皮下與皮內(nèi)注射石秀霞皮下注射法皮下注射法hypodermicinjection，H，將少量藥液或生物制劑注入皮下組織的方法【目的】不宜口服給藥、需在一定時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生藥效預(yù)防接種局部麻醉用藥

皮下注射部位:三角肌下緣、

上臂外側(cè)、

腹部、

后背、大腿外側(cè)方

皮下注射部位皮下注射法【操作步驟】

－核對(duì)－吸取藥液－核對(duì)－選擇注射部位

－消毒－二次核對(duì)，－排氣－穿刺(抽回血)－推藥－拔針、按壓

－操作后處理皮下注射法動(dòng)作分解（1）消毒：常規(guī)消毒（2）進(jìn)針：左手右手

角度深度（3）拔針：干棉簽輕壓針刺處左手、右手（方法）角度、深度（方法）皮下注射法注意事項(xiàng)

嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行查對(duì)制度和無菌操作原則對(duì)皮膚有刺激的藥物一般不作皮下注射注射前詳細(xì)詢問用藥史過于消瘦者可捏起局部組織，適當(dāng)減小穿刺角度，進(jìn)針角度不宜超過45度，以免刺入肌層皮下注射法健康教育長期注射者，讓患者了解建立輪流交替注射部位的計(jì)劃，經(jīng)常更換注射部位，以促進(jìn)藥物的充分吸收

核對(duì)→選部位→皮膚消毒（洗必泰碘）→待干→吸藥→排氣→左手繃緊皮膚→右手持注射器→食指固定針?biāo)ǎㄓ沂郑?/p>

針頭斜面向上，與皮膚呈30～40°角進(jìn)針→深度為針梗的1/2或2/3到皮下→松開左手→右手固定注射器→左手抽吸無回血后→緩緩?fù)谱⑺幰骸戤?，干棉球按壓針孔處皮膚，迅速拔針→安置好病人→清理用物。皮下注射實(shí)施小結(jié)《2011版中國糖尿病藥物注射技術(shù)指南》介紹注射技術(shù)是糖尿病注射治療的三大關(guān)鍵因素之一注射技術(shù)：注射部位的選擇注射部位的輪換注射部位的檢查和消毒選擇是否捏皮選擇進(jìn)針角度針頭留置時(shí)間注射器材的廢棄針頭重復(fù)使用的危害腹部以肚臍為中心，半徑2.5cm外的距離。越靠近腰部兩側(cè)（即使是肥胖患者），皮下組織的厚度也會(huì)變薄，因此容易導(dǎo)致肌肉注射。根據(jù)可操作性/神經(jīng)血管距離/皮下組織狀況：適合注射的部位上臂上臂側(cè)面或者后側(cè)部位；皮下組織較厚，導(dǎo)致肌肉注射的概率較低。臀部臀部上端外側(cè)部位；即使是少兒患者還是身材偏瘦的患者，該部位的皮下組織仍然豐富，最大限度降低肌肉注射的危險(xiǎn)性。大腿大腿外側(cè)；皮下組織較厚，離大腿血管和坐骨神經(jīng)較遠(yuǎn)，針頭導(dǎo)致外傷的概率較低。推薦的注射部位注射部位還應(yīng)考慮胰島素在不同部位的吸收差異腹部87分鐘

50%較快適合短效胰島素臀部較慢適合長效胰島素或中效胰島素大腿164分鐘50%中等至較慢手臂141分鐘50%中等至較慢適合長效胰島素或中效胰島素不同注射部位胰島素吸收不同（分鐘）：

—研究顯示，50%胰島素吸收所需要的時(shí)間腹部最快，手臂中等，大腿和臀部較慢11.TheAmericanJournalofNursing,Vol.98,No.7,pp.55+57不同注射部位吸收胰島素速度快慢不一125I標(biāo)記清除占初始劑量的百分比（%）時(shí)間（分鐘）時(shí)間（分鐘）*p<0.05，大腿vs上臂**p<0.05，上臂vs.腹部***p<0.005，腹部vs.大腿注射胰島素后餐后血糖水平（mg/dl）吸收速度：腹部>上臂>大腿MudallarSR,etal.DiabetesCare1999;22:1501-1506.關(guān)于注射部位選擇的推薦：注射餐時(shí)胰島素等短效胰島素，最好選擇腹部[1-7]

