Thismaysoundlikeafantasticproposal,butso,Ithinkourinsurancesystemwouldhavesoundedtopeopleahundredyearsago.Themainobjectiontosuchaschemewouldbethatifeachpersonwereentitledtoreceiveminimumsupport,peoplewouldnotwork.(3)Thisassumptionrestsonthefallacyoftheinherentlazinessinhumannature;actually,asidefromabnormallylazypeople,therewouldbeveryfewwhowouldnotwanttoearnmorethantheminimum,andwhowouldprefertodonothingratherthanwork.
(4)However,thesuspicionsagainstasystemofguaranteedsubsistenceminimumarenotgroundlessfromthestandpointofthosewhowanttouseownershipofcapitalforthepurposeofforcingotherstoaccepttheworkconditionstheyoffer.Ifnobodywereforcedtoacceptworkinordernottostarve,workwouldhavetobesufficientlyinterestingandattractivetoinduceonetoacceptit.(5)Freedomofcontractispossibleonlyifbothpartiesarefreetoacceptandrejectit;inthepresentcapitalistsystemthisisnotthecase.
Butsuchasystemwouldnotonlybethebeginningofrealfreedomofcontractbetweenemployersandemployees;itsprincipaladvantagewouldbetheimprovementoffreedomininterpersonalrelationshipsineverysphereofdailylife.
【答案】1.而今天,幾乎沒有人再敢提出這條原則,現(xiàn)在人們一般認為,不能用自然法則或社會法則把任何人排斥在國家財富之外。
2.但我想建議,這種生活維持費必須限制在一定的限期內(nèi),譬如說2年,以避免鼓勵一種反常的態(tài)度,即不被承擔任何社會義務(wù)。
3.這種假設(shè)是依據(jù)這樣一種謬論:人的本性中具有內(nèi)在惰性。而實際上,除了特別懶惰的人以外,幾乎沒有人愿意只掙相當于最低生活費的錢,也沒有人愿意無所事事。
4.然而,有些人想利用資本所有權(quán)來迫使其他人接受提供的工作條件,從這些人的立場看來,對最低生活保障制度持懷疑態(tài)度不是沒有道理的。
5.只有雙方都能自由地接受和拒絕合同,才可能有立約自由:在目前的資本主義制度下情況并非如此。
13.單選題
Iwillholdyoupersonally(
)ifanythinggoeswronginthisproject.
問題1選項
A.destructive
B.liable
C.diverse
D.responsible
【答案】D
【解析】考查形容詞辨析。destructive意為“破壞性的”;liable意為“(法律上)負有償付責任,可能(做某事)”,指在不履行債務(wù)等時應負法律責任或受罰;diverse意為“不同的,多種多樣的”;responsible意為“負責的,可靠的,有責任的”,指能熟練而出色地履行職責或完成任務(wù),或在出差錯而對其原因有爭執(zhí)時承擔過失。
句意:假如這個項目出了任何問題,我將追究你個人的責任。
14.單選題
AlthoughIdon’twishto______yourcontribution,Ifeelwemustplaceitintitsproperperspective.
問題1選項
A.magnify
B.expurgate
C.denigrate
D.belittle
【答案】D
【解析】考查動詞辨析。A項magnify表示“放大,贊美”,B項expurgate表示“刪除,刪去”,C項denigrate表示“詆毀,使變黑,玷污”,D項belittle表示“輕視,貶低”。Although引導讓步狀語從句,根據(jù)主句的內(nèi)容“我覺得我們必須正確地看待它”可推知,Idon’twishto______yourcontribution表示的是“我不想貶低你的貢獻”。句意:雖然我不想貶低你的貢獻,但我覺得我們必須正確看待它。因此,該題選擇D項正確。
15.單選題
13.
問題1選項
A.Itisonlyacough.
B.it’saminorillness.
C.Itstartedtwoweeksago.
D.It’sextremelyserious.
【答案】C
【解析】M:Howlongcouldyouhavethesesymptoms?
W:Oh,Ihavethecoughfortwoweeks,butfeelingilljustseemtopastafewdays.
Q:Whatdoweknowaboutthewoman’sillness?
【解析】女士說:Ihavethecoughfortwoweeks,即咳嗽是兩周前開始的。
16.翻譯題
ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslateitintoChinese.
TheUnitedKingdomhasanextraordinarilyrichanddiverseartisticheritage,withBritishpoets,playwrights,musicians,sculptors,paintersandfilmmakersenjoyedandadmiredallovertheworld.
TheUnitedKingdom’scontributionstothevisualartsareimmenseandthentherearemanytracestobefoundaroundthecountry,fromstrikingarchitecturetopaintings,ceramicsandsculptureswhichcanbeeasilyfoundinourmanyartgalleriesandmuseums.
Theperformingartsarethrivingaswell.Music,theatre,filmmaking,danceandoperaareallperformedenthusiasticallyintheatres,concerthallsandstudiosalloverthecountryeverynightoftheyear.
Therichnessofourculturallifeislargelydowntoourdiversehistory,formanyhundredsofyearsdifferentracesandcultureshavehadaninfluenceontheUnitedKin
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