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書山有路勤為徑,學(xué)海無涯苦作舟!住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-上海交通職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解(圖片大小可自由調(diào)整)全文為Word可編輯,若為PDF皆為盜版,請謹(jǐn)慎購買!第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

Withthepossibleexceptionofequalrights,perhapsthemostheatedargumentacrosstheUnitedStatestodayisthedeathpenalty.Manyarguethatitisaneffectivedeterrenttomurder,whileothersthinkthereisnoenoughproofthatthedeathpenaltyreducesthenumberofmurders.

Theargumentadvancedbythoseopposedtothedeathpenaltyisthatitiscruelandinhumanpunishment,thatitisthemarkofabadsocietyandfinallythatitisofquestionableeffectivenessasadeterrenttocrimeanyway.

Inouropinion,thedeathpenaltyisanecessaryaction.Throughoutrecordedhistorytherehavealwaysbeenthosepeculiarpersonsineverysocietywhomadeterriblecrimessuchasmurder.Butsomearemoredangerousthanothers.

Forexample,itisonethingtotakethelifeofanotherintimeofblindanger,butquiteanothertocoldlyplanandcarryoutthemurderofoneormorepeopleinthestyleofabutcher.Thus,murder,likeallothercrimes,isamatterofrelativedegree.Whileitcouldbearguedwithsomereasonthatthecriminalinthefirstinstanceshouldbemerelykeptfromsociety,suchshouldnotbethefateofthelattertypemurderer.

Thevalueofthedeathpenaltyasadeterrenttocrimemaybeopentodiscussion.Butthemajorityofpeoplebelievethatthedeathpenaltyprotectsthem.Theirbeliefisprovedbythefactthatthedeathpenaltypreventsmurder.Forexample,from1954to1963,whenthedeathpenaltywascarriedoutfromtimetotimeinCalifornia,themurderrateremainedbetweenthreeandfourmurdersforeach100,000population.Since1964thedeathpenaltyhasbeendoneonlyonce,andthemurderratehasrisento10.4murdersforeach100,000population.Thesharpclimbinthestate’smurderrate,whichbeganwhenkillingsstopped,doesnothappenbychance.Itcertainlyshowsthatthedeathpenaltydoesdetermanymurderers.Ifthelawaboutdeathpenaltyisvetoed,somepeoplewillbemurdered—somewhoselivesmayhavebeensavedifthedeathpenaltywereineffect.Thisisreallyalifeordeathmatter.Thelivesofthousandsofpeoplemustbeprotected.

1.Theprincipalpurposeofthispassageisto(

).

2.Theauthor’sresponsetothosewhourgethedeathpenaltyforallislikelytobe(

).

3.AccordingtoParagraph4,itcanbeinferredthat(

).

4.Thepassageattemptstoestablisharelationshipbetween(

).

5.Theauthor’sattitudetowards“deathpenalty”is(

).

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.speakforthemajority

B.initiateaveto

C.criticizethegovernment

D.argueforthevalueofthedeathpenalty

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.negative

B.friendly

C.supportive

D.hostile

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.thedeathpenaltyisthemostcontroversialissueintheUnitedStatestoday

B.thesecondtypeofmurderersshouldbesentencedtodeath

C.thevetoofthebillreestablishingthedeathpenaltyisoflittleimportance

D.thevalueofthedeathpenaltyasadeterrenttocrimeisnottobedebated

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.themurderrateandtheimpositionofthedeathpenalty

B.theeffectsofexecutionandtheeffectsofisolation

C.theimportanceofequalrightsandthatofthedeathpenalty

D.executionsandmurders

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.opposing

B.supporting

C.neutral

D.sarcastic

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:B

【解析】1.主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一句,“…perhapsthemostheatedargumentacrosstheUnitedStatestodayisthedeathpenalty.”,可知死刑是討論最激烈的話題,所以文章的主題為死刑。又根據(jù)下文,“Manyarguethatitisaneffectivedeterrenttomurder,whileothersthinkthereisnoenoughproofthatthedeathpenaltyreducesthenumberofmurders.”,可知許多人肯定死刑的價值,認(rèn)為死刑是對謀殺罪的有效震懾,而另一些人則認(rèn)為死刑沒有多大的價值,因?yàn)闆]有足夠的證據(jù)證明死刑的實(shí)施減少了謀殺的數(shù)量。又根據(jù)文章第三段,“Inouropinion,thedeathpenaltyisanecessaryaction.”,可知作者認(rèn)為死刑是一項(xiàng)必要的舉措。綜上可知,整篇文章的主要目的在于為死刑的價值作辯護(hù)。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

2.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。根據(jù)文章第四段,“itisonethingtotakethelifeofanotherintimeofblindanger,butquiteanothertocoldlyplanandcarryoutthemurderofoneormorepeopleinthestyleofabutcher.….Whileitcouldbearguedwithsomereasonthatthecriminalinthefirstinstanceshouldbemerelykeptfromsociety,suchshouldnotbethefateofthelattertypemurderer.”,可知一種是在盲目憤怒的時候奪走別人的生命,一種是以屠夫的方式冷酷地策劃和實(shí)施對一個或多個人的謀殺。前者可以僅僅通過社會隔離的方式受懲罰,而后者則不然??芍髡哒J(rèn)為要根據(jù)謀殺程度來選擇死刑。所以作者對那些主張對所有人判處死刑的人的反應(yīng)很可能是否定的。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

