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Section UseReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.（10points）TheoutbreakofswinefluthatwasdetectedinMexicowasdeclaredaglobalepidemiconJune11,2009.Itistheworldwideepidemic1bytheWorldHealthOrganizationin41years.Theheightenedalert2anemergencymeetingwithfluexpertsinGenevathatassembledafterasharpriseincasesinAustralia,andrising3inBritain,Japan,Chileandelsewhere.Buttheepidemicis"4"inseverity,accordingtoMargaretChan,theorganization'sdirectorgeneral,5theoverwhelmingmajorityofpatientsexperiencingonlymildsymptomsandafullrecovery,ofteninthe6ofanymedicaltreatment.Theoutbreakcametoglobal7inlateApril2009,whenMexicanauthoritiesnotedanunusuallylargenumberofhospitalizationsanddeaths8healthyadults.AsmuchofMexicoCityshutdownattheheightofapanic,casesbeganto9inNewYorkCity,thesouthwesternUnitedStatesandaroundtheworld.IntheUnitedStates,newcasesseemedtofade10warmerweatherarrived.ButinlateSeptember2009,officialsreportedtherewas11fluactivityinalmosteverystateandthatvirtuallyallthe12testedarethenewswineflu,alsoknownas(A) ,notseasonalflu.IntheU.S.,ithas13morethanonemillionpeople,andcausedmorethan600deathsandmorethan6,000hospitalizations.Federalhealthofficials Tamifluforchildrenfromthenationalstockpileandbegan ordersfromthestatesforthenewswinefluvaccine.Thenewvaccine,whichisdifferentfromtheannualfluvaccine,is aheadofexpectations.MorethanthreemilliondosesweretobemadeavailableinearlyOctober,2009,thoughmostofthose doseswereoftheFluMistnasalspraytype,whichisnot forpregnantwomen,peopleover50orthosewithbreathingdifficulties,heartdiseaseorseveralother 19.Butitwasstillpossibletovaccinatepeopleinotherhigh-riskgroups:healthcareworkers,people infantsandhealthyyoungpeople.1.[A][B][D]2.[A][B][C][D]3.[A][B][C][D]4.[A][B][C][D]5.[A][B][C][D]6.[A][C][D]7.[A][B][C][D]8.[A][B][C][D]9.[A]stay[B]crop[C]fill[D]cover[A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A]involvedin[B]caring [C]concerned [D]wardingSectionⅡReadingPartReadthefollowingfourpassages.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachpassagebychoosingA,B,CandD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Thelongestbullruninacenturyofart-markethistoryendedonadramaticnotewithasaleof56worksbyDamienHirst,BeautifulInsideMyHeadForever，atSotheby’sinLondononSeptember15th,2008.Allbuttwopiecessold,fetchingmorethan￡70m,arecordforasalebyasingleartist.Itwasalastvictory.Astheauctioneercalledoutbids,inNewYorkoneoftheoldestbanksonWallStreet,LehmanBrothers,filedforbankruptcy.Theworldartmarkethadalreadybeenlosingmomentumforawhileafterrisingbewilderinglysince2003.Atitspeakin2007itwasworthsome$65billion,reckonsClareMcAndrew,founderofArtsEconomics,aresearchfirm—doublethefigurefiveyearsearlier.Sincethenitmayhavecomedownto$50billion.Butthemarketgeneratesinterestfarbeyonditssizebecauseitbringstogethergreatwealth,enormousegos,greed,passionandcontroversyinawaymatchedbyfewotherindustries.IntheweeksandmonthsthatfollowedMr.Hirst’ssale,spendingofanysortbecamedeeplyunfashionable,especiallyinNewYork,wherethebail-outofthebankscoincidedwiththelossofthousandsofjobsandthefinancialdemiseofmanyart-buyinginvestors.Intheartworldthatmeantcollectorsstayedawayfromgalleriesandsalerooms.Salesofcontemporaryartfellbytwo-thirds,andinthemostoverheatedsector,theyweredownbynearly90%intheyeartoNovember2008.Withinweekstheworld’stwobiggestauctionhouses,Sotheby’sandChristie’s,hadtopayoutnearly$200minguaranteestoclientswhohadplacedworksforsalewiththem.ThecurrentdownturnintheartmarketistheworstsincetheJapanesestoppedbuyingImpressionistsat 