書(shū)山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-上海師范大學(xué)考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買(mǎi)！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.單選題

Emailisaconvenient,highlydemocraticinformalmediumforconveyingmessages

that（）welltohumanneeds.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.adheres

B.conforms

C.satisfies

D.reflects

【答案】B

【解析】動(dòng)詞辨析。adheres堅(jiān)持，黏附；conforms符合；satisfies滿足，使?jié)M意；reflects反射，考慮。句意：電子郵件是方便的、高度大眾化的用于傳遞信息的非正式媒介，它（）人們的需求。從語(yǔ)義上來(lái)說(shuō)，B項(xiàng)和C項(xiàng)都可以,但是satisfy是及物動(dòng)詞，排除。conformto意為“符合，遵照，順應(yīng)”，因此正確答案是B選項(xiàng)。

2.單選題

Animportantfactorindetermininghowwellyouperforminanexaminationisthe（）ofyourmind.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.state

B.case

C.situation

D.circumstance

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)state“狀態(tài)”；B選項(xiàng)case“案例”；C選項(xiàng)situation“情況”；D選項(xiàng)circumstance“狀況”。句意：決定你在考試中表現(xiàn)如何的一個(gè)重要因素是你的心態(tài)。本句表示思想的狀態(tài)，只能和state搭配，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

3.單選題

Oneofhiseccentricitiesissleepingunderthebedinsteadofinthebed.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.pedestrians

B.peculiarities

C.pedagogues

D.punctures

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞辨析。eccentricity意為“古怪行為，怪癖”；pedestrian意為“行人，步行者”；peculiarity意為“怪異的性質(zhì)(或習(xí)慣)，怪癖”；pedagogue意為“教師，好為人師的人”；puncture意為“小孔，扎孔”。

句意：他的怪癖之一是睡在床下而不是床上。

4.單選題

Sheblushed（

）thementionher（

）fiance’sname.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.of,at

B.on,by

C.at,of

D.by,on

【答案】C

【解析】句意:一提到未婚夫的名字她就臉紅。

考查固定搭配。atthementionof提到…時(shí),一提起。

5.單選題

AsweepingreviewofNASA’shumanspaceflightprogramhasconcludedthattheagencyhasanunsustainableandunsafestrategythatwillpreventtheUnitedStatesfromachievingahumanlandingonMarsintheforeseeablefuture.

The286NationalResearchCouncil(NRC)reportsaysthattocontinueonthepresentcourseunderbudgetsthatdon’tkeeppacewithinflation“istoinvitefailure,disillusionment,andthelossofthelongstandinginternationalperceptionthathumanspaceflightissomethingtheUnitedStatesdoesbest.”

Amajorargumentagainstreturningtothemoonwasthatitdidn’tpencilout一thattherewasn’tnearlyenoughmoneydedicatedtotheprogram.IfthegoalisahumanlandingonMars,thecurrentstrategywon’twork.

“Absentaveryfundamentalchangeinthenation’swayofdoingbusiness,itisnotrealistictobelievethatwecanachievetheconsensusgoalofreachingMars,”MitchDaniels,theformerIndianagovernorandco-chairofthecommittee,saidWednesdaymorninginaninterview.

A2009committeeappointedbyObamaurgedNASAtokeepitsoptionsopenwhileinvestinginspaceflighttechnologyandlettingthecommercialsectorhandleroutinetripstolowEarthorbit.ButtheNRCreviewersarguethatNASAanditsinternationalpartnersshouldfocusonthe“horizongoal”ofMarsanddowhateverittakestogetthere,stepbystep,avoidingchangesinstrategicdirection.

NASAofficials,awarethatcriticsseetheagencyasadrift,saytheyhavealreadybeenmovinginthedirectionadvocatedbytheNRC.TheirstrategytargetsMars,justastheNRCreportnowdemands,theysay.“AllthisworkwilleventuallyenableastronautmissionstoMars，”NASAAdministratorCharlesBoldensaidinarecentNASAwhitepaper.

“NASA’sbeendoingsomework,andhasbeendoingsomethinkingoverthelastsixmonths,that

isinalignmentwithwhattheNRCsaysthetop-levelgoalsare，”saidGregWilliams,aNASAdeputyassociateadministrator.

ButWilliamswascooltothesuggestionofareturntothemoon,sayingtheairlessmoonofferslittlehelpindevelopingthekindofdescentandlandingtechniquesneededonMars,whichhasathin,troublesomeatmosphere.

TheNRCcommitteeprobedthephilosophicalquestionofwhywesendpeopleintospacetobeginwith.Thecommitteeconcludedthatthepurelypractical,economicbenefitsofhumanspaceflightdonotjustifythecostsbutthattheaspirationalnatureoftheendeavormaymakeitworththeeffort.

1.ThereviewofNASA’shumanspaceflightprogramisdescribedas（

）.

2.TheNationalResearchCouncilreportimpliesthat

（

）.

3.AccordingtoMitchDaniels,reachingMars

（

）.

4.A2009committeeappointedbyObamaarguedthatNASAshould

（

）.