3.判斷推理題。根據(jù)文章第四段,“Whileitcouldbearguedwithsomereasonthatthecriminalinthefirstinstanceshouldbemerelykeptfromsociety,suchshouldnotbethefateofthelattertypemurderer.”,第一種謀殺罪犯(盲目憤怒的時候奪走別人的生命)應(yīng)該僅僅被社會隔離,而第二種冷酷地策劃和實(shí)施對一個或多個人的謀殺的罪犯不應(yīng)該僅僅被隔離,而是應(yīng)該被處以死刑。可判斷出第二類殺人犯應(yīng)該被處以死刑。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

4.判斷推理題。根據(jù)文章最后一段,“Thesharpclimbinthestate’smurderrate,whichbeganwhenkillingsstopped,doesnothappenbychance.Itcertainlyshowsthatthedeathpenaltydoesdetermanymurderers.”,可知本段用加利福尼亞的例子得出結(jié)論。本州謀殺率的上升并非偶然,是死刑停止實(shí)施的結(jié)果,可以清楚地表明,死刑確實(shí)制止了許多謀殺的念頭??膳袛喑鲎髡呦胍懻摰氖撬佬痰膶?shí)施和謀殺率的關(guān)系。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

5.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度??v觀全文,作者首先在第三段表明自己的觀點(diǎn)“死刑是一項(xiàng)必要的舉措”,然后在下文通過論述和實(shí)例證明,死刑的實(shí)施確實(shí)有助于抑制謀殺率??膳袛喑鲎髡邔τ趯?shí)施死刑的態(tài)度是支持的。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

2.單選題

Hisover-enthusiasticsupportforthefootballteamdrovehiswifecrazyandirritatedhisfriends.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.financial

B.fantastic

C.fanatical

D.fabulous

【答案】C

【解析】考查詞義辨析。over-enthusiastic表示“過分熱情的”;A項(xiàng)financial“金融的,財(cái)政的”,B項(xiàng)fantastic“極好的”,C項(xiàng)fanatical“狂熱的”,D項(xiàng)fabulous“難以置信的,傳說的”。句意:他對足球隊(duì)的過分熱情的支持使他的妻子發(fā)瘋,也激怒了他的朋友。因此C項(xiàng)正確。

3.單選題

WiththeextensionofdemocraticrightsinthefirsthalfofthenineteenthcenturyandtheensuingdeclineoftheFederalistestablishment,anewconceptionofeducationbegantoemerge.Educationwasnolongeraconfirmationofapre-existingstatus,butaninstrumentintheacquisitionofhigherstatus.Foranewgenerationofupwardlymobilestudents,thegoalofeducationwasnottopreparethemtolivecomfortablyintheworldintowhichtheyhadbeenborn,buttoteachthemnewvirtuesandskillsthatwouldpropelthemintoadifferentandbetterworld.Educationbecametraining;andthestudentwasnolongerthegentleman-in-waiting,butthejourneymanapprenticefor-upwardmobility.

Inthenineteenth,centuryacollegeeducationbegantobeseenasawaytogetaheadintheworld.Thefoundingoftheland-grantcollegesopenedthedoorsofhighereducationtopoorbutaspiringboysfromnon-Anglo-Saxon,working-classandlower-middle-classbackgrounds.Themythofthepoorboywhoworkedhiswaythroughcollegetosuccessdrewmillionsofpoorboystothenewcampuses,Andwiththisshift,educationbecamemorevocational:itsobjectwastheacquisitionofpracticalskillsandusefulinformation.

Forthegentleman-in-waiting,virtueconsistedaboveallingraceandstyle,indoingwellwhatwasappropriatetohisposition;educationwasmerelyawayofacquiringpolish.Andvicewasmanifestedingracelessness,awkwardness,inbehavinginappropriately,discourteously,orostentatiously.Fortheapprentice,however,virtuewasevidencedinsuccessthroughhardwork.Therequisitequalitiesofcharacterwerenotgraceorstyle,butdrive,determination,andasharpeyeforopportunity.Whilecasualliberalityandevenprodigalitycharacterizedthegentleman,frugality,thrift,andself-controlcametodistinguishthenewapprentice.Andwhilethegentlemandidnotaspiretoahigherstationbecausehisstationwasalreadyhigh,theapprenticewascontinuallybecoming,striving,strugglingupward.Failurefortheapprenticemeantstandingstill,notrising.

1.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothefirstparagraph?

2.Thedifferencebetween"gentleman-in-waiting"and"journeyman"isthat(

).

3.Accordingtothesecondparagraph,land-grantCollege

).

4.Whichofthefollowingwasthemostimportantfora“gentleman-in-waiting”?

5.Thebesttitleforthepassageis(

).

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Democraticideasstartedwitheducation.

B.Federalistswereopposedtoeducation.

C.Neweducationhelpedconfirmpeople'ssocialstatus.