1989.Thistimeexpertsreckonthatpricesareabout40%downontheirpeako age,thoughsomehavebeenfarmorefluctuant.ButEdwardDolman,Christie’schiefexecutive,says:“I’mprettyconfidentwe’reatthebottom.”Whatmakesthisslumpdifferentfromthelast,hesays,isthattherearestillbuyersinthemarket.Almosteveryonewhowasinterviewedforthisspecialreportsaidthatthebiggestproblematthemomentisnotalackofdemandbutalackofgoodworktosell.ThethreeDs—death,debtanddivorce—stilldeliverworksofarttothemarket.Butanyonewhodoesnothavetoselliskeeaway,waitingforconfidencetoreturn.21.21.Inparagraph,DamienHirst'ssalewasreferredtoas“alastvictory”.theartmarkethadwitnessedasuccessionoftheauctioneerfinallygotthetwopiecesatthehighestBeautifulInsideMyHeadForeverwonoverallitwassuccessfullymadejustbeforetheworldfinancialBysaying“spendingofanysortbecamedeeplyunfashionable”(Line1-2,Para.3)，theauthorsuggests collectorswerenolongeractivelyinvolvedinart-marketpeoplestoppedeverykindofspendingandstayedawayfromartcollectionasafashionhadlostitsappealtoagreatD.worksofartingeneralhadgoneoutoffashionsotheywerenotworthWhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTA.Salesofcontemporaryartfelldramaticallyfrom2007toB.TheartmarketsurpassedmanyotherindustriesinC.TheartmarketgenerallywentdownwardinvariousD.SomeartdealerswereawaitingbetterchancestoThethreeDsmentionedinthelastparagraph auctionhouses' B.contemporaryC.factorspromotingartworkcirculationD.stylesrepresentingThemostappropriatetitleforthistextcouldFluctuationofArt B.Up-to-dateArtC.ArtMarketin D.ShiftedInterestinTextIwasaddressingasmallgatheringinasuburbanVirginialivingroom—awomen'sgroupthathadinvitedmentojointhem.Throughouttheevening,onemanhadbeenparticularlytalkative,frequentlyofferingideasandanecdotes,whilehiswifesatsilentlybesidehimonthecouch.Toward oftheevening,Icommentedthatwomenfrequentlycomplainthattheirhusbandsdon'ttalktothem.Thismanquicklynoddedinagreement.Hegesturedtowardhiswifeandsaid,"She'sthetalkerinourfamily."Theroomburstintolaughter;themanlookedpuzzledandhurt."It'strue,"heexplained."WhenIcomehomefromworkIhavenothingtosay.Ifshedidn'tkeeptheconversationgoing,we'dspendthewholeeveninginsilence."ThisepisodecrystallizestheironythatalthoughAmericanmentendtotalkmorethanwomeninpublicsituations,theyoftentalklessathome.Andthispatterniswreakinghavocwithmarriage.ThepatternwasobservedbypoliticalscientistAndrewHackerinthelate1970s.SociologistCatherineKohlerRiessmanreportsinhernewbookDivorceTalkthatmostofthewomensheinterviewed—butonlyafewofthemen—gavelackofcommunicationasthereasonfortheirdivorces.Giventhecurrentdivorcerateofnearly50percent，thatamountstomillionsofcasesintheUnitedStateseveryyear—avirtualepidemicoffailedconversation.Inmyownresearchcomplaintsfromwomenabouttheirhusbandsmostoftenfocusednotontangibleinequitiessuchashavinggivenupthechanceforacareerto panyahusbandtohis,or ngfarmorethantheirshareofdailylife-supportworklikecleaning,cookingandsocialarrangements.Instead,theyfocusedoncommunication:"Hedoesn'tlistentome.""Hedoesn'ttalktome."Ifound,asHackerobservedyearsbefore,thatmostwiveswanttheirhusbandstobe, andforemost,conversationalpartners,butfewhusbandssharethisexpectationoftheirwives.Inshort,theimagethatbestrepresentsthecurrentcrisisisthestereotypicalcartoonsceneofamansittingatthebreakfasttablewithanewspaperheldupinfrontofhisface,whileawomanglaresatthebackofit,wantingtoWhatismostwives'mainexpectationoftheirTalkingto B.TrustingC.Supportingtheir