書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

Nick’snewnovelprovesheisn’tjustaflashinthe（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.sky

B.pan

C.house

D.dark

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定短語搭配。aflashinthepan“曇花一現(xiàn)，轉(zhuǎn)瞬即逝，多用來形容某事持續(xù)時(shí)間短”。句意：尼克的新小說證明他并不是曇花一現(xiàn)。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

2.單選題

Henry'snewsreportcoveringtheconferencewasso（）thatnothinghadbeenomitted.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.clear

B.integrated

C.comprehensive

D.understandable

【答案】C

【解析】詞義辨析題。句意：亨利關(guān)于這次會(huì)議的新聞報(bào)道非常全面,

沒有遺漏任何東西。選項(xiàng)C符合句意。

3.單選題

Theenergycontainedinrockwithintheearth’scrustrepresentsanearlyunlimitedenergysource,butuntilrecentlycommercialretrievalhasbeenlimitedtoundergroundhotwaterand/orsteamrecov-rysystems.Thesesystemshavebeendevelopedinareasofrecentvolcanicactivity,wherehighratesfheatflowcausevisibleeruptionofwaterintheformofgeysersandhotsprings.Inotherareas,owever,hotrockalsoexistsnearthesurfacebutthereisinsufficientwaterpresenttoproduceerup-ivephenomena.Thusapotentialhotdryrock(HDR)reservoirexistswhenevertheamountofspon-aneouslyproducedgeothermalfluidhasbeenjudgedinadequateforexistingcommercialsystems.

Asaresultofrecentenergycrisis,newconceptsforcreatingHDRrecoverysystems—whichin-olvedrillingholesandconnectingthemtoartificialreservoirsplaceddeepwithinthecrust—arebe-ngdeveloped.InallattemptstoretrieveenergyfromHDRs,artificialstimulationwillberequiredtoreateeithersufficientpermeabilityorboundedflowpathstofacilitatetheremovalofheatbycircula-ionofafluidoverthesurfaceoftherock.

TheHDRresourcebaseisgenerallydefinedtoincludecrustalrockthatishotterthan150°C,istdepthslessthantenkilometers,andcanbedrilledwithpresentlyavailableequipment.Althoughellsdeeperthantenkilometersaretechnicallyfeasible,prevailingeconomicfactorswillobviouslyeterminethecommercialfeasibilityofwellsatsuchdepths.Rocktemperaturesaslowas100oCmayeusefulforspaceheating；however,forproducingelectricity,temperaturesgreaterthan200°Careesirable.

Thegeothermalgradient,whichspecificallydeterminesthedepthofdrillingrequiredtoreachaesiredtemperature,isamajorfactorintherecoverabilityofgeothermalresources.Temperaturegra-ientmapsgeneratedfromoilandgaswelltemperature-depthrecordskeptbytheAmericanAssocia-ionofPetroleumGeologistssuggestthattappablehigh-temperaturegradientsaredistributedallacrossheUnitedStates.(Therearemanyareas,however,forwhichnotemperaturegradientrecordsex-st.)

IndicationsarethattheHDRresourcebaseisverylarge.Ifanaveragegeothermaltemperatureradientof22°Cperkilometerofdepthisused,astaggering13,000,000quadrillionB.T.U.?softo-alenergyarecalculatedtobecontainedincrustalrocktoaten-kilometerdepthintheUnitedStates.fweconservativelyestimatethatonlyabout0.2percentisrecoverable,wefindatotalofallthecoalemainingintheUnitedStates.Theremainingproblemistobalancetheeconomicsofdeeper,hotter,orecostlywellsandshallower,cooler，lessexpensivewellsagainstthevalueofthefinalproduct,e-ectricityand/orheat.

1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto().

2.Thepassagewouldbemostlikelytoappearina()

3.Accordingthepassage,anaveragegeothermalgradientof22°Cperkilometerofdepthcanbeusedto()

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheavailabilityoftemperature-depthrecordsforanyspe-cificareaintheUnitedStatesdependsprimarilyonthe().

5.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethemostappropriatetitleforthepassage?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.alertreaderstotheexistenceofHDRsasanavailableenergysource

B.documentthechallengesthathavebeensurmountedintheefforttorecoverenergyfromHDRs

C.warntheusersofcoalandoilthatHDRsarenotaneconomicallyfeasiblealternative

D.encouragetheuseofnewtechniquesfortherecoveryofenergyfromundergroundhotwaterandsteam

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.petrologicalresearchreportfocusedonthehistoryoftemperature-depthrecordsintheUnitedStates

B.congressionalreporturgingtheconservationofoilandnaturalgasreservesintheUnitedStates

C.technicaljournalarticleconcernedwiththerecoverabilityofnewlyidentifiedenergysources

D.consumerreportdescribingtheextentandaccessibilityofremainingcoalresources

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.balancetheeconomicsofHDRenergyretrievalagainstthatofundergroundhotwaterorsteamrecoverysystems