D.Oldeducationhadbeenintunewithhierarchicalsociety.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.educationtrainedgentleman-in-waitingtoclimbhigherladders

B.journeymanwasreadytotakewhateverwasgiventohim

C.gentleman-in-waitingbelongedtoafixedandhighsocialclass

D.journeymancoulddopracticallynothingwithouteducation

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.belongedtotheland-owningclass

B.enlargedthescopeofeducation

C.wasprovidedonlytothepoor

D.benefitedallbuttheupperclass

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Manners.

B.Education.

C.Moral.

D.Personality.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.EducationandProgress

B.OldandNewSocialNorms

C.NewEducation:OpportunitiesforMore

D.DemeritsofHierarchicalSociety

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:C

【解析】1.文章第一段第二句Educationwasnolongeraconfirmationofapre-existingstatus,butaninstrumentintheacquisitionofhigherstatus提到教育不再是人們先前存在的地位的確定,而成了獲得更高地位的手段。選項(xiàng)D“教育不再是確定社會地位的手段”符合題意。

2.文章第一段最后一句Educationbecametraining;andthestudentwasnolongerthegentleman-in-waiting,butthejourneymanapprenticefor-upwardmobility提到教育成了培訓(xùn),學(xué)生不再是等在那里的紳士,而是要提升自己經(jīng)濟(jì)地位的熟練學(xué)徒。由此可知,紳士與學(xué)徒之間的區(qū)別就是:前者不用將教育當(dāng)成工具去努力爭取社會地位,因?yàn)樗麄兊纳鐣匚槐緛砭透?,選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

3.文章第二段第二句Thefoundingoftheland-grantcollegesopenedthedoorsofhighereducationtopoorbutaspiringboysfromnon-Anglo-Saxon,working-classandlower-middle-classbackgrounds提到國家公立修建的學(xué)校為那些來自非盎格魯-撒克遜血統(tǒng)、工人階級和中下層背景的貧窮擔(dān)憂抱負(fù)的男孩們敞開大門。選項(xiàng)B“擴(kuò)大了教育范圍”符合題意。

4.文章第三段第一句提到對于紳士,美德首先包含高雅和風(fēng)度(Forthegentleman-in-waiting,virtueconsistedaboveallingraceandstyle),由此可知,選項(xiàng)A“行為舉止”符合題意。

5.文章通過對新舊兩種教育體質(zhì)下的學(xué)生進(jìn)行比較,主要講的是新的教育觀念,并沒有涉及教育的發(fā)展、社會準(zhǔn)則等問題。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

4.單選題

Fluidintelligenceisthetypeofintelligencethatinvolvesshort-termmemoryandtheabilitytothinkquickly,logically,andabstractlyinordertosolvenewproblem.It(1)inyoungadulthood(betweentheagesof20and30),levelsoutforaperiodoftime,andthen(2)startstoslowlydeclineasweage.But(3)agingisinevitable,scientistsarefindingoutthatcertainchangesinbrainfunctionmaynotbe.

Onestudyfoundthatmusclelossandthe(4)ofbodyfataroundtheabdomen,whichoftenbegininmiddleageandcontinueintoadvancedage,areassociatedwithadeclineinfluidintelligence.Thissuggeststhe

(5)

thatlifestylefactors,suchasthetypeofdietyoufollowandthetypeandamountofexerciseyougetthroughouttheyearstomaintainmoreleanmuscle,mighthelppreventor(6)thistypeofdecline.

Theresearcherslookedatdatathat(7)measurementsofleanmuscle,abdominalfatandsubcutaneousfat(thetypeoffatyoucanseeandgrabholdof)frommorethan4,000middle-to-older-agedmenandwomenand(8)thatdatatoreportedchangesinfluidintelligenceoverasix-yearperiod.Theyfoundthatmiddle-agedpeople(9)highermeasuresofabdominalfat(10)worseonmeasuresoffluidintelligenceastheyears(11).

Forwomen,theassociationmaybe(12)tochangesinimmunitythatresultedfromexcessabdominalfat;inmen,theimmunesystemdidnotappeartobe(13).Futurestudiescould(14)thesedifferencesandperhapsleadtodifferent(15)formenandwomen.

(16)therearestepsyoucan(17)tohelpreduceabdominalfatandmaintainleanmusclemassasyouageinordertoprotectbothyourphysicalandmental(18).Thetwomostgenerallyrecommendedlifestyleapproachesaremaintainingorincreasingyour(19)ofaerobicexerciseandfollowingaMediterranean-style

(20)

thatishighinfiberfromwholegrains,vegetables,andotherplantfoodsandeliminateshighlyprocessedfoods.Ifyoucarryextrabellyfat,speakwithyourhealthcareprovidertodetermineaplanthatisbestforyou.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.pauses

B.return

C.peaks

D.fades

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.alternatively

B.formally

C.accidentally

D.generally

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.while

B.since

C.once

D.until

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.detection

B.accumulation

C.consumption

D.separation

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.possibility

B.decision

C.goal

D.requirement

問題6選項(xiàng)

A.delay

B.ensure

C.seek

D.utilize

問題7選項(xiàng)

A.modified

B.supported

C.included

D.predicted

問題8選項(xiàng)

A.devoted

B.compared

C.converted

D.applied

問題9選項(xiàng)