D.SharingJudgingfromthecontext,thephrase“wreakinghavoc”(Line3,Para.2)mostprobably B.exertingC.causing D.creatingAllofthefollowingaretrue mentendtotalkmoreinpublicthannearly50percentofrecentdivorcesarecausedbyfailedwomen uchimportancetocommunicationbetweenafemaletendstobemoretalkativeathomethanherWhichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizethemainideaofthisThemoraldecayingdeservesmoreresearchbyMarriagebreak-upstemsfromsexHusbandandwifehavedifferentexpectationsfromtheirConversationalpatternsbetweenmanandwifeareInthefollowingpartimmediayafterthistext,theauthorwillmostprobablyfocusavividaccountofthenewbookDivorceadetaileddescriptionofthestereotypicalotherpossiblereasonsforahighdivorcerateintheabriefintroductiontothepoliticalscientistAndrewOverthepastdecade,manycompanieshadperfectedtheartofcreatingautomaticbehavior—habits—amongconsumers.Thesehabitshavehelpedcompaniesearnbillionsofdollarswhencustomerseatsnacksorwipecountersalmostwithoutthinking,ofteninresponsetoacarefullydesignedsetofdailycues.“Therearefundamentalpublichealthproblems,likedirtyhandsinsteadofasoaphabit,thatremainkillersonlybecausewecan’tfigureouthowtochangepeople’shabits,”Dr.Curtissaid,thedirectoroftheHygieneCenterattheLondonSchoolofHygiene&TropicalMedicine.“Wewantedtolearnfromprivateindustryhowtocreatenewbehaviorsthathappensautomatically.”ThecompaniesthatDr.Curtisturnedto—Procter&Gamble,Colgate-PalmoliveandUnilever—hadinvestedhundredsofmillionsofdollarsfindingthesubtlecuesinconsumers’livesthatcorporationscouldusetointroducenewIfyoulookhardenough,you’llfindthatmanyoftheproductsweuseeveryday—chewinggums,skinmoisturizers,disinfectingwipes,airfresheners,waterpurifiers,healthsnacks,antiperspirants,colognes,teethwhiteners,fabricpearlywhitesa-preventingscrubtwiceaday,oftenwithColgate,CrestoroneoftheotherAfewdecadesago,manypeopledidn’tdrinkwateroutsideofameal.Thenbeveragecompaniesstartedbottlingtheproductionoffar-offsprings,andnowofficeworkersunthinkinglysipbottledwateralldaylong.Chewinggum,onceboughtprimarilybyadolescentboys,isnowfeaturedincommercialsasabreathfreshenerandteethcleanserforuseafterameal.Skinmoisturizersareadvertisedaspartofmorningbeautyrituals,slippedinbetweenhairbrushingandputtingonmakeup.“Ourproductssucceedwhenthey epartofdailyorweeklypatterns,”saidCarolBerning,aconsumerpsychologistwhorecentlyretiredfromProcter&Gamble,thecompanythatsold$76billionofTide,Crestandotherproductslastyear.“Creatingpositivehabitsisahugepartofimprovingourconsumers’lives,andit’sessentialtomakenewproductscommerciallyviable.”Throughexperimentsandobservation,socialscientistslikeDr.Berninghavelearnedthatthereispowerintyingcertainbehaviorstohabitualcuesthroughruthlessadvertising.Asthisnewscienceofhabithasemerged,controversieshaveeruptedwhenthetacticshavebeenusedtosellquestionablebeautycreamsorunhealthyfoods.AccordingtoDr.Curtis,habitslikehandwashingwith [A]shouldbefurther [B]shouldbechanged[C]aredeeplyrootedin [D]arebasicallyprivateBottledwater,chewinggumandskinmoisturizersarementionedinParagraph5soas [A]revealtheirimpactonpeople’shabits [B]showtheurgentneedofdailynecessities[C]indicatetheireffectonpeople’sbuyingpower[D]manifestthesignificantroleofgoodhabitsWhichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongtoproductsthathelpcreatepeople’s[A] [B] [C] [D]Fromthetextweknowthatsomeofconsumer’shabitsaredevelopeddue [A]perfectedartof [B]automaticbehavior[C]commercial [D]scientificTheauthor’sattitudetowardtheinfluenceofadvertisementonpeople’shabitsis