5.NASAiscriticizedfor

（

）.

6.TheNRCcommitteeclaimedthatspaceflight（

）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.timely

B.extensive

C.critical

D.notable

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.theU.S.playsaleadingroleinspaceflight

B.internationalcooperationrequiresmorebudget

C.theprogram’schancesofsuccessareslim

D.thepublicneedtogivemoresupporttotheprogram

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.lacksfundingfromthebusinessworld

B.isaprojectthathasmadegreatachievements

C.isagenerallyacceptedobjective

D.willchangethecountryinvariousways

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.becomemorecommercialized

B.paymoreattentiontolow-Earth-orbitprojects

C.becomemorerealisticwithitsstrategies

D.makemoreeffortsindifferentspaceprograms

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.lackingconsistentgoals

B.beingoverambitious

C.demandingtoomuchfund

D.havinglow-qualitystaff

問(wèn)題6選項(xiàng)

A.deservesdevotion

B.bringseconomicbenefits

C.wouldhaveanuncertainfuture

D.shouldusethetechniquesofmoon-landing

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:D

第5題:A

第6題:A

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干信息，可將信息點(diǎn)定位至原文第一段。根據(jù)“AsweepingreviewofNASA’shumanspaceflightprogramhasconcludedthattheagencyhasanunsustainableandunsafestrategythatwillpreventtheUnitedStatesfromachievingahumanlandingonMarsintheforeseeablefuture.（對(duì)美國(guó)宇航局載人航天計(jì)劃的全面審查得出結(jié)論，該機(jī)構(gòu)有一個(gè)不可持續(xù)和不安全的戰(zhàn)略，將阻止美國(guó)在可預(yù)見(jiàn)的未來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)人類(lèi)登陸火星。）”，即可得出本題答案。

2.細(xì)節(jié)推理題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“TheNationalResearchCouncil”,可將信息點(diǎn)定位至原文第二段。根據(jù)“humanspaceflightissomethingtheUnitedStatesdoesbest（人類(lèi)太空飛行是美國(guó)做得最好的事情）”,即可得出本題答案。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“MitchDaniels”,可將信息點(diǎn)定位至原文第四段。根據(jù)“Absentaveryfundamentalchangeinthenation’swayofdoingbusiness,itisnotrealistictobelievethatwecanachievetheconsensusgoalofreachingMars（目前國(guó)家在做事的方式上缺少根本性的改變，(而一味地)認(rèn)為我們可以完成到達(dá)火星這一大家共識(shí)的目標(biāo)是不現(xiàn)實(shí)的。）”,即可得出本題答案。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干信息，可將信息點(diǎn)定位至原文第五段，根據(jù)“tokeepitsoptionsopenwhileinvestinginspaceflighttechnologyandlettingthecommercialsectorhandleroutinetripstolowEarthorbit（在投資航天技術(shù)和讓商業(yè)部門(mén)處理常規(guī)近地軌道旅行的同時(shí)，保持其選擇的開(kāi)放性）”,即可得出本題答案。

5.細(xì)節(jié)推理題。根據(jù)題干信息，可將信息點(diǎn)定位至原文第五段。根據(jù)“…shouldfocusonthe“horizongoal”ofMars（航天局應(yīng)該專注于在火星項(xiàng)目范圍內(nèi)的目標(biāo)）”，即可進(jìn)行合理推斷，從而得出本題答案。

6.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干信息，可將信息點(diǎn)定位至原文最后一段。根據(jù)“theaspirationalnatureoftheendeavormaymakeitworththeeffort（努力的渴望性質(zhì)可能使其值得付出努力）”，即可得出本題答案。

6.單選題

Themachinelookedlikealarge,（

）,old-fashionedtypewriter.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.forceful

B.clumsy

C.intense

D.tricky

【答案】B

【解析】句意:這臺(tái)機(jī)器看上去像一臺(tái)又大又笨的老式打字機(jī)。

形容詞辨析。Forceful強(qiáng)有力的，有說(shuō)服力的;clumsy笨拙的(貶義);intense強(qiáng)列的，緊張的;tricky狡猾的，機(jī)警的。因此B符合句意。

7.單選題

TheeasternslopesoftheCatskillMountainsare（precipitous）,butthewesternslopesdeclinemoregradually.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.eroded

B.snowbound

C.heavilyforested

D.extremelysteep

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。precipitous意為“陡峭的，險(xiǎn)峻的”；eroded意為“被腐蝕的，毀壞的”；snowbound意為“被雪困住的，被雪封住的”；heavilyforested意為“被密集/高密度的森林覆蓋的”；extremelysteep意為“非常陡峭，極其陡峭”。

句意：卡茲基爾山脈的東坡很陡峭，但西坡逐漸下降。

8.單選題

Theirassurancesofgoodfaithwerehollow;they______ontheagreementalmostatonce.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.conferred

B.expiated

C.obtruded

D.reneged

【答案】D

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.conferred交換意見(jiàn)；授予（獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)、學(xué)位、榮譽(yù)或權(quán)利）B.expiated為（所犯罪過(guò)）接受懲罰；贖（罪）