B.determinetheamountofenergythatwillbeusedforspaceheatingintheUnitedStates

C.providecomparisonsbetweenhotwaterandHDRenergysourcesinUnitedStates

D.estimatethetotalHDRresourcebaseintheUnitedStates

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.possibilitythatHDRsmaybefoundinthatarea

B.existenceofpreviousattemptstoobtainoilorgasinthatarea

C.historyofsuccessfulhotwaterorsteamrecoveryeffortsinthatarea

D.failureofinhabitantstoconserveoilgasreservesinthatarea

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.EnergyfromWaterSources:TheFeasibilityofCommercialSystems

B.GeothermalEnergyRetrieval:VolcanicActivityandHotDryRocks

C.EnergyUnderground:GeothermalSourcesGiveWaytoFossilFuels

D.TappableEnergyforAmerica’sFuture:HotDryRocks

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】1.最后一段指出：IndicationsarethattheHDRresourcebaseisverylarge（HDR能源基礎(chǔ)是巨大的）。A項(xiàng)“提醒讀者HDR可作為可利用能源”符合文意。

2.本文旨在提醒讀者HDR可作為可利用能源。所以，這篇文章可能出現(xiàn)在C項(xiàng)“關(guān)于新發(fā)現(xiàn)能源可恢復(fù)性的技術(shù)期刊”上。

3.根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“averagegeothermalgradientof22°Cperkilometerofdepth”定位至最后一段：IndicationsarethattheHDRresourcebaseisverylarge.Ifanaveragegeothermaltemperaturegradientof22°Cperkilometerofdepthisused,astaggering13,000,000quadrillionB.T.U.’softotalenergyarecalculatedtobecontainedincrustalrocktoaten-kilometerdepthintheUnitedStates（跡象表明，HDR的能源庫巨大。如果按每公里深度的地?zé)崽荻绕骄鶠?2攝氏度計(jì)算，可以得出美國(guó)1萬公里深度的地殼巖石中所包含的總能源。）D項(xiàng)“estimatethetotalHDRresourcebase”符合文意。

4.第四段指出：“Temperaturegradientmapsgeneratedfromoilandgaswelltemperature-depthrecordskeptbytheAmericanAssociationofPetroleumGeologistssuggest

thattappablehigh-temperaturegradientsaredistributedallacrosstheUnitedStates.”B項(xiàng)“該地區(qū)先前試圖獲取燃油和天然氣”符合文意。

5.本文講述了HDR能源的發(fā)現(xiàn)及應(yīng)用前景，通篇的關(guān)鍵詞為HDR。D項(xiàng)最適合做文章的標(biāo)題。

4.單選題

We’ll____youforanydamagedonetoyourhousewhileweareinit.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.compensate

B.remedy

C.supplement

D.retrieve

【答案】A

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.compensate給（某人）賠償（或賠款）B.remedy改正；糾正

C.supplement增補(bǔ)；補(bǔ)充D.retrieve取回；索回

【答案】A

【考查點(diǎn)】動(dòng)詞辨析。

【解題思路】句意：我們?cè)谀惴孔永锏臅r(shí)候，如果給你房子造成任何損壞，我們會(huì)……。根據(jù)邏輯，住在別人的房子里時(shí)，如果造成損壞應(yīng)該對(duì)房子的主人進(jìn)行賠償。因此選A。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】B、C、D選項(xiàng)均無法與空格前后構(gòu)成相應(yīng)邏輯關(guān)系。

【句意】我們?cè)谀惴孔永锏臅r(shí)候，如果給你房子造成任何損壞，我們會(huì)賠償?shù)摹?/p>

5.單選題

Themostsuccessfulwaytosolvethelanguageproblemwhileaforeignplayisbeingperformedis______translation.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.homogeneous

B.simultaneous

C.instantaneous

D.spontaneous

【答案】B

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.homogeneous同種類的B.simultaneous同時(shí)發(fā)生（或進(jìn)行）的；同步的

C.instantaneous立即的；立刻的D.spontaneous自發(fā)的；非籌劃安排的

【考查點(diǎn)】形容詞辨析。

【解題思路】根據(jù)關(guān)鍵信息whileaforeignplayisbeingperformed（在外國(guó)戲劇上演時(shí)）和translation可推知，在看戲劇時(shí)，解決語言問題的辦法就是同聲傳譯，simultaneoustranslation表示“同聲傳譯”，該題選擇B項(xiàng)。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A、C、D項(xiàng)不符合句意。

【句意】在外國(guó)戲劇上演時(shí)，解決語言問題最成功的方法就是同聲傳譯。

6.單選題

Thelargeamountsofpersonaldatafloatingaroundinsocietytodayleavesindividualsopentohavingtheirprivacytobeviolated,sometimeswithseriousconsequences.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.floatingaround

