Unit3PsychologyC.ListeningExerciseListentoaconversationandchoosethebestanswerstothequestionsyouhear.1.WhatdoyouknowaboutHarry’sdogFido?A.Hedoesn’tlikehismasteranymore.B.Hehasjustmovedtoanewplace.C.Hegetsuplateeverymorning.D.Hehasbeenquitenervousandrestless.2.WhatdoesJennysuggestHarryshoulddo?A.HeshouldtakeFidotothevet.B.HeshouldputFidoonmedication.C.HeshouldtakeFidoforawalk.D.HeshouldletFidoplayfetch.3.WhatdoyouthinkHarrywilldotohisdog?A.Hewilltakehisdogforawalkeveryday.B.Hewillconsultascientistforatestonhisdog.C.Hewilltryhisbesttoperkuphisdog.D.Hewillputhisdogonmedication.4.Whatdoesthescientificresearchtellus?A.Dogemotionsarequitesimilartotheemotionsofhumans.B.Dogsshouldbeputonmedicationwhenevertheyareill.C.Thebrainofhumansismorecomplicatedthanthatofdogs.D.Antidepressantscannotbeusedasmedicationfordogs.5.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtotheconversation?A.JennymayhaveadifferentideatowardspettreatmentfromHarry.B.Somepet-ownersmayoverdothetreatmentwhentheirpetsareill.C.Harryisanexpertonbrainscienceofhumansanddogs.D.MagneticResonanceScannercanbeusedinanalyzingdogemotions.Script:Jenny:Hello,Harry,youlookpale.What’swrong?Harry:Hi,Jenny.It’sjustFido,mybeloveddog.He’sbeenactingkindoflazythesedays.Eversincewemoved,he’sjustbeenlikethis.Jenny:Ohmy!Doyoutakehimforawalkeveryday?Harry:Iusedto,butnowhedoesn’tevenwanttoplayfetch.Helovedthatsomuchbefore.Jenny:IfIwereyou,I’dtakehimtothevet.Probablyhe’sill.Harry:Well,Ididsoyesterday.Thevetsaysthereasonhe’sbeensodownisthathe’sdepressed,andherecommendsweputhimonmedication.Jenny:Areyousureyouwanttotakehissuggestion?Harry:Yeah,Ithinkso.We’rehopingthatthemedicationwillcheerFidoup.Ifitdoesn’t,maybewe’llconsideruppinghisdosageuntilheseemsbacktonormal.Jenny:Oh,no!Idon’tknowwhetherit’sgoodornot…Ihaveafriendwhoputherdogonantidepressants,butIdon’tthinkit’sfairtomakeananimaltakedrugswhenhehasnosay.Harry:Iagreesometimespet-ownersmightgooverboard,buttheyjustwanttheirpetstobehappyandhealthy.Oh,ifonlymyFidobecomeshisnormalplayfulselfagain!Jenny:Butisitridiculoustospendsomuchmoneyonananimalwhentherearepeoplegoinghungryeverywhere?Harry:I’lltellyouwhat.SomescientistshavebeenusingaMagneticResonanceScannertolearnaboutdogemotions.Theresearchshowsthattheyarequitesimilartotheemotionsofhumans.Jenny:Really?It’sunbelievable!Harry:Yes.Theyhavenowconfirmedwhatmanydogownersalreadyknew.Dogscanunderstandourfeelings!Researcherssaythatthefindingisnotjustimportanttodogsandthepeoplewholovethem,butitestablishesanewtypeofcomparativebrainscienceandexpandsthepossibilitiesforresearch.Jenny:Wow,seemsthatyouknowalotaboutscientificresearch!Harry:Well,forFido,Ihavemademyselfbecomeanexpert!Exercise1GlobalUnderstandingListentothetextforthefirsttime,focusontheglobalideaofitandcompletethesummary.Psychologyisthescientificstudyofthebehaviorofindividualsandoftheirmentalprocesses.Someofthepersonalfactorsareknownasdispositionalfactors,whileexternalthingsareknownassituationalfactors.Modernpsychologybeganin1879whenWilhelmWundtfoundedthefirstexperimentalpsychologylaboratoryinGermany.In1890,WilliamJamespublishedPrinciplesofPsychology.Exercise2ListeningandNote-takingListentothefirstpartofthetextandtakenecessarynoteswithsymbolsandabbreviationswiththepromptsofthefollowingwords.Psychology—scientificstudyofindividualbehavior&andmentalprocessesPsychologists—usetheirresearchtopredict&and(ctrl)controlbehaviorDispositionalfactors—Geneticmakeup,personalitytraits,attitudes,mentalstateSituationalfactors—sensorystimulation,rewards,actionsofotherpeopleExercise3In-depthListeningListentothesecondpartofthetextandcompletethetablebelow.WhoWilhelmWundtWhenin1879WhereinGermanyWhatFoundedthefirstexperimentalchologylaboratorypsyG.Stanleyin1883attheJohnsHopkinsFoundedthefirstAmericanHallUniversityintheUSpsychologicallaboratorylikeWundt’sWilliamJamesin1890intheUSpublishedpsychologicaltextofalltime,themostimportantPrinciplesofPsychologyScript:Whatmakesussimilartootherpeopleandyetsouniquelydifferent?Whydowethink,feelandbehaveaswedo?Arewemoldedmorebyheredityorshapedbyexperience?Howcanthesamebrainthatgivesusthecapacityforcreativity,rationalityandlovealsobecomethecrucibleformentalillness?Psychologyisformallydefinedasthescientificstudyofthebehaviorofindividualsandoftheirmentalprocesses.Psychologiststhentrytousetheirresearchtopredictandinsomecasescontrolbehavior.Ideally,outoftheirbasicresearchwillcomesolutionsforthepracticalproblemsthatplagueindividualsandsociety.Whatevertypeofbehaviorpsychologistslookat,whetherit’slaughing,crying,makingwar,ormakinglove,oranythingelse,theytrytomakesenseofitbyrelatingtheobservedbehaviortocertainaspectsoftheindividualinvolvedandthesituationinwhichthebehavioroccurred.Forexample,mygeneticmakeup,personalitytraits,attitudesandmentalstatearesomeofthepersonalfactorsinvolvedinmybehavior.They’reknownasdispositionalfactors.They’reinternal,characteristicsandpotentialsinsideme,whileexternalthingssuchassensorystimulation,rewardsortheactionsofotherpeopleareknownassituationalfactors.Theycomefromtheoutside,fromtheenvironmentinwhichmybehaviortakesplace.Modernpsychologybeganin1879whenWilhelmWundtfoundedthefirstexperimentalpsychologylaboratoryinGermany.Wundttrainedmanyyoungresearcherswhocarriedonthetraditionofmeasuringreactionstoexperimentaltaskssuchasreactiontimestosensorystimuli,attention,judgmentandwordassociations.ThefirstAmericanpsychologicallaboratorylikeWundt’swasfoundedattheJohnsHopkinsUniversityin1883byG.StanleyHall.Hall,thefirstpresidentoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation,introducedSigmundFreudtotheAmericanpublicbytranslatingFreud’sGeneralIntroductiontoPsychoanalysis.But1890maystandasthemostsignificantdateinpsychology’syouth.That’swhenWilliamJamespublishedwhatmanyconsidertobethemostimportantpsychologicaltextofalltime,PrinciplesofPsychology.JameswasaprofessorofpsychologyatHarvardUniversity,wherehealsostudiedmedicineandtaughtphysiology.Jameswasinterestedinallthewaysinwhichpeopleinteractwithandadapttotheirenvironment,andsohefoundaplaceinpsychologyforhumanconsciousness,emotions,theself,personalvaluesandreligion.ButtheWundtianpsychologistslikeG.StanleyHallrejectedJames’ideasasunscientificandsoft.Theyarguedthatpsychologyshouldbepatternedafterthemodelofthephysicalsciences,sotheyfocusedtheirstudyontopicslikesensationandperception--onpsychophysics,measuringmentalreactionstophysicalstimuli.Latertheyaddedinvestigationsofhowanimalsacquireconditionedresponsesandhowhumansmemorizenewinformation.Thesedifferencesamongpsychologistsinwhatshouldbestudiedandhowoneshouldgoaboutitarestillwithusacenturylater.TextBLiespottingExercise1GlobalUnderstandingListentothetextforthefirsttime,focusontheglobalideaandthenchoosetherightanswerstothequestionsyouhear.1.WhichofthefollowingisNOTasigntoshowthatBillClintonwasaliar?A.Heusedanon-contracteddenial.B.Heused“thatwoman〞torefertoMissLewinsky.C.Hetriedunconsciouslytodistancehimselffromhissubject.D.Hepepperedhisaccountwithalittletoomuchdetail.2.Whatcanyoulearnfromthetext?A.Onlytrainedliespotterscandetectlies.B.Afakesmilewillbetrayaliar.C.Liarsdon’tdaretolookpeopleintheeyes.D.Liarsrehearsetheirwordsandgestures.Exercise2ListeningfordetailsListentoonepartofthetextanddecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T),false(F)ornotgiven(NG).1.Attitudeisthemostimportantindicatorindetectinglies.(NG)2.Aperson’senthusiasmmayindicatehisdishonesty.(F)3.Anhonestpersonwillkeepsilentsincehebelievesinhisinnocence.(F)4.Anhonestpersoniseagertohelpyougettothetruth.(T)5.Anhonestpersonwillnotbeinfuriatedduringtheinterview.(F)Exercise3CompoundDictationListenandcompletethesummarybelowwiththemissingwordsfromthetext.Peopledeceptivemaybewithdrawn,lookdown,(1)lowertheirvoice,(2)pause,orherky-jerky.Theyaregoingto(3)peppertheirstorywithtoomuch(4)detailandinstrict(5)chronologicalorder.Atrainedinterrogatorwillaskthemtotellthestory(6)backwards,andthentrackthedeceptivetells.Peoplerehearsetheir(7)words,butnottheir(8)gestures.Script:Trainedliespottersgettothetruth90percentofthetime.Therestofus,we’reonly54percentaccurate.Whyisitsoeasytolearn?Well,therearegoodliarsandtherearebadliars.Therearenorealoriginalliars.Weallmakethesamemistakes.Weallusethesametechniques.SowhatI’mgoingtodoisI’mgoingtoshowyoutwopatternsofdeception.Andthenwe’regoingtolookatthehotspotsandseeifwecanfindthemourselves.We’regoingtostartwithaspeech.BillClinton:Iwantyoutolistentome.I’mgoingtosaythisagain.Ididnothavesexualrelationswiththatwoman,MissLewinsky.Inevertoldanybodytolie,notasingletime,never.Theseallegationsarefalse.AndIneedtogobacktoworkfortheAmericanpeople.Thankyou.PamelaMeyer:Okay,whatwerethetelltalesigns?Wellfirstweheardwhat’sknownasanon-contracteddenial.Studiesshowthatpeoplewhoareover-determinedintheirdenialwillresorttoformalratherthaninformallanguage.Wealsohearddistancinglanguage:“thatwoman〞.Weknowthatliarswillunconsciouslydistancethemselvesfromtheirsubjectusinglanguageastheirtool.NowifBillClintonhadsaid,“Well,totellyouthetruth...〞orRichardNixon’sfavorite,“Inallcandor...〞hewouldhavebeenadeadgiveawayforanyliespotterthanknowsthatqualifyinglanguage,asit’scalled,qualifyinglanguagelikethat,furtherdiscreditsthesubject.Nowifhehadrepeatedthequestioninitsentirety,orifhehadpepperedhisaccountwithalittletoomuchdetail--andwe’reallreallygladhedidn’tdothat--hewouldhavefurtherdiscreditedhimself.Freudhaditright.Freudsaid,look,there’smuchmoretoitthanspeech:“Nomortalcankeepasecret.Ifhislipsaresilent,hechatterswithhisfingertips.