A.with

B.above

C.by

D.against

問題10選項(xiàng)

A.lived

B.managed

C.scored

D.played

問題11選項(xiàng)

A.ranout

B.setoff

C.drewin

D.wentby

問題12選項(xiàng)

A.superior

B.attributable

C.parallel

D.resistant

問題13選項(xiàng)

A.restored

B.isolated

C.involved

D.controlled

問題14選項(xiàng)

A.alter

B.spread

C.remove

D.explain

問題15選項(xiàng)

A.compensations

B.symptoms

C.demands

D.treatments

問題16選項(xiàng)

A.Likewise

B.Meanwhile

C.Therefore

D.Instead

問題17選項(xiàng)

A.change

B.watch

C.count

D.take

問題18選項(xiàng)

A.well-being

B.process

C.formation

D.coordination

問題19選項(xiàng)

A.level

B.love

C.knowledge

D.space

問題20選項(xiàng)

A.design

B.routine

C.diet

D.prescription

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:A

第6題:A

第7題:C

第8題:B

第9題:A

第10題:C

第11題:D

第12題:B

第13題:C

第14題:D

第15題:D

第16題:B

第17題:D

第18題:A

第19題:A

第20題:C

【解析】1.答案[C]peaks。上下文題,根據(jù)2空前and做判斷,隨著年紀(jì)增長會慢慢下降,說明年輕時水平較高,達(dá)到峰值。

2.答案[D]generally。年輕時水平高,隨著年紀(jì)增加慢慢下降是大部分的共性,所以通常都會這樣。

3.答案[A]while。邏輯題,本空用來連接空后兩句(年紀(jì)增長是不可避免的,科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)大腦功能的某些變化可能并非如此),可判斷兩句之間為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系(也可根據(jù)技巧一肯一否判斷)。四個選項(xiàng)中只有while可用來表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,此空位于兩句最前面,表讓步。

4.答案[B]accumulation。上下文題,根據(jù)空前and判斷,and前說肌肉損耗,這對身體健康會產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響,后面自然也是負(fù)面影響,腹部脂肪的____,所以選accumulation,譯為累積、堆積。另外9空之后提到腹部脂肪含量較高,也可間接證明脂肪的累積。

5.答案[A]possibility。上下文題,根據(jù)空后同位語從句內(nèi)容(生活方式的因素可能會幫助我們阻礙這種下降),判斷出5空是一種推斷,所以選擇possibility,譯為可能性。

6.答案[A]delay。上下文題,根據(jù)空前or做判斷,應(yīng)選擇與prevent(阻礙)意思、形態(tài)相近的答案,所以選擇delay,譯為推遲。

7.答案[C]included。上下文題,根據(jù)前后語意,科學(xué)家們研究了數(shù)據(jù),這些數(shù)據(jù)_____了對超過4000位中老年人的肌肉和腹部脂肪的測量。這些數(shù)據(jù)能拿來做研究,應(yīng)該是客觀的測量數(shù)據(jù),所以包括了對他們的測量。

8.答案[B]compared。上下文題,根據(jù)空前and判斷,觀察發(fā)現(xiàn)肌肉含量和腹部脂肪含量都會影響流體智力的下降速度,所以科學(xué)家們做實(shí)驗(yàn)的目的就是為了證實(shí)這一點(diǎn),他們把中老年人的肌肉和腹部脂肪測量的數(shù)據(jù)與六年間對于流體智力變化的報(bào)告數(shù)據(jù)相比較。

9.答案[A]with。上下文題,科學(xué)家們證實(shí)了有著較高腹部脂肪的中年人流體智力下降更快。

10.答案[C]scored。上下文題,科學(xué)家們證實(shí)了有著較高腹部脂肪的中年人流體智力下降更快,即在流體智力方面得分較低。

11.答案[D]wentby。詞組辨析題,隨著年紀(jì)增加,流體智力下降較多,即隨著時間流逝(goby),runout“耗盡”,setoff“出發(fā)、動身”,drawin“(白晝)漸短;吸入、卷入”,都不符合語境。

12.答案[B]attributable。完形考過很多年這種行文邏輯,首段給出結(jié)論,然后做實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí),最后解釋原因,所以此段開始解釋原因,女性是由于過多腹部脂肪導(dǎo)致免疫力變化而導(dǎo)致流體智力的變化。

13.答案[C]involved。上下文題,女性的變化是由于免疫力變化,而男性免疫系統(tǒng)似乎沒有涉及到。

14.答案[D]explain。希望未來研究能解釋為什么男女之間會有這種差異。

15.答案[D]treatments。畢竟導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果是流體智力下降,是較為負(fù)面的結(jié)果,因此需要解決這一問題,即給出相應(yīng)的治療方案。

16.答案[B]Meanwhile。邏輯題,上文希望找到治療方案態(tài)度為正,下文有方法可以減少腹部脂肪從而改善身心態(tài)度為正,所以為順從關(guān)系,排除instead。前后同傾向,內(nèi)容相似,判斷為并列,排除therefore。Likewise“相似的”需要前后內(nèi)容只做主語或賓語的改變,前后內(nèi)容并非如此,所以選meanwhile“與此同時”。