A1希望胰島素的吸收速度較緩時(shí)，可以選擇臀部。臀部注射可以最大限度地降低注射至肌肉層的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[8,9]

A1給少兒患者注射中效或者長效胰島素時(shí)，最好選擇臀部或者大腿[10]

A1FridA,GunnarssonR,GüntnerP,LindeB.Effectsofaccidentalintramuskul?rinjectiononinsulinabsorptioninIDDM.DiabetesCare1988;11:41-45.FridA&BLinde(1993)ClinicallyimportantdifferencesininsulinabsorptionfromtheabdomeninIDDM.DiabetesResearchandClinicalPractice:Vol21.No2-3.137-141.FridA,LindénB.Intraregionaldifferencesintheabsorptionofunmodifiedinsulinfromtheabdominalwall.DiabetMed1992;9:236-9.AnnerstenM,WillmanA.Performingsubcutaneousinjections:aliteraturereview.WorldviewsEvidBasedNurs2005;2:122-30.ZehrerC,HansenR,BantleJ.Reducingbloodglucosevariabilitybyuseofabdominalinsulininjectionsites.DiabetesEduc1985;16:474-7.HenriksenJE,DjurhuusMS,VaagA,Thye-RonnP,KnudsenD.Hother-NielsenO,etal.Impactofinjectionsitesforsolubleinsulinonglycaemiccontrolintype1(insulin-dependent)diabeticpatientstreatedwithamultipleinsulininjectionregimen.Diabetologia1993;36:752-8.SindelkaG,HeinemannL,BergerM.FrenckW,ChantelauE.Effectofinsulinconcentration,subcutaneousfatthicknessandskintemperatureonsubcutaneousinsulinabsorptioninhealthysubjects.Diabetologia1994;37:377-40.AhernJ&MLMazur(2001)Siterotation.DiabetesForecast:Vol54.No4.66-68.WoodL,WilbourneJ,Kyne-GrzebalskiD,etal.administrationofinsulinbyinjection.PracticeDiabetesInternational2002;19(Suppl2-1):S1-S2.SmithCP,SargentMA,WilsonBP,PriceDA.Subcutaneousorintramuscularinsulininjections.ArchDisChild1991;66:879-82.關(guān)于注射部位輪換的推薦：一種已經(jīng)證實(shí)有效的注射部位輪換方案：將注射部位分為四個(gè)等分區(qū)域（大腿或臀部可等分為兩個(gè)等分區(qū)域），每周使用一個(gè)等分區(qū)域并始終按順時(shí)針方向進(jìn)行輪換[1,2]

A3在任何一個(gè)等分區(qū)域內(nèi)注射時(shí)，每次的注射點(diǎn)都應(yīng)間隔至少1cm，以避免重復(fù)的組織損傷A3從注射治療一開始，就應(yīng)教會(huì)患者掌握一套簡單易行的注射部位輪換方案[3]

A2每次患者就診時(shí)，醫(yī)護(hù)人員都應(yīng)檢查患者輪換方案的執(zhí)行情況A3DiagramscourtesyofLourdesSaez-deIbarraandRuthGaspar,DiabetesNursesandSpecialistEducatorsfromLaPazHospital,Madrid,Spain.LumberT.Tipsforsiterotation.Whenitcomestoinsulin.whereyouinjectisjustasimportantashowmuchandwhen.DiabetesForecast2004;57:68-70.ThatcherG.Insulininjections.Thecaseagainstrandomrotation.AmJNurs1985;85:690-2.注射部位的輪換：不同注射部位之間的輪換午餐前晚餐前不同注射部位之間的輪換：“每天同一時(shí)間注射同一部位，每天不同時(shí)間注射不同部位”早餐前午餐前晚餐前早餐前睡前一天注射三次：一天注射四次：注射部位的輪換：左右輪換注射部位左右輪換：左邊一周，右邊一周，部位對(duì)稱輪換左邊一次，右邊一次，部位對(duì)稱輪換注射部位的輪換：同一注射部位內(nèi)的輪換同一注射部位內(nèi)的輪換：每次注射時(shí)離上次注射點(diǎn)之間距離至少間隔1cm關(guān)于注射部位檢查和消毒的推薦：患者應(yīng)于注射前檢查注射部位[1,2]