C.obtruded強(qiáng)行闖入；攪擾D.reneged違背（諾言）；背信棄義

【答案】D

【考查點(diǎn)】動(dòng)詞辨析。

【解題思路】根據(jù)句子前半句句意“他們對(duì)誠(chéng)意的保證是空洞的”可知，they______ontheagreement表達(dá)的是“他們違背了協(xié)議”，所以空格處填入D項(xiàng)。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A、B、C項(xiàng)不符合句意。

【句意】他們對(duì)誠(chéng)意的保證是空洞的；他們幾乎同時(shí)違背了協(xié)議。

9.單選題

Thiswillmakeartgroupsmoredirectlyandeffectively（）toaudiences,andmoreresponsivetotheircriticismsandwishes.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.available

B.accountable

C.subjected

D.submitted

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)available“可獲得的”；B選項(xiàng)accountable“有責(zé)任的，可解釋的”；C選項(xiàng)subjected“使遭受”；D選項(xiàng)submitted“遞交，主張”。句意“這將使藝術(shù)團(tuán)體更直接和有效地與觀眾接觸，并對(duì)他們的批評(píng)和愿望作出更積極的回應(yīng)?！边x項(xiàng)A符合語(yǔ)境。

10.單選題

Sadly,theGiantPandaisoneofthemanyspeciesnowindangerof（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.extinction

B.migration

C.destruction

D.extraction

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞辨析。extinction“滅絕，消滅”；migration“遷移，移民”；destruction“毀滅”；extraction“取出，抽出”。句意：令人悲傷的是，大熊貓現(xiàn)在成了瀕臨滅絕的動(dòng)物種類(lèi)之一。A項(xiàng)符合題意。

11.單選題

Japanisoneofonlythreecountriesthatnowhuntwhalesand（

）thegovernmentsaysitisanimportantculturaltradition.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.that

B.which

C.whose

D.where

【答案】D

【解析】考查語(yǔ)法知識(shí)。題干中and表示并列關(guān)系，連接兩個(gè)并列的定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞countries。后一定語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)thegovernment與先行詞countries不等同，并且由于有定冠詞the，所以關(guān)系詞不能是whose，而只能是表地點(diǎn)的關(guān)系副詞where。句意：日本是目前僅有的三個(gè)捕鯨國(guó)家之一，日本政府表示，捕鯨是一項(xiàng)重要的文化傳統(tǒng)。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

12.單選題

Pleasedropinwheneveryoucan.I’dliketokeep______touch.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.in

B.on

C.to

D.with

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定搭配。句意：有空請(qǐng)隨時(shí)來(lái)坐坐。我想保持聯(lián)系。keepintouch是固定搭配，意為“保持聯(lián)系”。其他三項(xiàng)不能進(jìn)行搭配。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

13.單選題

Studentshaveto（

）totherulesandregulationsoftheschool.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.confirm

B.confront

C.confine

D.conform

【答案】D

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。confirm意為“確認(rèn)”；confront意為“面對(duì)”；confine意為“限制”；conform意為“遵守，符合”。句意：學(xué)生必須遵守學(xué)校的規(guī)章制度。

14.單選題

()thatshouldbegivenpriorityto.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Itisthecommitteehasdecided

B.Itisonlythecommitteehasdecided

C.Itiswhatthecommitteehasdecided

D.Itiswhathasthecommitteedecided

【答案】C

【解析】考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。該句強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是被動(dòng)句的主語(yǔ)whatthecommitteehasdecided。句意：委員會(huì)的決定應(yīng)該優(yōu)先執(zhí)行。因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

15.填空題

A:Ihaveaballetticketforthisevening.

B:（1）

dowe!Why（2）weallgotogether?

A:That’sagood（3）.Thatwaywecansharea（4）andsaveabitofmoney.

B:When（5）wemeet?

A:Let’ssayat6:30in（6）ofBuilding5.

B:Fine.I’llseeyouthereat6:30.

【答案】1.so

2.don’t

3.idea

4.taxi

4.shall

6.front

【解析】1.語(yǔ)法題?？疾榈寡b。這里表示“我們也有”。

2.語(yǔ)法題。考查否定疑問(wèn)。這里是否定疑問(wèn)句表示肯定。

3.固定搭配。Agoodidea好主意。

4.語(yǔ)義題。由后面的saveabitofmoney推測(cè)這里表示“我們可以一起打的”。

5.語(yǔ)義題。句意:我們什么時(shí)候見(jiàn)面？

6.固定搭配。infrontof在…前面。

16.單選題

Hisdutyfulfilled,Henryfeltagreatweight（）offhismind.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.taking

B.totake

C.taken

D.took

【答案】C

【解析】考査獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。take的邏輯主語(yǔ)是weight，兩者是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以本題選C。

17.單選題

Facedwiththe______difficulties,theyaredeterminedtocarryontheirprogram.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.satisfactory