B.leaves

C.beviolated

D.with

【答案】B

【解析】考查單復(fù)數(shù)。Thelargeamountsof跟名詞做主語，謂語動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)。句意：當(dāng)今社會(huì)中大量的個(gè)人信息使個(gè)人隱私很容易受到侵犯，有時(shí)會(huì)帶來嚴(yán)重的后果。因此，該題選擇B項(xiàng)。

7.單選題

WheatyieldinEuropeishighlysensitivetonaturalvariabilityintemperatureandrainfall.Inthesesimulations,climatechangealoneby2050resultsinsignificantincreasesinyieldunderbothscenariosonlyinthreenorthernEuropeancountries.ButaddingestimatedeffectsofhigherCO2concentrationsonplantgrowthincreasesthatyieldsconsiderably,withyieldincreasesnowbeingsignificantinallofthetencountriesincludedinthestudy.WhethersuchincreasesduetohigherCO2concentrationwouldactuallyberealizedisuncertain,becauseofproblemsinextrapolatingfromidealizedlaboratoryandmodelingresultstofieldconditions.

Theclearmessageofthisworkisthatgreatereffortsareneededtotakeaccountofthe“noise”ofnaturalclimatevariabilitywhenconsideringthe“signal”ofclimatechange.Inparticular,caremustbetakenininterpretingtheresultsofimpactassessments,especiallythosewhichuseclimatesimulationsovershortperiodsonly.

Muchmoreremainstobedone.Forexample,theuseofsimulatedmonthlyclimatedatabyHulmeetal,evenwheninterpolatedtodailydatabystatisticalmethods,leavesopenthepossibilityofsystematicchangesinday-to-dayvariabilityandextremesduetoclimatechange.Thesecouldwelldominatetheeffectsofclimatechangeonbothriverflowandwheatyield.Takingthemintoaccountwillrequiretheanalysisofdailyoutputfromtheclimatemodels,especiallyatfinespatialresolution.

Moreimportantly,inunderstandingthemessagefromHulmeetal,weneedtodistinguishbetweenconfidencelevelsusedforthedetectabilityofsimulatedorrealimpactsduetoclimatechange,andthoseneededtodecideiftheinformationaboutpossiblefutureimpactsisusefulfordecision-makers.Detectability,usedasevidenceofclimatechange,arguablyrequiresahighlevelofconfidence,say,atthe95%or99%level.Ontheotherhand,ifwetakeitasagiventhatclimatechangeisoccurring,andweareseekingusefuladviceastowhattheconsequencesmightbe,alowerlevelofconfidencemaysuffice.

Studiesofthelengthofadatasetisnecessarytodetectarealchangeinthemeanagainstabackgroundofvariability,forexamplefordetectionoftrendsintotalozoneorriverflow,indicatethatevenifthechangeisreal,itmayneedtohavehappenedfordecadesbeforeitcanbeshownstatisticallytohaveoccurred.Incasessuchasestimationoffloodfrequencyandoftheoccurrenceofmoisturestressincrops,whatisneededtoidentifyfuture“dangerous”levelsofclimatechange,ortoplanadaptationmeasures,isanestimateofchangesintheprobabilityofsucheffectsbeforetheyhappen.

1.Accordingtothestudy,highwheatyieldsinEuropemostsignificantlyneed（）.

2.Ahighlevelofconfidenceisneededwhenwe（）.

3.Toidentifythepossiblefutureimpactsofclimatechange,scientists（）.

4.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?

5.Whatcanwelearnfromthelastparagraph?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.highertemperaturet

B.heavyrainfallt

C.higherCO2concentrationst

D.naturalclimatechanget

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.takeitasagiventhatclimatechangeisoccurringt

B.use“detectability”asanevidenceofclimatechanget

C.decideiftheinformationisusefulfordecision-makerst

D.estimatethescopeofwheatyieldsincreasest

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.onlyneedanidealizedlaboratoryt

B.mayspendyearstoobtainandanalyzevalidstatisticalevidencet

C.planadaptationmeasuresafterthechangeoccurst

D.setnewclimatemodelst

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.WaysofimprovingWheatYieldsinEuropet

B.ClimateChangeandWheatYieldst

C.StatisticalEvidenceofClimateChanget

D.SimulatedExperimentsonRiverFlowt

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Itisimportanttodetecttrendsintotalozoneorriverflow.t

B.Ittakesdecadestodetectclimatechangestatistically.t

C.Whatismoreimportantistoplanadaptationmeasuresagainstbadeffectsofclimatechange.t