ManyAmericansregardthejurysystemasaconcreteexpressionofcrucialdemocraticvalues,includingtheprinciplesthatallcitizenswhomeetminimalqualificationsofageandliteracyareequallycompetenttoserveonjuries;thatjurorsshouldbeselectedrandomlyfromarepresentativecrosssectionofthecommunity;thatnocitizenshouldbedeniedtherighttoserveonajuryonaccountofrace,religion,sex,ornationalorigin;thatdefendantsareentitledtotrialbytheirpeers;andthatverdictsshouldrepresenttheconscienceofthecommunityandnotjusttheletterofthelaw.Thejuryisalsosaidtobethebestsurvivingexampleofdirectratherthanrepresentativedemocracy.Inadirectdemocracy,citizenstaketurnserningthemselves,ratherthanelectingrepresentativestoernforthem.convenientwayaroundthisandotherantidiscriminationThesystemalsofailedtoregularlyincludewomenonjuriesuntilthemid-20thcentury.AlthoughwomenservedonstatejuriesinUtahin1898,itwasnotuntilthe1940sthatamajorityofstatesmadewomeneligibleforjuryduty.Eventhenseveralstatesautomaticallyexemptedwomenfromjurydutyunlessthey allyaskedtohavetheirnamesincludedonthejurylist.Thispracticewasjustifiedbytheclaimthatwomenwereneededathome,anditkeptjuriesunrepresentativeofwomenthroughthe1960s.In1968,theCongressoftheUnitedStatespassedtheJurySelectionandServiceAct,usheringinaneweraofdemocraticreformsforthejury.Thislawabolishedspecialeducationalrequirementsforfederaljurorsandrequiredthemtobeselectedatrandomfromacrosssectionoftheentirecommunity.Inthelandmark1975decisionTaylorvs.Louisiana,theSupremeCourtextendedtherequirementthatjuriesberepresentativeofallpartsofthecommunitytothestaevel.TheTaylordecisionalsodeclaredsexdiscriminationinjuryselectiontobeunconstitutionalandorderedstatestousethesameproceduresforselectingmaleandfemalejurors.FromtheprinciplesoftheUSjurysystem,welearn bothliterateandilliteratepeoplecanserveondefendantsareimmunefromtrialbytheirnoagelimitshouldbeimposedforjuryjudgmentshouldconsidertheopinionoftheThepracticeofselectingso-calledelitejurorspriorto1968 theinadequacyofantidiscriminationtheprevalentdiscriminationagainstcertain ingidealsinjuryselectionthearrogancecommonamongtheSupremeCourtEveninthe1960s,womenwereseldomonthejurylistinsomestates theywereautomaticallybannedby theyfellfarshortoftherequiredtheyweresupposedtoperformdomestictheytendedtoevadepublicAftertheJurySelectionandServiceActwas sexdiscriminationinjuryselectionwasunconstitutionalandhadtobeeducationalrequirementsbecamelessrigidintheselectionoffederaljurorsatthe eveloughttoberepresentativeoftheentirestatesoughttoconformtothefederalcourtinreformingthejuryIndiscussingtheUSjurysystem,thetextcenters[A]itsnatureand [B]itscharacteristicsand[C]itsproblemsandtheir [D]itstraditionand

IInthissectionthereisatextinEnglish.TranslateitintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationonANSWERSHEET2.“Sustainability”has eapopularwordthesedays,buttoTedNing,theconceptwillalwayshave meaning.Havingenduredapainfulperiodofunsustainabilityinhisownlifemadeitcleartohimthatsustainability-orientedvaluesmustbeexpressedthougheverydayactionandchoice.Ningrecallsspendingaconfusingyearinthelate1990ssellinginsurance.He’dbeenthroughthe andburstand,desperateforajob,signedonwithaBoulderagency.Itdidn’tgowell.“Itwasareallybadmovebecausethat’snotmypassion,”saysNing,whosedilemmaaboutthejobtranslated,predictably,intoalackofsales.“Iwasmiserable.IhadsomuchanxietythatIwouldwakeupinthemiddleofthenightandstareattheceiling.Ihadnomoneyandneededthejob.Everyonesaid,‘Justwait,you’llturnthecorner,giveitsometime.’”