A3一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)注射部位若出現(xiàn)脂肪增生、炎癥或感染，應(yīng)更換注射部位[3-10]

A2注射時(shí)，應(yīng)保持注射部位的清潔[11]

A2當(dāng)注射部位不潔凈，或者患者處于感染已于傳播的環(huán)境（如：醫(yī)院或療養(yǎng)院），注射前應(yīng)消毒注射部位[2,12,16-18]

A3DanishNursesOrganization.Evidence-basedClinicalGuidelinesforInjectionofInsulinforAdultswithDiabetesMellitus,2ndedition,December2006.AssociationforDiabetescareProfessionals(EADV).Guideline:TheAdministrationofInsulinwiththeInsulinPen.September2008.JohanssonU.AmsbergS,HannerzL,WredlingR,AdamsonU,ArnqvistHJ&PLins(2005)ImpairedAbsorptionofinsulinAspartfromLipohypertrophicInjectionSites.DiabetesCare:Vol28,No8,2025-2027.Ariza-AndracaCR,Altamirano-BustamanteE,Frati-MunariAC,Altamirano-BustamanteP,Graef-SanchezA.Delayedinsulinabsorptionduetosubcutaneousedema.ArchInvestMed1991;22:229-33.Saez-deIbarraL,GallegoF.Factorsrelatedtolipohypertrophyininsulin-treateddiabeticpatients;roleofeducationalintervention.PractDiabetesInt1998;15:9-11.YoungRJ,HannanWJ,FrierBM,SteelJM,DuncanLJ.YoungRJ,HannanWJ,FrierBM,SteelJMDiabeticlipohypertrophydelaysinsulinabsorption.DiabetesCare1984;7:479-80.ChowdhuryTA,EscudierV.Poorglycaemiccontrolcausedbyinsulininducedlipohypertrophy.BMJ2003;327:383-4.JohanssonUB.Impairedabsorptionofinsulinaspartfromlipohypertrophicinjectionsites.DiabetesCare2005;28:2025-7.OverlandJ,MolyneauxL,TewariS.,FatourosR,MelvilleP,FooteD,etal.Lipohypertrophy:Doesitmatterindailylife?Astudyusingacontinuousglucosemonitoringsystem.DiabetesObesMetab2009;11:460-3.FridA,LindenB.Computedtomographyofinjectionsitesinpatientswithdiabetesmellitus.InjectionandAbsorptionofInsulin.Stockholm:Thesis,1992.GormanKC.Goodhygieneversusalcoholswabsbeforeinsulininjections(Letter).DiabetesCare1993;16:960-1.SchulerG,PelzK,KerpL.Isthereuseofneedlesforinsulininjectionsystemsassociatedwithahigherriskofcutaneouscomplications?DiabetesResClinPract1992;16:209-12.WorkmanB.Safeinjectiontechniques.NursStand1999;13:47-53.BainA,GrahamA.Howdopatientsdisposeofsyringes?PractDiabetesInt1998;15:19-21.ChantelauE,SchiffersT,SchutzeJ,HansenB.Effectofpatient-selectedintensiveinsulintherapyonqualityoflife.PatientEducCouns1997Feb;30(2):167-73.LeFlochJP,HerbreteauC,LangeF,PerlemuterL.Biologicmaterialinneedlesandcartridgesafterinsulininjectionwithapenindiabeticpatients.DiabetesCare1998;21:1502-4.McCarthyJA,CovarrubiasB,SinkP.Isthetraditionalalcoholwipenecessarybeforeaninsulininjection?Dogmadisputed(Letter).DiabetesCare1993;16:402.SwahnA.Erfarenheterav94000osteriltgivnainsulininjektioner(Experiencesfrom94000insulininjectionsgivenwithoutskinswab).SvLakaresallskapetsHandlingarHygiea1982;92:160(3O).關(guān)于捏皮的推薦：所有患者在起始胰島素治療時(shí)就應(yīng)掌握捏皮的正確方法