D.Wheatyieldiscloselyrelatedtoclimate.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】第1題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“根據(jù)這項(xiàng)研究，在歐洲高小麥產(chǎn)量最需要的是……”。文章第一段前三句提到WheatyieldinEuropeishighlysensitivetonaturalvariabilityintemperatureandrainfall.Inthesesimulations,climatechangealoneby2050resultsinsignificantincreasesinyieldunderbothscenariosonlyinthreenorthernEuropeancountries.ButaddingestimatedeffectsofhigherCO2concentrationsonplantgrowthincreasesthatyieldsconsiderably,withyieldincreasesnowbeingsignificantinallofthetencountriesincludedinthestudy.（歐洲的小麥產(chǎn)量對(duì)溫度和降雨的自然變化高度敏感；在這些模擬中，在兩種情景下，僅有氣候變化，到2050年就會(huì)只有三個(gè)北歐國(guó)家的產(chǎn)量顯著增加；但是，增加更高的二氧化碳濃度對(duì)植物生長(zhǎng)的估計(jì)影響，會(huì)顯著增加產(chǎn)量，研究中包括的所有10個(gè)國(guó)家的產(chǎn)量現(xiàn)在都顯著增加），溫度、降雨量和二氧化碳都包括在自然氣候變化里，它們都能提高小麥產(chǎn)量，但是添加更多的二氧化碳濃度能使所有10個(gè)國(guó)家的產(chǎn)量顯著增加，所以A項(xiàng)“更高溫度”、B項(xiàng)“大降雨量”和D項(xiàng)“自然氣候變化”都不選，C項(xiàng)“更高的二氧化碳濃度”符合題意。故該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

第2題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“當(dāng)我們……需要有很高的可信度”。第四段第二句提到Detectability,usedasevidenceofclimatechange,arguablyrequiresahighlevelofconfidence,say,atthe95%or99%level.（可探測(cè)性，作為氣候變化的證據(jù)，可以說需要很高的可信度，比如95%或99%的水平），由此可知B項(xiàng)“使用可探測(cè)性作為氣候變化的證據(jù)”正確。第四段最后一句指出Ontheotherhand,ifwetakeitasagiventhatclimatechangeisoccurring,andweareseekingusefuladviceastowhattheconsequencesmightbe,alowerlevelofconfidencemaysuffice.（另一方面，如果我們認(rèn)為氣候變化正在發(fā)生，并且我們正在尋求有用的建議，了解可能的后果，低一點(diǎn)的信心可能就足夠了）可知A項(xiàng)“認(rèn)為氣候變化正在發(fā)生是理所當(dāng)然的”不正確；C項(xiàng)“決定信息是否對(duì)決策者有用”，文中沒有提到關(guān)于決定信息是否對(duì)決策者有用的可信度，所以C項(xiàng)不選；D項(xiàng)“估計(jì)小麥產(chǎn)量增加的范圍”文章沒有提及。故該題選擇B項(xiàng)正確。

第3題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“為了確定氣候變化可能帶來的未來影響，科學(xué)家們……”。最后一段第一句指出Studiesofthelengthofadatasetisnecessarytodetectarealchangeinthemeanagainstabackgroundofvariability,forexamplefordetectionoftrendsintotalozoneorriverflow,indicatethatevenifthechangeisreal,itmayneedtohavehappenedfordecadesbeforeitcanbeshownstatisticallytohaveoccurred.（研究數(shù)據(jù)集的長(zhǎng)度是必要的，以檢測(cè)在變化的背景下的平均值的真正變化，例如檢測(cè)總臭氧或河流量的趨勢(shì)，表明即使這種變化是真實(shí)的，它可能需要幾十年的時(shí)間才能被統(tǒng)計(jì)出來）由此可知，為了確定氣候變化可能帶來的未來影響，可能需要花費(fèi)幾十年的時(shí)間來統(tǒng)計(jì)，故B項(xiàng)“可能花費(fèi)數(shù)年的時(shí)間來獲取和分析有效的統(tǒng)計(jì)證據(jù)”正確。A項(xiàng)“只需要一個(gè)理想化的實(shí)驗(yàn)室”和D項(xiàng)“建立新的氣候模型”文章未提及；C項(xiàng)“計(jì)劃氣候變化發(fā)生后的適應(yīng)措施”，文章最后一句話提到whatisneededtoidentifyfuture“dangerous”levelsofclimatechange,ortoplanadaptationmeasures,isanestimateofchangesintheprobabilityofsucheffectsbeforetheyhappen.（要確定未來氣候變化的“危險(xiǎn)”水平，或計(jì)劃適應(yīng)措施，所需要的是在這些影響發(fā)生之前估計(jì)其發(fā)生可能性的變化），可知要想計(jì)劃氣候變化發(fā)生后的適應(yīng)措施，在此之前需要估計(jì)其發(fā)生的可能性，也就是需要花費(fèi)幾十年來統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)，C項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。故該題選擇B項(xiàng)正確。

第4題:主旨大意題。題干意思是“下面哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)是這篇文章的最佳標(biāo)題？”。通讀文章可知，文章主要講述氣候變化對(duì)歐洲小麥產(chǎn)量的影響，故B項(xiàng)“氣候變化與小麥產(chǎn)量”符合題意。A項(xiàng)“歐洲提高小麥產(chǎn)量的方法”，這是探索氣候變化與小麥產(chǎn)量的一個(gè)過程，不能概括全文；C項(xiàng)“氣候變化的統(tǒng)計(jì)證據(jù)”和D項(xiàng)“河流流量模擬實(shí)驗(yàn)”都只是部分提及，比較片面。故該題選擇B項(xiàng)正確。