17.答案[D]take。takesteptodosth采取措施做某事,固定搭配。

18.答案[A]well-being,改善身心健康。

19.答案[A]level。高度推薦的生活方式是維持或增加有氧鍛煉的____,只有l(wèi)evel(水平)符合語境。

20.答案[C]diet。根據(jù)最后一個詞foods可推測為改善日常飲食。

5.單選題

Thereisarealpossibilitythattheseanimalscouldbefrightened(

)asuddenloudnoise.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.beingthere

B.shouldtherebe

C.therewas

D.therehavingbeen

【答案】B

【解析】語法題。根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)和選項(xiàng),可知空格中應(yīng)填入虛擬條件句,因?yàn)槭÷詉f,所以應(yīng)使用倒裝,選項(xiàng)C和D可排除。根據(jù)句意可知,句子是對將來的虛擬,主句形式為should/could/would/might+動詞原形,從句形式為should+動詞原形。句意:如果突然發(fā)出很大的聲音,這些動物很可能會受到驚嚇。因此選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

6.單選題

Duringperiodsofsocialstability,manyartacademiesaresofirmlycontrolledbydogmatiststhatallrealcreativeworkmustbedonebythe(

).

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.elite

B.disenfranchised

C.reactionaries

D.dissatisfied

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞及名詞辨析。elite“精英;精華”;disenfranchised“被剝奪權(quán)利的”,thedisenfranchised“被剝奪權(quán)利的人”;reactionaries“反動派”;dissatisfied“不滿意的;不高興的”。句意:在社會穩(wěn)定時期,很多藝術(shù)學(xué)院被教條主義者牢牢地控制,以至所有真正有創(chuàng)意的作品必須由那些被剝奪了權(quán)利的人完成。由“controlledbydogmatists被教條主義者控制”及“realcreativework真正有創(chuàng)意的作品”的對應(yīng)知“真正有創(chuàng)意的作品都是由藝術(shù)學(xué)院里被剝奪了權(quán)利的人來完成。被教條主義控制意味著被剝奪了權(quán)利。

7.單選題

TherearemanycopperminesinthestateofArizona,______contributessignificantlytothestate’seconomy.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.afact

B.whichfact

C.whosefact

D.that

【答案】C

【解析】考查非限制性定語從句。句意:亞利桑那州有許多銅礦,這一事實(shí)對該州的經(jīng)濟(jì)做出了重大貢獻(xiàn)。非限制性定語從句在句子中是一個獨(dú)立成分,不受主句的限制,也就是說從句去掉以后主句仍然成立;非限制性定語從句與先行詞和主句之間的關(guān)系不甚緊密,通常用逗號與主句分隔開;非限制性定語從句先行詞不用that,先行詞是關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞不能省略。A選項(xiàng)afact在這里不構(gòu)成從句,故錯誤。B選項(xiàng)whichfact不需要用名詞fact,故錯誤。D選項(xiàng)that不用在非限制性定語從句中,故錯誤。C選項(xiàng)whosefact符合句子意思和語法。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

8.單選題

Whichhislackofexperienceandsmallerphysique,wedon'tthinkhe(

)achanceofwinningthefight.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.stands

B.gained

C.possessed

D.took

【答案】A

【解析】standachanceofdoingsth.為固定搭配,意為“有可能做某事”,所以選項(xiàng)A正確。

9.單選題

ArewetoleratingmoreDishonesty?Theincome-taxdeadlineapproachesandsometaxpayers’thoughtturntoit.Testtimeapproachesandsomestudents’thoughtsturntoit.Temptationappearsandspousesconsiderit.Nowadays,cheatingisontherise.“Youwantsomethingyoucan’tgetbybehavingwithintherules,andyouwantitbadlyenoughyou’lldoitregardlessofanyguiltordeepregretandyou’rewillingtoruntheriskofbeingcaught.”That’showLaddWheeler,psychologyprofessorattheUniversityofRochesterinNewYork,definescheating.

Cheatingrepresentsthetriumphofthe“BrazenRule”overthe“GoldenRule”,saysTerryPinkard,philosophyprofessoratGeorgetownUniversity.“TheGoldenRulesays,“Dountoothersasyouwouldlikehavethemdoontoyou.TheBrazenRulesays,“Doontoothersastheywoulddoontoyouiftheywereinyourplace.”Manyexpertsbelievecheatingisontherise.“We’reseeingmoreofthekindofpersonwhoregardstheworldasaseriesofthingstobemanipulated.Whethertocheatdependsonwhetherit’sintheperson’sinterest.”Hedoes,however,seelesscheatingamongtheyoungeststudents.

RichardDienstbier,psychologyprofessorattheUniversityofNebraskainLincoln,believesthatsociety’sattitudesaccountformuchoftheriseincheating.Twentyyearsago,ifapersoncheatedincollege,societysaid,“Thatisextremelyserious;youwillbedroppedforasemesterifnotkickedoutpermanently”,hesays.“Nowadays,attheUniversityofNebraska,forexample,itisthestatedpolicyoftheCollegeofArtsandSciencesthatifastudentcheatsonanexam,thestudentmustreceivean‘F’onwhathecheatedon.That’snothing.Ifyou’regoingtofailanyway,whynotcheat?”