〞Andwealldoitnomatterhowpowerfulyouare.Weallchatterwithourfingertips.I’mgoingtoshowyouDominiqueStrauss-KahnwithObamawho’schatteringwithhisfingertips.Nowthisbringsustoournextpattern,whichisbodylanguage.Withbodylanguage,here’swhatyou’vegottodo.You’vereallygottojustthrowyourassumptionsoutthedoor.Letthesciencetemperyourknowledgealittlebit.Becausewethinkliarsfidgetallthetime.Wellguesswhat,they’reknowntofreezetheirupperbodieswhenthey’relying.Wethinkliarswon’tlookyouintheeyes.Wellguesswhat,theylookyouintheeyesalittletoomuchjusttocompensateforthatmyth.Wethinkwarmthandsmilesconveyhonesty,sincerity.Butatrainedliespottercanspotafakesmileamileaway.Canyouallspotthefakesmilehere?Youcanconsciouslycontractthemusclesinyourcheeks.Buttherealsmile’sintheeyes,thecrow’sfeetoftheeyes.Theycannotbeconsciouslycontracted,especiallyifyouoverdidtheBotox.Don’toverdotheBotox;nobodywillthinkyou’rehonest.Nowwe’regoingtolookatthehotspots.Canyoutellwhat’shappeninginaconversation?Canyoustarttofindthehotspotstoseethediscrepanciesbetweensomeone’swordsandsomeone’sactions?NowIknowitseemsreallyobvious,butwhenyou’rehavingaconversationwithsomeonethatyoususpectofdeception,attitudeisbyfarthemostoverlookedbuttellingofindicators.Anhonestpersonisgoingtobecooperative.They’regoingtoshowthey’reonyourside.They’regoingtobeenthusiastic.They’regoingtobewillingandhelpfultogettingyoutothetruth.They’regoingtobewillingtobrainstorm,namesuspects,providedetails.They’regoingtosay,“Hey,maybeitwasthoseguysinpayrollthatforgedthosechecks.〞They’regoingtobeinfuriatediftheysensethey’rewronglyaccusedthroughouttheentirecourseoftheinterview,notjustinflashes;they’llbeinfuriatedthroughouttheentirecourseoftheinterview.Andifyouasksomeonehonestwhatshouldhappentowhomeverdidforgethosechecks,anhonestpersonismuchmorelikelytorecommendstrictratherthanlenientpunishment.Nowlet’ssayyou’rehavingthatexactsameconversationwithsomeonedeceptive.Thatpersonmaybewithdrawn,lookdown,lowertheirvoice,pause,bekindofherky-jerky.Askadeceptivepersontotelltheirstory,they’regoingtopepperitwithwaytoomuchdetailinallkindsofirrelevantplaces.Andthenthey’regoingtotelltheirstoryinstrictchronologicalorder.Andwhatatrainedinterrogatordoesistheycomeinandinverysubtlewaysoverthecourseofseveralhours,theywillaskthatpersontotellthatstorybackwards,andthenthey’llwatchthemsquirm,andtrackwhichquestionsproducethehighestvolumeofdeceptivetells.Whydotheydothat?Wellwealldothesamething.Werehearseourwords,butwerarelyrehearseourgestures.Wesay“yes〞,weshakeourheads“no〞.Wetellveryconvincingstories,weslightlyshrugourshoulders.Wecommitterriblecrimes,andwesmileatthedelightingettingawaywithit.Nowthatsmileisknowninthetradeas“dupingdelight〞.PartIVHomeworkAListeningTaskListentothepassageandfillintheblankswithwhatyouhear.Somecolorsthatpeopleseelateatnightcouldcause(1)signsoftheconditionmentalhealthexpertscallclinicaldepression.Thatwasthefindingofastudythatbuildsonearlierstudyfindings.Theyshowthatindividualswholiveorworkin(2)lowlevelsoflightovernightcandevelopclinicaldepression.Doctorsusethewordsclinicaldepressiontodescribea(3)severeformofdepression.Signsmayincludelossofinterestorpleasureinmostactivities,lowenergylevelsand(4)thoughtsofdeathorsuicide.Inthenewstudy,Americaninvestigators(5)designedanexperimentthatexposedhamsterstodifferentcolors.Theresearcherschosehamstersbecausetheyarenocturnal,whichmeansthey(6)sleepduringthedayandare(7)activeatnight.Theanimalswereseparatedinto4groups.Onegroupofhamsterswaskeptinthedarkduringtheirnighttimeperiod.Anothergroupwasplaced