B.attributable

C.innocent

D.intangible

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A項(xiàng)satisfactory“滿意的”；B項(xiàng)attributable“可歸于……的、可歸屬的”；C項(xiàng)innocent“無(wú)辜的、無(wú)罪的”；D項(xiàng)intangible“無(wú)形的、觸摸不到的”；句意：面對(duì)無(wú)形的困難，他們決心把計(jì)劃進(jìn)行下去。因此該題D項(xiàng)正確。

18.單選題

Thisnewlyestablishedinstitutionhastofaceawholerangeofcrimesand（

）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.femininity

B.prescriptions

C.delinquencies

D.authenticity

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)femininity“女性氣質(zhì)”；B選項(xiàng)prescription“處方，藥方”；C選項(xiàng)delinquency“不法行為，違法行為”；D選項(xiàng)authenticity“真實(shí)性，確實(shí)性”。由and可知空格處與crimes（罪行，犯罪）具有同樣的感情色彩，因此選C。句意：這個(gè)新成立的機(jī)構(gòu)必須面對(duì)一系列的罪行和違法行為。

19.單選題

Thereisarealpossibilitythattheseanimalscouldbefrightened（

）asuddenloudnoise.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.therewas

B.therehavingbeen

C.beingthere

D.shouldtherebe

【答案】D

【解析】句意:如有突然的巨響，那么這些動(dòng)物確實(shí)有可能受驚。

語(yǔ)法題?？疾樘摂M語(yǔ)氣。該句屬于與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣，主句部分為could+動(dòng)詞原形，從句部分應(yīng)該為should+動(dòng)詞原形或wereto+動(dòng)詞原形，當(dāng)省略引導(dǎo)詞if后需采用倒裝，將should提前。

20.翻譯題

Passage1

Severalpromisingdrugdevelopmentstrategiesareemerginginthefightagainsttuberculosis(TB),whichcontinuestoclaimnearlytwomillionlivesworldwideeachyear,largelyindevelopingcountries.AstheTBbacteriumevolvestoresistanti-TBdrugs,andpatientsfinditdifficulttosticktoexistingdrugregimesthesearchisonforbothnewdrugsandgooddiagnostics.Somepromisingdrugsareinearlyclinicaltrials,whichcouldreducethetimeneededtotreatTB—buttheoddsarestackedagainstthembecausefewerthantenpercentofantibioticsthatenterearlyclinicaltrialsevergainapproval.Butresearchesarefindingthatfieldsinvolvingthestudyofgenes,proteinsandmetabolismofferthepotentialtounlocknewinformationaboutthebacteriumanditsinteractionswithpeopleinunprecedenteddetail.

Passage2

AsfarasWeb2.0isconcerned,biggerisdefinitelybetter.Biggertext,thatis.Largetextiseasyontheeye,andcoupledwithsnappycopywritingmakesinformationeasytoabsorb.ThelayoutofWeb2.0sitesmightbedescribedasminimal.Withafocusonlegibilityandeaseofuse,gooduseismadeofwhitespace.Whitespaceallowsimportantinformationtostandapart,providesrestfortheeye,andimpartsasenseofcalmandorder.Generousleadingalsomakestextcopyeasierfortheeyetofollow.SomeWeb2.0layoutsaresominimalthattheyvergeonboring,butdesignedwell,anunclutteredpagecanbeincrediblytasteful.Friendly,informalcopywritingallowsamorepersonalrelationshipwithwebsitevisitors.

Passage3

Theprojectmanagementteammustbecarefulnottoconfusequalitywithgrade.Lowqualityisalwaysaproblem;lowgrademaynotbe.Determininganddeliveringtherequiredlevelsofbothqualityandgradearetheresponsibilitiesoftheprojectmanagerandtheprojectmanagementteam.Inaddition,qualityimprovementinitiativesundertakenbytheperformingorganizationcanimprovethequalityoftheprojectmanagementaswellasthequalityoftheprojectproduct.However,thereisanimportantdifferencethattheprojectmanagementteammustbeacutelyawareof—thetemporarynatureoftheprojectmeansthatinvestmentsinproductqualityimprovement,especiallydefectpreventionandappraisal,mustoftenbebornebytheperformingorganizationsincetheprojectmaynotlastlongenoughtoreaptherewards.

ChooseONLYONEtextfromthefollowingpassagesandtranslateitintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationontheAnswerSheetprovided.IfmorethanONEtranslationappearsontheAnswerSheet,onlythefirstortheindicatedonewouldbescored

【答案】Passage1

在反擊結(jié)核病的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中,幾種有前景的藥物開(kāi)發(fā)策略正在出現(xiàn)。結(jié)核病如今每年仍在奪去將近兩百萬(wàn)人的生命,其中大多發(fā)生在發(fā)展中國(guó)家。隨著結(jié)核分枝桿菌進(jìn)化成可以耐受抗結(jié)核藥物,而患者感到很難接受現(xiàn)有的藥物治療框架,科學(xué)家正在尋找新藥和好的診斷方法。一些有前景的藥物正在進(jìn)行早期臨床試驗(yàn),這可能縮短結(jié)核病治療時(shí)間,但是他們面臨的情況不利,因?yàn)橹挥胁坏?0%的進(jìn)入早期臨床試驗(yàn)階段的抗生素獲得了批準(zhǔn)。但研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),研究基因、蛋白質(zhì)和代謝的領(lǐng)域提供了破解關(guān)于這種細(xì)菌及其與人類(lèi)相互作用的空前詳細(xì)的新信息的潛力。