Cheatingisunethical,Pinkardsays,whetherit’smassivefraudorfailuretotellastorecashieryouwereundercharged.“You’retreatingotherpeoplemerelyasameansforyourownends.You’reusingpeopleinwaystheywouldnotconsentto.Thecheatersays,“Leteverybodyelsebeartheburden,andI’llreapthebenefits.”

Cheatersusuallytrytojustifytheiractions,saysRobertHogan,chairmanofthepsychologydepartmentattheUniversityofTulsainOklahoma.“Theyneverthinkit’stheirfault.”Cheatersmakejustificationsbecausetheywanttofeelgoodaboutthemselves,addsWheeler.“Theydon’twanttolabelthemselvesasacheater.Also,theymaybeanticipatingthepossibilityofgettingcaught,sotheyworkontheirexcuseaheadoftime.”Themostcommonjustifications,psychologistssay,include:

“Ihadtodoit.”

“Thetestwasunfair.”

“Everybodydoesit,andIhavetocheattogetwhat’srightfullymine.”

“Thegovernmentwastesthemoneyanyway.”

“Mywife(orhusband)doesn’tunderstandme,andwe’vegrownapart.”

“Cheatingismostlikelyinsituationswherethestakesarehighandthechancesofgettingcaughtarelow”,sayssocialpsychologistLynnKahleoftheUniversityofOregoninEugene.Inhisstudy,agroupoffreshmenwereallowedtogradetheirowntests,whilesecret,pressure-sensitivepaperindicatedwhochangedanswers.Toraisethepressure,studentsweregivenanextremelyhighscoreasthe“average”forthetestandtoldthatthosewhofailedwouldgobeforeaninquiringboardofpsychologists.About46percentofthemalestudentschangedanswers;amongthefemales,about30percentcheated.

Everybodycheatsalittle,somepsychologistssay,whileothersinsistthatmostpeoplearebasicallyhonestandsomewouldn’tcheatunderanycircumstances.

Despitethegeneralriseincheating,Pinkardseessomecauseforhope,“Idofindamongyoungerstudentsamuchlesstolerantattitudetowardcheating.”Perhaps,hesays,theupcominggenerationislessspoiledthanthe“babyboom”studentswhoprecededthem—andthereforelessself-centered.“Thereseemstobeaswingbackintheculture.”

1.Thepurposeofthispassageisto____.

2.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisTRUE?

3.Accordingtothepassage,withwhichofthefollowingwouldtheauthorprobablyNOTagree?

4.Whenapersoniscaughtcheating,itismostlikelythathe____.

5.Regardingthefutureofcheating,theauthorseemstobe____.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.convincethereaderthatcheatingisimmoral

B.discussthevarietiesofandreasonsforcheating

C.describehowcheaterscheat

D.suggesthowtocurtailcheating

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Itisethicaltocheatunlessmoneyisinvolved.

B.Failuretotellastorecashieryouwereunderchargedisnotconsideredcheating.

C.Therehasbeenageneralriseincheating.

D.Mostcheatersarecollegestudents.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Cheatingisoftentheresultofintensepressure.

B.Cheatingischeating,whetheronatestoronincometaxforms.

C.Cheatingiswidespreadandsocietyistootolerant.

D.TheBrazenRuleisabetterrulethantheGoldenRule.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.pretendstoapologizeforwhathehasdone

B.pretendsthathehasnoknowledgeofwhatisgoingon

C.ascribeshismisconducttosomeexternalmotivation

D.deniesthefactinfearfulanticipationofescapingpunishment

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.depressed

B.optimistic

C.amused

D.bewildered

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】第1題:【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Thepurposeofthispassageisto____.本文的目的是____。

A.convincethereaderthatcheatingisimmoralA.讓讀者相信欺騙是不道德的

B.discussthevarietiesofandreasonsforcheatingB.討論欺騙的種類和原因

C.describehowcheaterscheatC.描述欺騙者是怎么欺騙別人的

D.suggesthowtocurtailcheatingD.建議如何減少欺騙

【答案】B

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題

【解題思路】文章的寫作目的,需要從全文內(nèi)容來推斷。本文前兩段寫的是各種欺騙的現(xiàn)象;后面幾段都是在討論欺騙現(xiàn)象出現(xiàn)的原因。因此,B選項(xiàng)“討論欺騙的種類和原因”最符合題意。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“讓讀者相信欺騙是不道德的”,雖然原文第四段第一句提到“欺騙是不道德的(Cheatingisunethical)”,但是證明這一點(diǎn)并不是本文的目的,該選項(xiàng)屬于過度推理;

C選項(xiàng)“描述欺騙者是怎么欺騙別人的”,本文的重點(diǎn)并不在介紹欺騙的方式,該選項(xiàng)屬于本末倒置;

D選項(xiàng)“建議如何減少欺騙”,本文并未就解決欺騙問題提出建議,該選項(xiàng)屬于無中生有。

第2題:【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisTRUE?根據(jù)文章,下列哪一項(xiàng)是正確的?