A3捏皮時(shí)力度不得過大導(dǎo)致皮膚發(fā)白或疼痛A3不能用整只手來提捏皮膚，以避免將肌肉及皮下組織一同捏起最佳的注射步驟為：捏起皮膚形成皮褶和皮褶表面呈90°角進(jìn)針后，緩慢推注胰島素當(dāng)活塞完全推壓到底后，針頭在皮膚內(nèi)停留10秒鐘（采用胰島素筆注射）拔出針頭松開皮褶A3正確的捏皮手法錯(cuò)誤的捏皮手法ClausonPG,LindeB.Absorptionofrapid-actinginsulininobeseandnonobeseNIDDMpatients.DiabetesCare1995;18:986-91.JamalR,RossSA,ParkesJL,PardoS,GinsbergBH.Roleofinjectiontechniqueinuseofinsulinpens:prospectiveevaluationofa31-gauge,8mminsulinpenneedle.EndocrPract1999;5:245-50.BirkebaekN,SolvigJ,HansenB,JorgensenC,SmedegaardJ,ChristiansenJ.A4mmneedlereducestheriskofintramuscularinjectionswithoutincreasingbackflowtoskinsurfaceinleandiabeticchildrenandadults.DiabetesCare.2008Sep;22(9):e65.GibneyMA,ArceCH,ByronKJ,HirschLJ.Skinandsubcutaneousadiposelayerthicknessinadultswithdiabetesatsitesusedforinsulininjections:Implicationsforneedlelengthrecommendations.CurrMedResOpin2010;26:1519-30.HirschL,KlaffL,BaileyT,GibneyM,AlbaneseJ,QuS,etal.Comparativeglycemiccontrol,safetyandpatientratingsforanew4mm\32Ginsulinpenneedleinadultswithdiabetes.CurrMedResOpin2010;26:1531-41.KreugelG,KeersJC,JongbloedA,Verweij-GjaltemaAH,WolffenbuttelBHR.Theinfluenceofneedlelengthonglycemiccontrolandpatientpreferenceinobesediabeticpatients.Diabetes2009;58:A117.KreugelG,BeijerHJM,KerstensMN,terMaatenJC,SluiterWJ,BootBS.InfluenceofneedlesizeforSCinsulinadministrationonmetaboliccontrolandpatientacceptance.EuropDiabNursing2007;4:1-5.VanDoornLG,AlberdaA,LytzenL.InsulinleakageandpainperceptionwithNovoFine6mmandNovoFine12mmneedlelengthsinpatientswithtype1ortype2diabetes.DiabetMed1998;1:S50.SolvigJ,ChristiansenJS,HansenB,LytzenL.LocalisationofpotentialinsulindepositioninnormalweightandobesepatientswithdiabetesusingNovofine6mmandNovofine12mmneedles.MeetingFederationEuropeanNursesinDiabetes,Jerusalem,Israel,2000(Abstract).SchwartzS,HassmanD,ShelmetJ,SieversR,WeinsteinR,LiangJ,LynessW.Amulticenter,open-label,randomized,two-periodcrossovertrialcomparingglycemiccontrol,satisfaction,andpreferenceachievedwitha31gaugex6mmneedleversusa29gaugex12.7mmneedleinobesepatientswithdiabetesmellitus.ClinTher2004;26:1663-78.FridA,LindénB.Wheredoleandiabeticsinjecttheirinsulin?Astudyusingcomputedtomography.BMJ1986;292:1638.關(guān)于進(jìn)針角度的推薦：使用較短（4mm或5mm）的針頭時(shí)，大部分患者無需捏起皮膚，并可90°進(jìn)針[1-9]

A1使用較長（≥8mm）的針頭時(shí)，需要捏皮或45°角以降低肌肉注射風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[10,11]

A1針頭留置時(shí)間藥液的流速還與注射筆針頭的內(nèi)徑有關(guān)，注射筆針頭的內(nèi)徑越大，其藥液流速更快。目前，臨床上有采用“薄壁”設(shè)計(jì)的針頭，在同等外徑的情況下內(nèi)徑更大，在降低注射引起不適感的同時(shí)保證胰島素的流速，更利于機(jī)體對(duì)胰島素的吸收*FridA.Newinjectionrecommendationsforpatientswithdiabetes.