Passage2

對(duì)于Web2.0來(lái)講,越大肯定是越好。大的文字就是,大的文字看起來(lái)不累,配合流暢的文字內(nèi)容使得信息容易被吸收。Web2.0網(wǎng)站的排版布局（難度）可說(shuō)是微乎其微。利用好空白可以使重點(diǎn)突出,易讀,易用?？瞻啄茏屩匾畔⑼癸@,讓眼睛得以休息,并給予一種安定和秩序的感覺(jué)。寬松的行間距也讓視線易于跟隨文本流動(dòng)。一些Web2.0網(wǎng)站的布局簡(jiǎn)單到令人感到無(wú)聊的地步,但若設(shè)計(jì)上出色的話,一個(gè)四平八穩(wěn)的頁(yè)面也能成為絕頂?shù)拿牢洞蟛汀Ｓ押?、活潑的行文方式?huì)使作者與訪問(wèn)者建立更多良好的關(guān)系。

Passage3

項(xiàng)目管理隊(duì)伍必須注意不能將質(zhì)量與等級(jí)混淆。質(zhì)量低常成為一個(gè)問(wèn)題,但等級(jí)低則不是。確定和傳達(dá)所需的質(zhì)量及等級(jí)水平是項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理和項(xiàng)目管理隊(duì)伍的責(zé)任。另外,執(zhí)行組織主動(dòng)采取質(zhì)量改進(jìn)不僅能提高項(xiàng)目管理的質(zhì)量,也可提高項(xiàng)目產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量。但是,項(xiàng)目管理隊(duì)伍必須清楚知道一個(gè)重要的區(qū)別一項(xiàng)目的臨時(shí)性意味著對(duì)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量改進(jìn)的投資,特別是缺陷的預(yù)防和評(píng)估,必須由執(zhí)行組織承擔(dān),因?yàn)轫?xiàng)目可能不會(huì)持續(xù)到獲得回報(bào)的時(shí)候。

21.翻譯題

Quittingsmokingismoreofamatterofwillpowerthanofindividualchoice,forsmokingiswidelyrecognizedasaddictive.Althoughcounselingandmedicationcanincreasetheoddsthatasmokerquitspermanently,thebestwaytoavoiddilemmasisnevertotakeupsmokingtobeginwith.

Theirreversibleeffectsofcigarettesmokingvaryinintensityandarerelatedbothtotheamountanddurationofexposureandtheageatwhichthepersonisinitiallyexposed.Thisreportchallengesthenotionthatafewyearsofexposuretosmokingwillhavenolastingharmfulconsequences.Wehopetodiscouragethisprevalentbutvitalhabitandsuggestthattobacco-relatedhealtheffectsdeclinesubstantiallyastimeawayfromsmokingincreases.

【答案】人們普遍認(rèn)為吸煙成癮，與其說(shuō)戒煙是個(gè)人選擇的問(wèn)題，不如說(shuō)是意志力的問(wèn)題。雖然就醫(yī)和藥物治療能增加永久戒煙的概率，但避免進(jìn)退兩難的最好辦法是一開(kāi)始就不吸煙。吸煙帶來(lái)不可逆的影響程度不同，且與煙癮和煙齡有關(guān)，也與最初接觸煙的年齡有關(guān)。

本報(bào)告挑戰(zhàn)的是一種觀點(diǎn)，即幾年的吸煙史不會(huì)產(chǎn)生長(zhǎng)期的不良后果。我們希望勸說(shuō)人們不要染上這一常見(jiàn)而致命的習(xí)慣，并指出隨著戒煙時(shí)間的增加，煙草對(duì)健康產(chǎn)生的影響就會(huì)大幅度減少。

22.單選題

Allthecreditcardorganizationschargeinterestonamonthlybasiswhichmay_______at25percentayear,yetjudiciouspurchasingusingacardcanmeanthatyouobtainuptosevenweeksinterest-free-credit.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.comeup

B.accountfor

C.addup

D.workout

【答案】B

【解析】comeup走近,發(fā)生,上升;accountfor（比例）占;addup合計(jì);workout解決,算出。句意：所有的信用卡機(jī)構(gòu)都按月收取利息,每年的利息可能占25%,但明智地使用信用卡購(gòu)物意味著你可以獲得長(zhǎng)達(dá)7周的無(wú)息信貸。選項(xiàng)B符合句意。

23.單選題

AnimportantpartofthenationalgovernmentistheForeignService,abranchoftheDepartmentofState.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.aunity

B.adivision

C.anembassy

D.aninvasion

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)aunity“一個(gè)個(gè)體”；B選項(xiàng)adivision“一個(gè)部門(mén)”；C選項(xiàng)anembassy“一個(gè)大使館”；D選項(xiàng)aninvasion“一次入侵”。句意：國(guó)家政府的一個(gè)重要組成部分是外交部，它是國(guó)務(wù)院的一個(gè)分支。也就是說(shuō)外交部是國(guó)家政府的一個(gè)部門(mén)，因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

24.單選題

Thesedayswehearalotofnonsenseaboutthe“greatclasslesssociety”.Theideathatthe20thcenturyistheageofthecommonmanhasbecomeoneofgreatclichesofourtime.