A.Itisethicaltocheatunlessmoneyisinvolved.A.欺騙是合乎道德的,除非涉及金錢。

B.Failuretotellastorecashieryouwereunderchargedisnotconsideredcheating.B.沒有告訴收銀員你被少收了錢被認(rèn)為不是欺騙。

C.Therehasbeenageneralriseincheating.C.欺騙現(xiàn)象普遍增加。

D.Mostcheatersarecollegestudents.D.大多數(shù)欺騙者是大學(xué)生。

【答案】C

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題

【解題思路】原文最后一段第一句提到“盡管欺騙現(xiàn)象普遍增加(thegeneralriseincheating)”,由此可知,欺騙現(xiàn)象普遍增加了。C選項(xiàng)“欺騙現(xiàn)象普遍增加”表述正確符合原文。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“欺騙是合乎道德的,除非涉及金錢”,可定位到原文第四段第一句,該句提到“欺騙是不道德的(unethical),無論是大規(guī)模的欺詐還是沒有告訴收銀員你被少收了錢?!庇纱丝芍?,不管是否涉及金錢,欺騙都是不道德的,該選項(xiàng)表述錯誤,不符合題意,屬于反向干擾;

B選項(xiàng)“沒有告訴收銀員你被少收了錢被認(rèn)為不是欺騙”,由A選項(xiàng)定位句可知,沒有告訴收銀員自己被少收了錢也是欺騙,該選項(xiàng)表述錯誤,不符合題意,屬于反向干擾;

D選項(xiàng)“大多數(shù)欺騙者是大學(xué)生”,原文只是提到了欺騙的類型之一——大學(xué)生作弊,并沒有說大多數(shù)欺騙者是大學(xué)生,該選項(xiàng)屬于無中生有。

第3題:【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Accordingtothepassage,withwhichofthefollowingwouldtheauthorprobablyNOTagree?根據(jù)文章,作者可能不同意下列哪一種觀點(diǎn)?

A.Cheatingisoftentheresultofintensepressure.A.欺騙往往是壓力過大的結(jié)果。

B.Cheatingischeating,whetheronatestoronincometaxforms.B.欺騙就是欺騙,無論是在考試的時候還是填所得稅表格的時候。

C.Cheatingiswidespreadandsocietyistootolerant.C.欺騙很普遍,社會對此太寬容了。

D.TheBrazenRuleisabetterrulethantheGoldenRule.D.“無恥原則”比“黃金法則”更好。

【答案】D

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題

【解題思路】原文第二段第一句提到“欺騙代表著‘無恥原則’對‘黃金規(guī)則’的勝利?!痹淖詈笠欢翁岬健氨M管作弊現(xiàn)象普遍增加,但Pinkard看到了一些希望(hope):‘我確實(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),較年輕的學(xué)生對欺騙的寬容態(tài)度要低得多?!庇纱丝傻茫髡邔ζ垓_是持批判態(tài)度的。由此推斷,作者并不認(rèn)為“無恥原則”比“黃金法則”更好。因此,D選項(xiàng)“‘無恥原則’比‘黃金規(guī)則’更好”符合題意。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“欺騙往往是壓力過大的結(jié)果”,可定位到原文第六段。本段提到研究人員“用壓力敏感紙(pressure-sensitivepaper)顯示改了答案的學(xué)生”,并且“為了增加壓力(Toraisethepressure),故意給了學(xué)生們一個很高的平均分”。由此推斷,研究人員認(rèn)為巨大的壓力下,人們更有可能產(chǎn)生欺騙行為。作者把這個實(shí)驗(yàn)作為自己的一個案例寫在文章中,可見,他是同意這個觀點(diǎn)的,該選項(xiàng)不符合題意,屬于反向干擾;

B選項(xiàng)“欺騙就是欺騙,無論是在考試的時候還是填所得稅表格的時候”,可定位到原文第一段。本段第一句提到“所得稅(income-tax)的截止日期越來越近,一些納稅人開始考慮它?!钡诙涮岬健半S著考試(Test)時間的臨近,一些學(xué)生開始考慮它?!庇傻谒木洹叭缃?,欺騙現(xiàn)象(cheating)越來越多”推斷,第一、二句中提到的“它”指的就是欺騙。由此推斷,作者認(rèn)為不管是在考試的時候還是填所得稅表格的時候,欺騙就是欺騙。該選項(xiàng)不符合題意,屬于反向干擾;

C選項(xiàng)“欺騙很普遍,社會對此太寬容了”,原文第一段第四句提到“欺騙現(xiàn)象(cheating)越來越多”;第三段第一句提到“社會的態(tài)度(society’sattitudes)在很大程度上導(dǎo)致了欺騙行為的增加”,根據(jù)第三段的案例可知,社會對欺騙行為的態(tài)度更寬容了。由此推斷,作者會同意該選項(xiàng)的觀點(diǎn),該選項(xiàng)不符合題意,屬于反向干擾。

第4題:【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Whenapersoniscaughtcheating,itismostlikelythathe____.當(dāng)一個人作弊被抓住的時候,他很可能會____。