Diabetes&Metabolism36(2010)S3-S18*A3關(guān)于疼痛的推薦：減輕注射疼痛的方法包括：室溫保存正在使用的胰島素如果使用酒精對(duì)注射部位進(jìn)行消毒，應(yīng)于酒精徹底揮發(fā)后進(jìn)行注射避免在體毛根部注射選用直徑較小、長度較短的注射筆針頭每次注射使用新針頭[1-5]A2BohannonNJ.Insulindeliveryusingpendevices.Simple-to-usetoolsmayhelpyoungandoldalike.PostgradMed1999;106:57-8.DejgaardA,MurmannC.Airbubblesininsulinpens.Lancet1989;334:871.DanishNursesOrganization.Evidence-basedClinicalGuidelinesforInjectionofInsulinforAdultswithDiabetesMellitus,2ndedition,December2006.AssociationforDiabetescareProfessionals(EADV).Guideline:TheAdministrationofInsulinwiththeInsulinPen.September2008.ChantelauE,LeeDM,HemmannDM,ZipfelU,EchterhoffS.Whatmakesinsulininjectionspainful?BMJ1991;303:26-7.關(guān)于出血和淤血的推薦：應(yīng)使患者放心，注射部位局部出血或淤血并不會(huì)給胰島素的吸收或者糖尿病的整體管理帶來不良的臨床后果A2有時(shí)注射時(shí)針頭會(huì)觸到血管，導(dǎo)致局部出血或淤血。更換注射筆針頭的長度或者改變其他注射參數(shù)，似乎并不能改變出血或淤血的發(fā)生頻率，盡管一項(xiàng)研究提出5mm針頭注射可減少出血或淤血的發(fā)生。KaharaTKawaraS.ShimizuA,HisadaA,NotoY,KidaH.Subcutaneoushematomaduetofrequentinsulininjectionsinasinglesite.InternMed2004;43:148-9.KreugelG,BeterHJM,KerstensMN,MaatenterJC,SluiterWJ,BootBS.Influenceofneedlesizeonmetaboliccontrolandpatientacceptance.EuropDiabNursing2007;4:51-5.關(guān)于胰島素貯存的推薦：已開封的瓶裝胰島素或胰島素筆芯可在室溫下保存（保存期為開啟后一個(gè)月內(nèi)，且不能超過保質(zhì)期）A2未開封的瓶裝胰島素或胰島素筆芯應(yīng)儲(chǔ)藏在2℃~8℃的環(huán)境中，切勿冷凍A2避免受熱或陽光照射，防止震蕩有必要培訓(xùn)患者，在抽取胰島素之前，先確認(rèn)是否存在結(jié)晶體、浮游物或者顏色變化等異?，F(xiàn)象PerrielloG,TorloneE,DiSantoS.FanelliC.DeFeoP.SantusanioF.BrunettiP,BolliGB.Effectofstoragetemperatureonpharmacokineticsandpharmadynamicsofinsulinmixturesinjectedsubcutaneouslyinsubjectswithtype1(insulin-dependent)diabetesmellitus.Diabetologia1988;31:811-815.關(guān)于胰島素混勻的推薦：在使用云霧狀胰島素（如NPH和預(yù)混胰島素）之前，應(yīng)將胰島素水平滾動(dòng)和上下翻動(dòng)各10次，使瓶內(nèi)藥液充分混勻，直至胰島素轉(zhuǎn)變成均勻的云霧狀白色液體[1-5]A2KingL.Subcutaneousinsulininjectiontechnique.NursStand.2003;17:45-52.JehlePM,MichelerC,JehleDR,BreitigD,BoehmBO.InadequatesuspensionofneutralprotamineHagendorn(NPH)insulininpens.Lancet1999;354:1604-7.BrownA,SteelJM,DuncanC,DuncunA,McBainAM.Anassessmentoftheadequacyofsuspensionofinsulininpeninjectors.DiabetMed2004;21:604-608.NathC.Mixinginsulin:shake,rattleorroll?Nursing2002;32:10.SpringsMH.Shake,rattle,orroll?.ChallengingtraditionalinsulininjectionpracticesAmJNurs1999;99:14.超短效胰島素類似物注射的相關(guān)推薦：超短效胰島素類似物的吸收速率不受注射部位的影響，可以在任何注射部位給藥[1-5]A1盡管有研究表明，超短效胰島素類似物在脂肪組織和非運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)下肌肉組織的吸收率相似，但仍不應(yīng)肌肉注射此類藥物[2,3,6]A2目前，尚無關(guān)于超短效胰島素類似物在運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)肌肉中吸收率的研究，仍需要避免肌肉注射[2,3,6]A2MudaliarSR,LindbergFA,JoyceM,BeerdsenP,StrangeP,LinA,HenryRR.Insulinaspart(B28asp-insulin):afast-actinganalogofhumaninsulin:absorptionkineticsandactionprofilecomparedwithregularhumaninsulininhealthynondiabeticsubjects.DiabetesCare1999;22:1501-6.RaveK,HeiseT,WeyerC,HerrnbergerJ,BenderR,HirschbergerS,etal.Intramuscularversussubcutaneousinjectionofsolubleandlisproinsulin:comparisonofmetaboliceffectsinhealthysubjects.DiabetMed1998;15:747-51.FridA.Fatthicknessandinsulinadministration,whatdoweknow?InfusystemsInt2006;5:17-9.GuerciB,SauvanetJP.Subcutaneousinsulin:pharmacokineticvariabilityandglycemicvariability.DiabetesMetab2005;31:4S7-4S24.BraakterEW,WoodworthJR,BianchiR.CermeleB.ErkelensDW.ThijssenJH,etal.Injectionsiteeffectsonthepharmacokineticsandglucodynamicsofinsulinlisproandregularinsulin.DiabetesCare1996;19:1437-40.LippertWC,WallEJ.Optimalintramuscularneedle-penetrationdepth.Pediatrics2008;122:e556-63.短效胰島素注射的相關(guān)推薦：胰島素在腹部的吸收速度較快，因此短效胰島素的注射部位首選腹部[1-6]A1FridA&BLinde(1993)ClinicallyimportantdifferencesininsulinabsorptionfromtheabdomeninIDDM.DiabetesResearchandClinicalPractice:Vol21.No2-3.137-141.FridA,LindénB.Intraregionaldifferencesintheabsorptionofunmodifiedinsulinfromtheabdominalwall.DiabetMed1992;9:236-9.AnnerstenM,WillmanA.Performingsubcutaneousinjections:aliteraturereview.WorldviewsEvidBasedNurs2005;2:122-30.ZehrerC,HansenR,BantleJ.Reducingbloodglucosevariabilitybyuseofabdominalinsulininjectionsites.DiabetesEduc1985;16:474-7.HenriksenJE,DjurhuusMS,VaagA,Thye-RonnP,KnudsenD.Hother-NielsenO,etal.Impactofinjectionsitesforsolubleinsulinonglycaemiccontrolintype1(insulin-dependent)diabeticpatientstreatedwithamultipleinsulininjectionregimen.Diabetologia1993;36:752-8.SindelkaG,HeinemannL,BergerM.FrenckW,ChantelauE.Effectofinsulinconcentration,subcutaneousfatthicknessandskintemperatureonsubcutaneousinsulinabsorptioninhealthysubjects.Diabetologia1994;37:377-40.中效胰島素注射的相關(guān)推薦：為避免因快速吸收引發(fā)的嚴(yán)重低血糖反應(yīng)，因此應(yīng)避免肌肉注射NPH[1,2]A1胰島素在大腿和臀部的吸收速度較慢，因此當(dāng)NPH作為基礎(chǔ)胰島素時(shí)，其首選注射部位是大腿和臀部