SectionIVYouhavejustcomebackfromtheU.S.asamemberofaSino-Americanculturalexchangeprogram.WritealettertoyourAmericancolleaguetoexpressyourthanksforhis/herwarmehim/hertovisitChinaindueYoushouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEETDonotsignyourownnameat oftheletter.UseZhangWei”instead。Donotwriteyouraddress.(10points)Inthissection,youareaskedtowriteanessaybasedonthefollowingchart.Inyourwriting,youinterpretthechartgiveyourYoushouldwriteatleast150WriteyouressayonANSWERSHEET2.(15

SectionIUseofReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblackandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)TheInternetaffordsanonymitytoitsusers,ablessingtoprivacyandfreedomofspeech.Butthatveryanonymityisalsobehindtheexplosionofcyber-crimethathas acrosstheWeb.Canprivacybe bringingsafetyandsecuritytoaworldthatseems 3Lastmonth,HowardS idt,thenation’scyber-czar,offeredthefederal ernmenta tomaketheWebasaferplace---a“voluntarytrustedidentity”systemthatwouldbethehigh-tech ofaphysicalkey,afingerprintandaphotoIDcard,allrolled one.Thesystemmightuseasmartidentitycard,oradigitalcredential toaspecificcomputer,andwouldauthenticateusersatarangeofonlineservices.Theideaisto afederationofprivateonlineidentitysystems.Usercould whichsystemtojoin,andonlyregistereduserswhoseidentitieshavebeenauthenticatedcouldnavigatethosesystems.TheapproachcontrastswithonethatwouldrequireanInternetdriver’slicense bythe and areamongcompaniesthatalreadyhavethese“singlesign-on”systemsthatmakeitpossibleforusersto justoncebutusemanydifferentservices.12,theapproachwouldcreatea“walledgarden”incyberspace,withsafe“neighborhoods”andbright“streetlights”toestablishasenseofa 13community.Mr.S idtdescribeditasa“voluntaryecosystem”inwhich“individualsandorganizationscancompleteonlinetransactionswith 14,trustingtheidentitiesofeachotherandtheidentitiesoftheinfrastructure whichthetransactionStill,theadministration’splan privacyrightsactivists.Someapplaudtheapproach;othersareItseemsclearthatsuchaschemeisaninitiativepushtowardwhatwould beacompulsoryInternet“driver’slicense”mentality.Theplanhasalsobeengreeted 18bysomecomputersecurityexperts,whoworrythattheecosystem”envisionedbyMr. idtwouldstillleavemuchofthe TheyarguethatallInternetshouldbe20 toregisterandidentifythemselves,inthesamewaythatdriversmustbelicensedtodriveonpublic1．A. B. C. D.2．A. B. C. D.3．AB.C.D.4．A.B.C.D.5．A.B.C.D.6．A. B. C. D.7．A. B. C. D.8．A. B. C. D.9．A. B. C. D.10．A. B. C. D.11．A.carry B.linger C.set D.log12．A.In B.In C.In D.In13．A. B. C. D.14．A. B. C. D.15．A. B. C. D.16．A. B. C. D.17．A. B. C. D.18．A. B. C. D.19．A. B. C. D.20．A. B. C. D.Part

ReadingDirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)TextRuthSimmonsjoinedGoldmanSachs’sboardasanoutsidedirectorinJanuary,2000;ayearlatershebecameofBrownUniversity.Fortherestofthedecadesheapparentlymanagedbothroleswithoutattractingmuchcriticism.Butby of2009,Ms.SimmonswasunderfireforhavingsatonGoldman’scompensationcommittee;howcouldshehaveletthoseenormousbonuspayoutspassunremarked?ByFebruarythenextyearMs.Simmonshadleftth .Thepositionwasjusttakinguptoomuchtime,shesaid.Outsidedirectorsaresupposedtoserveashelpful,yetlessbiased,advisersonafirm’sboard.Havingmadetheirwealthandtheirreputationselsewhere,theypresumablyhaveenoughindependencetodisagreewiththechiefexecutive’sproposals.Ifthesky,andthesharepriceisfalling,outsidedirectorsshouldbeabletogiveadvicebasedonhavingweatheredtheirowncrises.TheresearchersfromOhioUniversityuse tabasethatcoveredmorethan10,000firmsandmorethan64,000differentdirectorsbetween1989and2004.Thentheysimplycheckedwhichdirectorsstayedfromoneproxystatementtothenext.Themostlikelyreasonfordepartingaboardwasage,sotheresearchersconcentratedonthose“surprise”disappearancesbydirectorsunderof70.Theyfoundthatafterasurprisedeparture,theprobabilitythatthecompanywillsubsequentlyhavetorestateearningsincreasedbynearly20%.Thelikelihoodofbeingnamedinafederalclass-actionlawsuitalsoincreases,andthestockislikelytoperformworse.TheeffecttendedtobelargerforlargerAlthoughacorrelationbetweenthemleavingandsubsequentbadperformanceatthefirmissuggestive,itdoesnotmeanthatsuchdirectorsarealwaysjumoffasinkingship.Oftenthey“tradeup,”leavingriskier,smallerfirmsforlargerandmorestablefirms.Buttheresearchersbelievethatoutsidedirectorshaveaneasiertimeofavoidingablowtotheirreputationsiftheyleaveafirmbeforebadnewsbreaks,evenifareviewofhistoryshowstheywereonth atthetimeany ngoccurred.FirmswhowanttokeeptheiroutsidedirectorsthroughtoughtimesmayhavetocreateOtherwiseoutsidedirectorswillfollowtheexampleofMs.Simmons,onceagainverypopularonAccordingtoParagraph1,Ms.Simmonswascriticized gainingexcessivefailingtofulfillherrefusingtomakeleaving intoughWelearnfromParagraph2thatoutsidedirectorsaresupposedto generousunbiasedsharepriceindependentAccordingtotheresearchersfromOhioUniversity,afteranoutsidedirector’ssurprisedeparture,thefirmislikely.emorereportincreaseddolesswellinthestockperformworseinItcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatoutside maystayfortheattractiveoffersfromthehaveoftenhadrecordsof ngsintheareaccustomedtostress-freeworkinthewilldeclineincentivesfromtheTheauthor’sattitudetowardtheroleofoutsidedirectors TextWhateverhappenedtothedeathofnewspaper?Ayearago seemednear.TherecessionthreatenedtoremovetheadvertisingandreadersthathadnotalreadyfledtotheInternet.NewspapersliketheSanFranciscoChroniclewerechroniclingtheirowndoom.America’sFederalTradecommissionlaunchedaroundoftalksabouthowtosavenewspapers.Shouldthey echaritablecorporations?Shouldthestatesubsidizethem?Itwillholdanothermeetingsoon.Butthediscussionsnowseemoutofdate.Inmuchoftheworldthereislittlesignofcrisis.GermanandBrazilianpapershaveshruggedofftherecession.EvenAmericannewspapers,whichinhabitthemosttroubledcorneroftheglobalindustry,havenotonlysurvivedbutoftenreturnedtoprofit.Notthe20%profitmarginsthatwereroutineafewyearsago,butprofitallthesame.Ithasnotbeenmuchfun.Manypapersstayedafloatbypushingjournalistsoverboard.TheAmericanSocietyNewsEditorsreckonsthat13,500newsroomjobshavegonesince2007.Readersarepayingmoreforslimmerproducts.Somepapersevenhadthenervetorefusedeliverytodistantsuburbs.Yetthesedesperatemeasureshaveprovedtherightonesand,sadlyformanyjournalists,theycanbepushedfurther.Newspapers ingmorebalancedbusinesses,withahealthiermixofrevenuesfromreadersandAmericanpapershavelongbeenhighlyunusualintheirrelianceonads.Fully87%oftheirrevenuescamefromadvertisingin2008,accordingtotheOrganizationforEconomicCooperation&Development(OECD).InJapantheproportionis35%.Notsurprisingly,Japanesenewspapersaremu