第5題:推理判斷題。題干意思是“從最后一段我們可以了解到什么？”。A項(xiàng)“檢測(cè)總臭氧或河流流量的趨勢(shì)是重要的”只是文章中的一個(gè)例子，不能夠表達(dá)原文意思；B項(xiàng)“用統(tǒng)計(jì)方法檢測(cè)氣候變化需要幾十年的時(shí)間”，表達(dá)太過絕對(duì)，文中只是提到itmayneedtohavehappenedfordecades（這可能需要幾十年的時(shí)間）；C項(xiàng)“更重要的是制定應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化不利影響的適應(yīng)措施”，表述不正確，根據(jù)文章最后一句話whatisneededtoidentifyfuture“dangerous”levelsofclimatechange,ortoplanadaptationmeasures,isanestimateofchangesintheprobabilityofsucheffectsbeforetheyhappen.（要確定未來氣候變化的“危險(xiǎn)”水平，或計(jì)劃適應(yīng)措施，所需要的是在這些影響發(fā)生之前估計(jì)其發(fā)生可能性的變化）可知，更為重要的是能夠預(yù)測(cè)這些氣候變化對(duì)小麥產(chǎn)量帶來的影響；D項(xiàng)“小麥產(chǎn)量與氣候密切相關(guān)”符合原文。故該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

8.單選題

Ididn’treadtheblurb;I（）straightintothefirstchapter.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.dived

B.ran

C.plunged

D.read

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞短語辨析。A選項(xiàng)diveinto“迅速把手伸入；投入；一心投入；跳入（指的是跳水標(biāo)準(zhǔn)動(dòng)作，運(yùn)動(dòng)員的那種頭朝下的）”；B選項(xiàng)runinto“遭遇，陷入；撞上，撞到；偶然遇見”；C選項(xiàng)plungeinto“投入；跳入（主要指暴力一些的進(jìn)入，比如車失控沖進(jìn)水里；人郁悶地把頭埋進(jìn)冷水盆里）；突然或倉促地開始某事；猛沖；使突然陷入；縱身投入”；D選項(xiàng)readinto“曲解；加上另外的意思于；隱藏某種意義”。句意：我沒有讀簡(jiǎn)介，直接倉促地開始讀第一章。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

9.單選題

Hewasdeterminedtosailaroundtheworld（

）hisillnessandoldage.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.given

B.although

C.despite

D.inspite

【答案】C

【解析】【試題解析】考查連詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)given“考慮到”；B選項(xiàng)although“盡管、雖然”；C選項(xiàng)despite“即使、盡管”；D選項(xiàng)inspite要和of組成固定短語“雖然、盡管”，根據(jù)句中關(guān)鍵詞“hisillnessandoldage”和題干的句意，且已知despite后可跟名詞短語或名詞性短語，我們可以判斷C選項(xiàng)用法正確且符合語境。

10.單選題

ChristmasisaChristianholydayusuallycelebratedonDecember25th_______thebirthofJesusChrist.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.inaccordancewith

B.intermsof

C.infavorof

D.inhonorof

【答案】D

【解析】介詞詞組辨析。inaccordancewith“根據(jù)”；intermsof“就……而言”；infavorof“喜歡”；inhonorof“紀(jì)念；招待”。句意：12月25日圣誕節(jié)是基督教的一個(gè)神圣的日子，為了紀(jì)念耶穌的出生。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

11.單選題

Recently,CongressionalDemocratsintroducedlegislationtomakeiteasierforolderworkerstowinagediscriminationlawsuits.Agediscriminationremainsasignificantworkplaceissue.

Inrecenttenyears,15.79percentofcasesbroughttotheEqualEmploymentOpportunityCommission,weredescribedassuccessfulclaims.WhilethisnumberissmallgiventhenumberofworkerscoveredbytheAgeDiscriminationinEmploymentAct,many,ifnotmost,instancesofagediscriminationareneversued,andcaseshiringdiscriminationoftengoundetected.

Mostofthosewhodosuearewhite,malemiddle-managerswhoarelikelytohavelostasizeablesalaryandpension.Forthemostpart,othergroupsdonotsuebecausethecostsofalawsuitoutweighthepotentialbenefits.Agediscriminationremainsasignificantworkplaceissue.

Thereisstrongexperimentalevidenceforagediscriminationinhiring,atleastforentry-leveljobs.Recently,IperformedalabormarketexperimentinBostoninwhichIsentoutthousandsofresumesforfictitious(虛構(gòu)的)entry-levelfemalecandidatesandmeasuredresponseratebasedondateofhighschoolgraduation.Amongthisgroup,youngerapplicants,whosedateofhighschoolgraduationindicatedthattheywerelessthan50yearsold,were40percentmorelikelytobecalledbackforaninterviewthanwereolderapplicants.