[3,4]A1FridA,OstmanJ,LindeB.HypoglycemiariskduringexerciseafterintramuscularinjectionofinsulininthighinIDDM.DiabetesCare1990;13:473-7.VaagA,HandbergA,LauritzenM,HenriksenJE,PedersenKD,Beck-NielsenH.VariationinabsorptionofNPHinsulinduetointramuscularinjection.DiabetesCare1990;13:74-6.BantleJP,NealL,FrankampLM.Effectsoftheanatomicalregionusedforinsulininjectionsonglycaemiaintype1diabetessubjects.DiabetesCare1993;16:1592-7.HenriksenJE,VaagA,HansenIR,LauritzenM,DjurhuusMS,Beck-NielsenH.AbsorptionofNPH(isophane)insulininrestingdiabeticpatients;evidenceforsubcutaneousinjectioninthethighaspreferredsite.DiabetMed1991;8:453-7.長效胰島素注射的相關(guān)推薦：為防止嚴(yán)重的低血糖反應(yīng)發(fā)生，嚴(yán)禁肌肉注射長效胰島素和長效胰島素類似物。對(duì)于接受長效胰島素注射后進(jìn)行運(yùn)動(dòng)的患者，必須給予低血糖警告[1,2]A1長效胰島素類似物可在所有常規(guī)注射部位進(jìn)行注射，但有待更深入的研究[3,4]B2KargesB,BoehmBO,KargesW.Earlyhypoglycaemiaafteraccidentalintramuscularinjectionofinsulinglargine.DiabetMed2005;22:1444-5.FridA.PersonalCommunication(NovoNordisk,onfile).RassamAG,ZeiseTM,BurgeMR,SchadeDS.OptimalAdministrationofLisproInsulininHyperglycemicType1Diabetes.DiabetesCare1999;22:133-6.OwensDR,CoatesPA,LuzioSD,TinbergenJP,KurzhalsR.Pharmacokineticsof125I-labeledinsulinglargine(HOE901)inhealthymen:comparisonwithNPHinsulinandtheinfluenceofdifferentsubcutaneousinjectionsites.DiabetesCare2000;23:813-9.預(yù)混胰島素注射的相關(guān)推薦：早餐前注射常規(guī)（短效）胰島素/NPH的預(yù)混胰島素制劑時(shí)，首選注射部位是腹部，以加快常規(guī)（短效）胰島素的吸收，便于控制早餐后的血糖波動(dòng)[1]A1晚餐前注射任何含有NPH的預(yù)混胰島素制劑時(shí)，首選注射部位是大腿或臀部，以延緩NPH的吸收，減少夜間低血糖的發(fā)生[2,3]A1FridA,GunnarssonR,GüntnerP,LindeB.Effectsofaccidentalintramuskul?rinjectiononinsulinabsorptioninIDDM.DiabetesCare1988;11:41-45.HenriksenJE,VaagA,HansenIR,LauritzenM,DjurhuusMS,Beck-NielsenH.AbsorptionofNPH(isophane)insulininrestingdiabeticpatients;evidenceforsubcutaneousinjectioninthethighaspreferredsite.DiabetMed1991;8:453-7.KΦendorfK,BojsenJ,DeckertT.Clinicalfactorsinfluencingtheabsorptionof125I-NPHinsulinindiabeticpatients.HormMetabRes1983;15:274-8.1