orestable.Thewhirlwindthats tthroughnewsroomsharmedeverybody,butmuchofthedamagehasbeenconcentratedinareaswherenewspapersareleastdistinctive.Carandfilmreviewershavegone.Sohavescienceandgeneralbusinessreporters.Foreignbureaushavebeensavagelycutoff.Newspapersarelesscompleteasaresult.Butcompletenessisnolongeravirtueinthenewspaperbusiness.Bysaying“Newspaperslike…theirowndoom”(Lines3-4,Para.1),theauthorindicatesthat neglectedthesignoffailedtogetstatewerenotcharitablewereinadesperateSomenewspapersrefuseddeliverytodistantsuburbsprobably readersthreatenedtopaynewspaperswantedtoreducejournalistsreportedlittleaboutthesesubscriberscomplainedaboutslimmerComparedwiththeirAmericancounterparts,Japanesenewspapersaremuorestablebecause.havemoresourcesofhavemorebalancedarelessdependentonarelessaffectedbyWhatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphaboutthecurrentnewspaperDistinctivenessisanessentialfeatureofCompletenessistoblameforthefailureofForeignbureausplayacrucialroleinthenewspaperReadershavelosttheirinterestincarandfilmThemostappropriatetitleforthistextwould AmericanNewspapers:StrugglingforAmericanNewspapers:GonewiththeAmericanNewspapers:AThrivingAmericanNewspapers:AHopelessTextWetendtothinkofthedecadesimmediayfollowingWorldWarIIasatimeofprosperityandgrowth,withsoldiersreturninghomebythemillions,goingofftocollegeontheG.I.Billandliningupatthemarriagebureaus.Butwhenitcametotheirhouses,itwasatimeofcommonsenseandabeliefthatlesscouldtrulybemore.DuringtheDepressionandthewar,Americanshadlearnedtolivewithless,andthatrestraint,incombinationwiththepostwarconfidenceinthefuture,madesmall,efficienthousingpositivelystylish.Economicconditionwasonlyastimulusforthetrendtowardefficientliving.Thephrase“l(fā)essismore”wasactuallypopularizedbyaGerman,thearchitectLudwigMiesvanderRohe,wholikeotherpeopleassociatedwiththeBauhaus,aschoolofdesign,emigratedtotheUnitedStatesbeforeWorldWarIIandtookuppostsatAmericanarchitectureschools.ThesedesignerscametoexertenormousinfluenceonthecourseofAmericanarchitecture,butnonemoresothanMies.Mies’ssignaturephrasemeansthatlessdecoration,properlyorganized,hasmoreimpactth ot.Elegance,hebelieved,didnotderivefromabundance.Likeothermodernarchitects,heemployedmetal,glassandlaminatedwood-materialsthatwetakeforgrantedtodaybutthatinthe1940ssymbolizedthefuture.Mies’ssophisticatedpresentationmaskedthefactthatthespaceshedesignedweresmallandefficient,ratherthanbigandoftenempty.TheapartmentsintheeleganttowersMiesbuiltonChicago’sLakeShoreDrive,forexample,smaller----two-bedroomunitsunder1,000squarefeet---thanthoseintheirolderneighborsalongthecity’sGoldCoast.Buttheywerepopularbecauseoftheirairyglasswalls,theviewstheyaffordedandtheeleganceofthebuildings’detailsandproportions,thearchitecturalequivalentofthe artsopopularatthetime.Thetrendtoward“l(fā)ess”wasnotentirelyforeign.Inthe1930sFrankLloydWrightstartedbuildingmoremodestandefficienthouses---usuallyaround1,200squarefeet--thanthespreadino-storyoneshehaddesignedinthe1890sandtheearly20thcentury.The“CaseStudyHouses”commissionedfromtalentedmodernarchit