Itisdifficulttotellwhetheremploymentproblemsareworseforolderworkersthanforotherworkerswhentimesarebad.Thenumberofdiscriminationlawsuitsincreasesduringtimesofhighunemployment,butthisfindingbyitselfdoesnotindicateanincreasedlevelofagediscrimination.Intimesofhigherunemployment,theopportunitycosttoalawsuitislowerthanitiswhentimesaregood.

Fromtheemployer’sperspective,masslayoffsmayseemlikeagoodchancetoremoveahigherproportionofgenerallymoreexpensiveolderworkerswithouttheworryofbeingsued.Ontheotherhand,employersmaybelesslikelytoremoveprotectedolderworkersbecausetheystillfearlawsuits.Onethingwedoknowisthatonceanolderworkerlosesajob,heorsheismuchlesslikelytofindanewjobthanayoungerworkeris.

Unfortunately,theeffectoflegislationprohibitingagediscriminationisnoteasytoseeandmayactuallybepartofthereasonitissodifficultforolderworkerstofindemployment.Ifitismoredifficulttofireanolderworkerthanayoungerworker,afirmwillbelesslikelytowanttohireolderworkers.Indeed,myresearchfindsthatinstateswhereworkershavelongertimetobringalawsuitclaim,oldermenworkfewerweeksperyear,arelesslikelytobehired,andlesslikelytobefiredthanmeninstateswheretheydonothaveasmuch.

NotmanypeoplewouldsuggestthatwegobacktoaworldpriortotheAgeDiscriminationinEmploymentAct,inwhichadvertisementsspecifythespecificagesofpeopletheyarewillingtohire.However,legislationprohibitingdiscriminationisnopanacea(萬靈藥).Therecentproposedcongressionallegislationcouldhavebothpositiveandnegativeeffectsonpotentialolderworkers.

1.Alotofcasesofagediscriminationarenotfoundbecause（）

2.ThelabormarketexperimentinBostonshowsthat（）

3.Whatmayleadtotheincreaseofdiscriminationlawsuitsduringtimesofhighunemployment?

4.Fromthelastparagraph,welearnthat（）

5.Theauthoris（）whenheanalyzestheagediscriminationissue.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.agediscriminationlawwasjustintroducedrecently.

B.otherdiscriminatedgroupsdon’tsueexceptthewhites.

C.agediscriminationcasesareinlargequantityanditisdifficulttodetectallofthem.

D.manydiscriminatedpeopledon’tsueandcostsofalawsuitoutweighpotentialbenefits.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.youngermaleapplicantsaremorelikelytobehiredthantheirfemalecounterparts.

B.agediscriminationisquitecommoninhiringprocess.

C.theauthorcollectedinformationbyinterviewingfemaleapplicants.

D.femaleapplicantswhoare50yearsoldwillneverhaveachancetogetajob.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Theincreaseofagediscrimination.

B.Thedecreaseofagediscrimination.

C.Thedecreaseofopportunitycosttolawsuits.

D.Theincreaseofopportunitycosttolawsuits.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.employerscouldspecifytheagesofpeopletheywanttohireinthepast.

B.allemployersrecruitedworkersthroughadvertisementinthepast.

C.legislationprohibitingdiscriminationcan’tfreeoldworkersfromagediscrimination.

D.therecentproposedcongressionallegislationisineffective.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.pessimistic

B.partial

C.objective

D.doubtful

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:C

【解析】1.推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第二段最后一句caseshiringdiscriminationoftengoundetected（雇傭歧視的案例往往沒有被發(fā)現(xiàn)。），接下來第三段說明了沒有被發(fā)現(xiàn)的原因，由第三段第二句Forthemostpart,othergroupsdonotsuebecausethecostsofalawsuitoutweighthepotentialbenefits.（在大多數(shù)情況下，其他團(tuán)體不會(huì)起訴，因?yàn)樵V訟的成本超過了潛在的利益。）可知，很多年齡歧視的案例沒有被發(fā)現(xiàn)是因?yàn)槿藗儧]有起訴，而且起訴的成本高于利益。因此D選項(xiàng)“許多受歧視的人不起訴，而且訴訟的成本超過了潛在的利益。”正確。A選項(xiàng)“年齡歧視法最近剛剛出臺(tái)”，文中沒有具體說年齡歧視法出臺(tái)的時(shí)間，所以A錯(cuò)誤。B選項(xiàng)“除了白人，其他受歧視的群體不起訴”，文章說的是大多數(shù)提起訴訟的都是白人，而不是其他群體不起訴，所以B錯(cuò)誤。C選項(xiàng)“年齡歧視案件數(shù)量龐大，很難全部發(fā)現(xiàn)”，根據(jù)文章第二段第二句WhilethisnumberissmallgiventhenumberofworkerscoveredbytheAgeDiscriminationinEmploymentAct（考慮到《就業(yè)年齡歧視法》所涵蓋的工人人數(shù)，這個(gè)數(shù)字很?。┛芍挲g歧視案件的數(shù)量并不多，所以C錯(cuò)誤。