Thesameoldargumentsareputforwardinevidence.Herearesomeofthem:Monarchyasasystemofgovernmenthascompletelydiscredited.Themonarchiesthatsurvivehavebeendeprivedofallpoliticalpower.Inheritedwealthhasbeensavagelyreducedbytaxationand,intime,thegreatfortuneswilldisappearaltogether.Inanumberofcountriesthevictoryhasbeencomplete.Thepeoplerule;thegreatmillenniumhasbecomeapoliticalreality.Buthasit?Closeexaminationdoesn’tbearouttheclaim.

Itisafallacytosupposethatallmenareequalandthatsocietywillbeleveledoutifyouprovideeverybodywiththesameeducationalopportunities.(Itisdebatablewhetheryoucaneverprovideeveryonewiththesameeducationalopportunities,butthatisanotherquestion.)Thefactisthatnaturedispensesbrainsandabilitywithatotaldisregardfortheprincipleofequality.Theoldrulesofthejungle,“survivalofthefittest”，and“mightisright“arestillwithus.Thespreadofeducationhasdestroyedtheoldclasssystemandcreatedanewone.Rewardsarebasedonmeritfor“aristocracy”read“meritocracy”；inotherrespectssocietyremainsunaltered:theclasssystemisrigidlymaintained

Genuineability,animalcunning,skilltheknackofseizingopportunities,allbringsmaterialrewards.Andwhatisthefirstthingpeopledowhentheybecomerich?Theyusetheirwealthtosecurethebestpossibleopportunitiesfortheirchildren,togivethem“agoodstartinlife”.Forallthelipservicewepaytotheideaofequality.Wedonotconsiderthiswronginthewesternworld.Privateschoolswhichofferunfairadvantagesoverstateschoolsarenotbannedbecauseoneoftheprinciplesinademocracyisthatpeopleshouldbefreetochoosehowtheywilleducatetheirchildren.Inthisway,thenewmeritocracycanperpetuateitselftoacertainextent:anablechildfromawealthyhomecansucceedfarmorerapidlythanhispoorercounterpart.Wealthisalsousedindiscriminatelytofurtherpoliticalends.Itwouldbealmostimpossibletobecometheleaderofademocracywithoutmassivefinancialbacking.Moneyisaspowerfulaweaponaseveritwas.

Insocietieswhollydedicatedtotheprincipleofsocialequality.Privilegedprivateeducationisforbidden.Butevenherepeoplearerewardedaccordingtotheirabilities.Infact,sogreatistheneedforskilledworkersthattheleastablemaybeneglected.Brightchildrenarecarefullyandexpensivelytrainedtobecomefuturerulers.Intheend,allpoliticalideologiesboildowntothesamething:classdivisionspersistwhetheryouareruledbyafeudalkingoraneducatedpeasant.

1.Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?

2.Accordingtotheauthor,thesameeducationalopportunitiescan’tgetridofinequalitybecause（

）.

3.Whocanobtainmorerapidsuccess?

4.Whydoestheauthorsaythenewmeritocracycanperpetuateitselftoacertainextent?Because（

）.

5.Accordingtotheauthor,“classdivisions”refersto（

）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Equalityofopportunityinthetwentiethcenturyhasnotdestroyedtheclasssystem.

B.Equalitymeansmoney.

C.Thereisnosuchsocietyasclasslesssociety.

D.Naturecan’tgiveyouaclasslesssociety.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.theprinciple“survivalofthefittest”exists.

B.natureignoresequalityindispensingbrainsandability.

C.materialrewardsareforgenuineability.

D.peoplehavethefreedomhowtoeducatetheirchildren.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Thosewithwealth.

B.Thosewiththebestbrains..

C.Thosewiththebestopportunities.

D.Thosewhohavetheabilitytocatchatopportunities.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.moneydecideseverything.

B.privateschoolsofferadvantagesoverstateschools.

C.peoplearefreetochoosethewayofeducatingtheirchildren.

D.wealthisusedforpoliticalends.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.therichandthepoor.

B.differentopportunitiesforpeople.

C.oppressorandtheoppressed.