A.pretendstoapologizeforwhathehasdoneA.假裝為他的所作所為道歉

B.pretendsthathehasnoknowledgeofwhatisgoingonB.假裝不知道發(fā)生了什么事

C.ascribeshismisconducttosomeexternalmotivationC.把他的不當(dāng)行為歸咎于某種外部因素

D.deniesthefactinfearfulanticipationofescapingpunishmentD.因?yàn)楹ε绿颖軕土P而否認(rèn)事實(shí)

【答案】C

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞apersoniscaughtcheating定位到原文第五段。本段第一句提到“欺騙者通常會試圖為自己的行為辯護(hù)(justifytheiractions)”,第六句提到的借口中有“考試不公平”。由此可知,被抓到作弊的人會為自己的行為找借口,將其歸咎于外部原因。因此,C選項(xiàng)“把他的不當(dāng)行為歸咎于某種外部因素”符合原文。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“假裝為他的所作所為道歉”,原文并未提及,該選項(xiàng)屬于無中生有;

B選項(xiàng)“假裝不知道發(fā)生了什么事”,原文并未提及,該選項(xiàng)屬于無中生有;

D選項(xiàng)“因?yàn)楹ε绿颖軕土P而否認(rèn)事實(shí)”,原文并未提及,該選項(xiàng)屬于無中生有。

第5題:【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Regardingthefutureofcheating,theauthorseemstobe____.關(guān)于欺騙的未來,作者似乎是____。

A.depressedA.沮喪的

B.optimisticB.樂觀的

C.amusedC.覺得好笑的

D.bewilderedD.困惑的

【答案】B

【考查點(diǎn)】觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞thefutureofcheating定位到原文最后一段。該段提到“盡管作弊現(xiàn)象普遍增加,但Pinkard看到了一些希望(hope)”,“較年輕的學(xué)生對欺騙的寬容態(tài)度要低得多(amuchlesstolerantattitude)”以及“即將到來的一代沒有那么嬌生慣養(yǎng)(lessspoiled),因此不那么以自我為中心(lessself-centered)”。由此推斷,作者認(rèn)為情況將有所好轉(zhuǎn),欺騙現(xiàn)象將減少,他的態(tài)度還是比較樂觀的,B選項(xiàng)“樂觀的”符合原文。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“沮喪的”,不符合原文,屬于無中生有;

C選項(xiàng)“覺得好笑的”,不符合原文,屬于無中生有;

D選項(xiàng)“困惑的”,不符合原文,屬于無中生有。

10.翻譯題

40.地球快速變暖到了非常嚴(yán)峻的程度,而世界上最貧窮的國家成了極端氣候的最大受害者。未來的氣候變化可能帶來更頻繁和更嚴(yán)重的洪澇、旱災(zāi)和其他極端氣候事件,發(fā)展中國家至今還沒有良好的能力對付它們。

41.即使現(xiàn)在,地球上最貧窮的十億人口所產(chǎn)生的排放只占全球排放的3%,而最富有的十億人口占了全球排放的50%。全球還有16億人口無法獲得現(xiàn)代能源,沒有能源,國家就不能繁榮。富國只有采取強(qiáng)有力的行動以騰出一些大氣層的“污染空間”,當(dāng)?shù)褪杖雵以趯黹_始更多排放時,才可能使全球排放達(dá)到重新平衡。

42.未來十年發(fā)生的事情將深刻影響可供我們后代進(jìn)行的選擇。延遲或不采取行動的代價是非常高的,我們必須現(xiàn)在就行動,必須用全人類的聰明才智和合作精神,來對付氣候危機(jī)。

43.雖然越來越多的人都知道氣候變暖,相信需要采取行動,但很少有人把它放在首位,太多的人在機(jī)會面前并沒有采取行動。所以,最大的挑戰(zhàn)在于改變行為方式和制度,尤其是富國。

【答案】40.Theplanetiswarmingrapidlytoseverelevels,andtheworld’spoorestcountriesarethebiggestvictimsofextremeweather.Futureclimatechangeislikelytobringmorefrequentandseverefloods,droughtsandotherextremeweathereventsthatdevelopingcountriesarenotyetwellequippedtodealwith.

41.Evennow,thepoorestbillionpeopleontheplanetaccountforonly3%ofglobalemissions,whiletherichestbillionpeopleaccountfor50%.Andtherearestill1.6billionpeopleintheworldwhodonothaveaccesstomodernenergy.Acountrycannotprosperwithoutenergy.Rebalancingglobalemissionswillbepossibleonlyifrichcountriestakestrongactiontofreeupsomeatmospheric“pollutionspace”,thuslow-incomecountriesstarttoemitmoreinthefuture.

42.Whathappensinthenextdecadewillprofoundlyaffectthechoicesavailabletofuturegenerations.Thecostsofdelayorinactionaretoohigh,andwemustactnowtotackletheclimatecrisiswiththeingenuityandcooperationofallhumanity.

43.Althoughagrowingnumberofpeopleareawareofglobalwarmingandbelievethatactionisneeded,fewputitfirst,andtoomanypeopledonottakeactioninthefaceofopportunity.Sothebiggestchallengeisaboutchangingbehaviorandsystem,especiallyinrichcountries.

11.單選題

Bybeingover-zealouswithfoodrestriction,thedieterinadvertentlymakesabingeonforbiddenfoodsfarmore

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