2.客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“l(fā)abormarketexperimentinBoston”可以定位到文章第四段，由第四段第一句Thereisstrongexperimentalevidenceforagediscriminationinhiring,atleastforentry-leveljobs.（有強(qiáng)有力的實(shí)驗(yàn)證據(jù)表明，在招聘中存在年齡歧視，至少在入門級(jí)工作中是如此。）可知，年齡歧視在招聘過程中很普遍。因此B選項(xiàng)“年齡歧視在招聘過程中很常見。”正確。A選項(xiàng)“年輕的男性求職者比女性求職者更有可能被錄用”，文章說的是年齡歧視，而不是性別歧視，所以A錯(cuò)誤。C選項(xiàng)“作者通過面試女性申請(qǐng)者收集信息”，作者是通過投遞女性求職者的簡(jiǎn)歷來做調(diào)查，而不是面試女性，所以C錯(cuò)誤。D選項(xiàng)“50歲的女性應(yīng)聘者將永遠(yuǎn)沒有機(jī)會(huì)得到工作”，文章說的是年輕的求職者比50歲以上的求職者接到面試通知的可能性高，而不是50歲的女性永遠(yuǎn)找不到工作，所以D錯(cuò)誤。

3.推理判斷題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“highunemployment”可以定位到文章第五段最后一句Intimesofhigherunemployment,theopportunitycosttoalawsuitislowerthanitiswhentimesaregood.（在高失業(yè)率時(shí)期，訴訟的機(jī)會(huì)成本比經(jīng)濟(jì)景氣時(shí)要低。），說明高失業(yè)率時(shí)期訴訟成本降低會(huì)導(dǎo)致訴訟案件增加。因此C選項(xiàng)“訴訟的機(jī)會(huì)成本降低?！闭_。A選項(xiàng)“年齡歧視的增加”，B選項(xiàng)“年齡歧視的減少”，根據(jù)第五段第二句butthisfindingbyitselfdoesnotindicateanincreasedlevelofagediscrimination.（但這一發(fā)現(xiàn)本身并不表明年齡歧視水平的增加）可知訴訟案件的增加和年齡歧視的多少無關(guān)，所以A，B錯(cuò)誤。D選項(xiàng)“訴訟的機(jī)會(huì)成本增加”和C選項(xiàng)是相反的，所以D錯(cuò)誤。

4.推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章最后一段，由最后一段第一句NotmanypeoplewouldsuggestthatwegobacktoaworldpriortotheAgeDiscriminationinEmploymentAct,inwhichadvertisementsspecifythespecificagesofpeopletheyarewillingtohire.（沒有多少人會(huì)建議我們回到《就業(yè)年齡歧視法》出臺(tái)之前的時(shí)代，在那個(gè)時(shí)代，招聘廣告會(huì)明確指出他們?cè)敢夤蛡虻娜说木唧w年齡。）可知，在過去雇主可以指定他們想雇傭的人的年齡。因此A選項(xiàng)“過去的雇主可以指定他們想雇傭的人的年齡?！闭_。B選項(xiàng)“過去所有的雇主都是通過廣告招聘工人的”，在文中沒有提及，所以B錯(cuò)誤。C選項(xiàng)“禁止歧視的立法不能使老年工人免受年齡歧視”，根據(jù)最后一段最后一句Therecentproposedcongressionallegislationcouldhavebothpositiveandnegativeeffectsonpotentialolderworkers.（最近提出的國(guó)會(huì)立法可能對(duì)潛在的老年工人產(chǎn)生正面和負(fù)面的影響。）可知，立法對(duì)解決年齡歧視問題是有一定積極影響的，所以C錯(cuò)誤。D選項(xiàng)“最近提出的國(guó)會(huì)立法是無效的”，在文中沒有提及，所以D錯(cuò)誤。

5.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。文章第一段說到年齡歧視情況很多時(shí)候不被發(fā)現(xiàn)，接下來分析原因，講到立法效果不明顯等，這些都是事實(shí)和現(xiàn)狀，作者不帶自己的主觀色彩，說明作者對(duì)年齡歧視問題的闡述態(tài)度是客觀的。因此C選項(xiàng)“客觀的”正確。A選項(xiàng)“悲觀的”，B選項(xiàng)“部分的”，D選項(xiàng)“懷疑的”都不能說明作者的態(tài)度，所以A，B，D錯(cuò)誤。

12.翻譯題

Directions:TranslatethefollowingfiveunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationontheAnswerSheet.

Warningandothersignsblamedfortwomillionaccidents

NearlytwomilliondriversintheUKhavehadaccidentsdueto“BabyOnBoard”signsandchildren'stoysthatobscuretheirview,accordingtoalarmingnewresearch.