D.geniusandstupidity.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:A

第5題:A

【解析】1.主旨大意題。A項(xiàng)Equalityofopportunityinthetwentiethcenturyhasnotdestroyedtheclasssystem(20世紀(jì)的機(jī)會(huì)均等并沒(méi)有破壞階級(jí)制度)能更好概括本文主旨。

2.細(xì)節(jié)題。作者指出:自然在分配大腦和能力的時(shí)候，完全不考慮平等的原則。有智慧能力才能生存，才能獲報(bào)償，這已經(jīng)是不平等，因此即使獲同樣的受教育的機(jī)會(huì)，也不可能鏟除不平等。

3.細(xì)節(jié)題。第三段指出:英才教育在某種程度上是永存的。一個(gè)來(lái)自富有家庭的有能力的孩子要比其對(duì)立面獲得成功要快得多得多。因此推測(cè),有錢(qián)人能夠快速獲得成功。

4.細(xì)節(jié)題。英才教育在某種程度上是永存的。因?yàn)橛绣X(qián),才上得起私立學(xué)校。故選A。

5.推斷題。作者強(qiáng)調(diào)窮人,富人在天賦、教育機(jī)會(huì)等方面的差異造成即使是同樣的教育機(jī)會(huì)也不可能鏟除不平等,因此在作者眼里,真正的階級(jí)分化在于貧富差距。

25.單選題

Whathesaidinthemeeting（）everybodypresent.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.disgusted

B.dismissed

C.disposed

D.eliminated

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)disgust“厭惡的，厭煩的”。B選項(xiàng)dismiss“解雇的，解散的”。C選項(xiàng)dispose“有……傾向的，打算做……的”。D選項(xiàng)eliminate“被淘汰，消除”。句意：他在會(huì)上所說(shuō)的話使在場(chǎng)的每個(gè)人都感到厭惡。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

26.單選題

Theactual（

）ofWilson'spositionwasalways（

）byhisrefusaltocompromiseafterhavinginitiallyagreedtonegotiateasettlement.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.outcome;foreshadowed

B.logic;enhanced

C.rigidity;betrayed

D.uncertainty;alleviated

【答案】C

【解析】第一個(gè)空是考查名稱的辨析，outcome“結(jié)果，效果”；logic“原理,邏輯性”；rigidity“嚴(yán)格，刻板”；uncertainty“不確定性”；根據(jù)句子后半部分的意思可以推斷出第一個(gè)空應(yīng)該填rigidity,表示立場(chǎng)的固執(zhí)僵化；第二個(gè)空是考查動(dòng)詞的辨析，foreshadow“成為前兆，暗示”;enhance“提高，增加（價(jià)值，品質(zhì)，吸引力等）”；betray“泄露，出賣(mài)，背叛（原則或信仰）”，根據(jù)句意‘由于威爾遜在最初同意談判以達(dá)成協(xié)議之后又拒絕讓步妥協(xié)，因此，其立場(chǎng)實(shí)際的固執(zhí)僵化總是得以暴露無(wú)遺’可知第二個(gè)空應(yīng)該填betrayed，所以C選項(xiàng)正確。

27.單選題

Thetrafficpoliceweresearchingforevidencetoprovetheaccusedman’sguilt,butin（

）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.hollow

B.empty

C.void

D.vain

【答案】D

【解析】invain為固定搭配,表示“徒勞的”。選項(xiàng)D符合句意。

28.單選題

Mostenvironmental______—fromclimatechangestofreshwaterandforesthabitatloss—havebecomemarkedlyworse.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.symptoms

B.highlights

C.indicators

D.symbols

【答案】A

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.symptoms癥狀；征兆B.highlights最好（或最精彩、最激動(dòng)人心）的部分

C.indicators指示信號(hào)D.symbols象征；符號(hào)

【考查點(diǎn)】名詞辨析。

【解題思路】空格后用了破折號(hào)，說(shuō)明破折號(hào)的內(nèi)容是補(bǔ)充解釋空格處所要填的名詞，根據(jù)破折號(hào)內(nèi)的內(nèi)容“從氣候變化到淡水和森林棲息地的喪失”可知，這是環(huán)境惡化的征兆，故空格處表示“征兆”，該題選擇A項(xiàng)符合句意。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】B、C、D項(xiàng)不符合句意。

【句意】大多數(shù)環(huán)境癥狀——從氣候變化到淡水和森林棲息地的喪失——已經(jīng)明顯惡化。

29.單選題

Thegirlwas（

）ashopassistant;sheisnowamanagerinalargedepartment.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.preliminarily

B.presumably

C.formally

D.formerly

【答案】D

【解析】考查副詞詞義辨析。Preliminarily“初步地”；presumably“大概，推測(cè)起來(lái)”；formally“正式地”；formerly“以前，原來(lái)”。句意：這個(gè)女孩之前是商店的助理，現(xiàn)在是一個(gè)大部門(mén)的經(jīng)理。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

30.單選題

X.PoliticalScience

Whatdifferencedoesitmakeifmore,orfewer,peoplevote?Whatdifferencewoulditmakeifthestatemakespeoplevote?Thesequestionsarecentralbothtonormativedebatesabouttherightsanddutiesofcitizensinademocracyandtocontemporarypolicydebatesinavarietyofcountriesoverwhatactionsstatesshouldtaketoencourageelectoralparticipation.Toaddressthem,thispaperfocusesonthephenomenonofcompulsoryvoting—legalrequirementsthatcompelcitizenstoparticipate.Specifically,byfocusingonararecaseofabolishingcompulsoryvotinginVenezuela,weexaminewhethercompulsoryvotingreducesincomeinequality.