是將少量藥液注入表皮和真皮之間的方法目的定義部位皮內(nèi)注射法過敏試驗(yàn)、預(yù)防接種或局麻的起始步驟標(biāo)準(zhǔn)注液量0.1ml、局部皮丘隆起、變白、毛孔變大前臂掌側(cè)偏尺側(cè)的中下1/3交界處:皮膚較薄，皮色較淡，易于注射和辨認(rèn)。預(yù)防接種選在上臂三角肌下緣

2

左手繃緊注射部位皮膚，右手持注射器針頭斜面向上，和皮膚呈5°角刺入真皮與表皮之間放平注射器，左手拇指固定針?biāo)ǎ瑴?zhǔn)確注入藥液0.1mL使局部形成一圓形隆起的皮丘，皮膚變白，毛孔變大

皮內(nèi)注射法的手法

2

皮內(nèi)注射法的手法左手右手皮丘注意事項(xiàng)

1.消毒皮膚前詢問酒精過敏史，

如有過敏，使用生理鹽水消毒皮膚。

消毒皮膚時(shí)，避免反復(fù)用力涂擦局部皮膚，

忌用含碘消毒劑，待消毒液干燥后進(jìn)行皮試。

2.不應(yīng)抽回血。3.判斷、記錄皮試結(jié)果，

告知醫(yī)生、患者及家屬并標(biāo)注。皮試結(jié)果判斷1.PG結(jié)果判斷陰性：皮丘無改變，周圍不紅腫，全身無自覺癥狀。陽性：局部皮丘隆起，并出現(xiàn)紅暈硬塊，直徑大于１ｃｍ，或紅暈周圍有偽足、癢感，嚴(yán)重時(shí)可出現(xiàn)過敏性休克。2.先鋒結(jié)果判斷

同青霉素過敏試驗(yàn)法。皮試結(jié)果判斷3.TAT結(jié)果判斷陰性：局部無