Onein20motoristssaysstickersandplaytimeparaphernaliaaretoblameforacollision-equivalentto1.85millionofBritain's37milliondrivers.

1.TherevelationtriggeredawarningbyroadsafetycharityBraketocutdownonclutterinthecar.

DeputychiefexecutiveJulieTownsendsaid“BabyOnBoard”signsareusefulinalertingtheemergencyservicesthatachildmaybeinvolvedintheeventofacrash.

“Thishelpcanbecomeahindranceifdriversdisplaysignswhentheirchildisn'tinthevehicle，”shesaid.

2.“Worsestillisthedangerthatcanbeposedbydriversblockingouttheirviewbystainingwindowswithlotsofsign.”

“Drivers1priorityshouldalwaysbegettingtheresafelywithoutputtingthemselves,youngpassengersorotherroadusersatrisk.”

3.AsurveycommissionedbypricecomparisonwebsiteCfoundthat37percentofparentshavedisplayedsignsandfouroutoffiveofthembelievetheyimprovesafety

4.But46percentadmitdoingsoatalltimes—regardlessofwhetherornottheirchildisinthecar—and15percentconfesstheyonlyhavethemfortheirnoveltyvalue.

Thepollof2,000driversalsofoundthat46percentofdriversregardthemasahazardand33percentsaytheyaretacky.

“Therearebenefitsanddangersto“BabyonBoard”signs.5.Theycanofferusefulinformationfornursesinthecaseofacrashbuthavingtoomanynoveltyitemsdisplayedcouldbeasafetyissue,”saidaConfused,comspokesman.

【答案】1.因此，道路交通安全慈善機(jī)構(gòu)Brake提醒大家清理車輛的相關(guān)物品。

2.“更糟的是，如果車主在車窗上散亂地貼了很多車貼，會(huì)妨礙視線，造成危險(xiǎn)?！?/p>

3.比價(jià)網(wǎng)站C開展的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，37%的父母使用了車貼，其中4/5相信這能使行駛更安全。

4.但有46%的受訪者承認(rèn)，不管孩子在沒在車?yán)?，他們都?huì)使用車貼，還有15%承認(rèn)自己這樣做只是因?yàn)樾缕嬗腥ぁ?/p>

5.在遇到交通事故時(shí)，這種車貼可以為醫(yī)護(hù)人員提供有用的信息，但如果車上貼了太多花里胡哨的車貼，就會(huì)造成安全隱患了?！?/p>

13.單選題

Mutualismisatypeofsymbiosisthatoccurswhentwounlikeorganismslivetogetherinastatethatismutuallybeneficial.Itcanexistbetweentwoanimals,betweentwoplants,orbetweenaplantandananimal.Mutualismisunlikethesymbioticstateofcommensalisminthatcommensalismisaone-sidedstateinwhichahostgivesandaguesttakes,whileinmutualismbothpartnersliveonagive-and-takebasis.

IntheAfricanwilds,thezebraandtheostrichenjoyasymbioticrelationshipthatenhancestheabilityoftheselargelandanimalstosurvive.Bothserveaspreyforthelion,andneitherhasthecapabilityalonetowithstandanattackfromthisfiercehunter.However,whenthezebraandtheostrichcollaborateintheirdefensebyalertingeachothertopossibledangerfromanapproachingpredator,thelionisrarelyabletocapturemorethantheoldestorfeeblestoftheherd.Thecomplementaryphysicalstrengthsandweaknessesoftheostrichandthezebraallowthemtoworkincoordinationtoavoidsuccumbingtothelion.Theostrich,thelargestflightlessbirdintheworld,possessesgreatspeedandkeeneyesight,whichenableittospotlargepredatoryanimalslongbeforetheyareabletopositionthemselvestoattack.Thezebra,witharunningspeedequaltothatoftheostrich,hasexcellenthearingandagoodsenseofsmellbutlacksthesharpeyesightoftheostrich.Whenostrichesandzebraintermixforgrazing,eachanimalbenefitsfromtheabilityoftheothertodetectapproachingdanger.Ifeitheranimalsensesdanger,bothanimalsarealertedandtakeoff.Withtherunningspeedthatbothoftheseanimalspossess,theyareabletooutrunanypredatorexceptthecheetah.

1.Choosethedrawingthatdescribesacommensaliststate.

2.Thedifferencebetweenmutualismandcommensalismisthat（）.

3.Inparagraph2,theWord"that"refersto（）.

4.Whichofthefollowingdrawingdescribeswhathappenswhenalionapproachesazebraandanostrich?

5.Fromthepassage,wecanlearnthat（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.

B.

C.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.commensalismisatwo-sidedstate.

B.thepartnersliveonagive-and-takebasisinmutualism.

C.thehostgiveswhiletheguesttakesinmutualism.

D.mutualismoc