Ourresultssupportawell-knownpropositionadvancedbyArendLijphartinhis1996presidentialaddresstotheAmericanPoliticalScienceAssociation.ForLijphart,classbias—“theinequalityofrepresentationandinfluence...notrandomlydistributedbutsystematicallybiasedinfavorofmoreprivilegedcitizens...andagainstlessadvantagedcitizens”—isthecentral“unresolveddilemma”ofdemocracy.Thenormativefoundationofthisargumentisthat,inademocracy,thepreferencesofeverycitizenshouldhaveequalweightinelectingrepresentativesanddeterminingpolicy.Lijphartcontendsthat“l(fā)owvoterturnoutmeansunequalandsocioeconomicallybiasedturnout...andunequalparticipationspellsunequalinfluence”,andthatcompulsoryvotingis“thestrongestofalltheinstitutionalfactors”initspotentialtoremedytheperniciouseffectsofclassbiasinturnout.

Despiteitsnormativeimportanceandpracticalrelevanceinpolicydebates,rigorousempiricalscrutinyofLijpharf’sclaimhasbeenlimited.Numerousscholarshaveinvestigatedtheimpactofvoterturnoutonvariousoutcomevariables.Mostofthesestudies,however,facemethodologicalshortcomingsbecausetheyarebasedonrelativelysimplecross-sectionalregressionwithoutaconvincingidentificationstrategyforcausalinference,orbecausetheyrelyoninstrumentalvariablesbasedonexogenous“shocks”toturnout(e.g.weatherevents)thatarenotrelevanttohowthelevelofvoterturnoutinfluencedbywhethervotingiscompulsoryormandatoryaffectselectoralandpolicyoutcomes.

Tworecentstudiesaddressthesemethodologicalconcerns.Fowler(2013)estimatesthecausaleffectsoftheintroductionofcompulsoryvotinginAustraliaonelectionoutcomesandpensionspending.Similarly,Bechtel,Hangartner,andSchmid(2013)examinetheeffectsoftheintroductionofcompulsoryvotingintheSwisscantonofVaudontheresultsoffederalreferendums.Bothstudiesuseanimportantchangeinthevotingruleasleverageforcausalinference,effectivelyexaminingthecounterfactualquestion:Whatwouldhavehappenedifthecompulsoryvotingrulehadnotbeenintroduced?

1.Fromthefirstparagraph,weknowthatthispaperistodiscuss___.

2.Mr.ArendLijphartholdsthefollowingviewbut___.

3.Theweakpointofthestudiesabouttheimpactofvoterturnoutonvariousoutcomevariablesisthat___.

4.WhichstatementaboutthestudiesofFowlerandBechtel,Hangartner,andSchmidisNOTtrue?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.normativedebatesabouttherightsanddutiesofcitizens

B.policydebatesinavarietyofcountries

C.whethercompulsoryvotingreducesincomeinequality

D.thephenomenonofcompulsoryvoting

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Inademocracy,thepreferencesofeverycitizenhaveequalweightinvoting

B.Classbiasisthecentral“unresolveddilemma”ofdemocracy

C.Lowvoterturnoutmeansunequalandsocioeconomicallybiasedturnout

D.Compulsoryvotinghasitspotentialtoremedytheperniciouseffectsofclassbiasinturnout

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.theyarerelativelysimple

B.theyrelyoninstrumentalvariables

C.theydonotdistinguishwhethervotingiscompulsoryormandatory

D.thereisnoconvincingidentificationstrategyforcausalinference

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Theyarebothpublishedin2013.

B.Theybothexaminedtheinfluenceofcompulsoryvotingonelectionoutcomes.

C.Theyaddressthemethodologicalconcerns.

D.Theybothexaminethequestion:Whatwouldhavehappenedifthecompulsoryvotingrulehadnotbeenintroduced?

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:D

【解析】1.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段Toaddressthem,thispaperfocusesonthephenomenonofcompulsoryvoting—legalrequirementsthatcompelcitizenstoparticipate.Specifically,byfocusingonararecaseofabolishingcompulsoryvotinginVenezuela,weexaminewhethercompulsoryvotingreducesincomeinequality.（為了解決這一問(wèn)題，本文著重研究強(qiáng)制投票現(xiàn)象——強(qiáng)制公民參與的法律要求。具體來(lái)說(shuō)，通過(guò)關(guān)注委內(nèi)瑞拉廢除強(qiáng)制投票的罕見(jiàn)案例，我們研究強(qiáng)制投票是否減少了收入不平等）可知選C選項(xiàng)“強(qiáng)制投票是否減少了收入不平等”，原文所說(shuō)的是強(qiáng)制公民參與的法律要求而不是D選項(xiàng)“強(qiáng)制投票現(xiàn)象”；第一段Thesequestionsarecentralbothtonormativedebatesabouttherightsanddutiesofcitizensinademocracyandtocontemporarypolicydebatesinavarietyofcountriesoverwhatactionsstatesshouldtaketoencourageelec