書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-上海濟(jì)光職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.單選題

Throughtheyears,ourviewofwhatleadershipisandwhocanexerciseithaschangedconsiderably.Leadershipcompetencieshaveremainedconstant,butourunderstandingofwhatitis,howitworks,andthewaysinwhichpeoplelearntoapplyithasshifted.Wedohavethebeginningofageneraltheoryofleadership,fromhistoryandsocialresearchandaboveallfromthethoughtsofreflectivepractitionerssuchasMoses,JuliusCaesar,andJamesMadison,andinourowntimefromsuchdisparatesourcesofwisdomasGandhi,WinstonChurchill,MaoTse-tung,andHenryKissinger,whohaveverylittleincommonexceptthattheyhavenotbeentherebuttriedwithsomefairnesstospeculateonpaperaboutit.

Buttalesandreflectiveobservationarenotenoughexcepttoconvinceusthatleadersarephysicallystrongandabnormallyhardworkers.Todaywearealittleclosertounderstandinghowandwhopeoplelead,butitwasn'teasygettingthere.Decadesofacademicanalysishavegivenusmorethan350definitionsofleadership.Literallythousandsofempiricalinvestigationsofleadershavebeenconductedinthelast75yearsalone,butnoclearunderstandingexistsastowhatdistinguishesleadersfromnon-leaders,andperhapsmoreimportant,whatdistinguisheseffectiveleadersfromineffectiveleadersandeffectiveorganizationsfromineffectiveorganizations.

Neverhavesomanylaboredsolongtosaysolittle.Multipleinterpretationsofleadershipexist,eachprovidingafragmentofinsightbuteachremaininganincompleteandwhollyinadequateexplanation.Mostofthesedefinitionsdon'tagreewitheachother,andmanyofthemwouldseemquiteremotetotheleaderswhoseskillsarebeingexamined.Definitionsreflectfashions,politicaltidesandacademictrends.Theydon'talwaysreflectrealityandsometimestheyjustrepresentnonsense.It'sasifwhatBraqueoncesaidaboutartisalsotrueofleadership:"Theonlythingthatmattersinartisthepartthatcannotbeexplained."

Manytheoriesofleadershiphavecomeandgone.Somelookedattheleader.Somelookedatthesituation.Nonehasstoodthetestoftime.Withsuchatrackrecord,itisunderstandablewhyleadershipresearchandtheoryhavebeensofrustratingastodeservethelabel"thelaBreaTarPits"oforganizationalinquiry.LocatedinLosAngeles,theseasphaltpitshousetheremainsofalongsequenceofprehistoricanimalsthatcametoinvestigatebutneverleftthearea.

1.Severalbignamesarementionedinthefirstparagraphmainlytoshowtheir（）.

2.Accordingtothewriter,people'sopinionsofleadershipareonthewholequite（）.

3.Thewriterthinksthat（）.

4."ThelaBreaTarPits"probablysignifiesthingsthat（）.

5.Thispassageismainlyconcernedwith（）?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.differentstylesofleadership

B.effectiveexerciseofleadership

C.contributionstothetheoryofleadership

D.wisdominapplyingthetheoryofleadership

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.divided

B.original

C.misleading

D.sophisticated

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.manypeoplehavelaboredtobeleaders

B.leadersarebeyondourunderstanding

C.theessenceofleadershiphasnotbeengrasped

D.thedefinitionsofleadershipshouldvary

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.canbetracedbacktotheprehistoricage

B.aretrapsforthosewhowanttoinquire

C.arelocatedinoneplaceforever

D.don'tdeservefullinvestigation

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.theinaccuratedefinitionsofleadership

B.thefamousleadersandtheirtheories

C.thechangesinthetrendofleadership

D.theinconsistenttheoriesofleadership

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干詢問：第一段中提到這幾位偉人的名字是為了表明什么？根據(jù)題干定位到原文第一段，由第一段最后一句可知，我們對(duì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力的初識(shí)源于歷史和社會(huì)的研究，尤其是從反思性實(shí)踐者的思想而來，譬如摩西、凱撒大帝和詹姆斯?麥迪遜；在我們自己的時(shí)代就來源于甘地、溫斯頓?丘吉爾、毛澤東和亨利?基辛格等人的截然不同的思想。由此可知，第一段提及多位領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的目的，是想表明他們對(duì)于領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力理論的貢獻(xiàn)。因此本題正確答案選C。

2.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。題干詢問：作者認(rèn)為，人們對(duì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力的看法總體上是怎樣的。根據(jù)原文第三段Multipleinterpretationsofleadershipexist...以及Mostofthesedefinitionsdon'tagreewitheachother可知，人們對(duì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力存在多種解釋并且大多數(shù)的定義都不一致。因此，作者認(rèn)為人們對(duì)于領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力的觀點(diǎn)是分化的，故本題正確答案為A項(xiàng)。

3.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。由原文第二段Decadesofacademicanalysishavegivenusmorethan350definitionsofleadership.Literallythousandsofempiricalinvestigationsofleadershavebeenconductedinthelast75yearsalone,butnoclearunderstandingexistsastowhatdistinguishesleadersfromnon-leaders,andperhapsmoreimportant,whatdistinguisheseffectiveleadersfromineffectiveleadersandeffectiveorganizationsfromineffectiveorganizations.可知，幾十年的學(xué)術(shù)分析為我們提供了350多種領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力的定義。僅在過去的75年里，人們就對(duì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者進(jìn)行了成千上萬的實(shí)證研究，但對(duì)于如何區(qū)分領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者和非領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，或許更重要的是如何區(qū)分有效的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者和無效的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，以及有效的組織和無效的組織，卻沒有明確的認(rèn)識(shí)。由此可知，C選項(xiàng)“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力的本質(zhì)還沒有被掌握”符合題意，故本題正確答案為C項(xiàng)。

4.詞匯題。將thelaBreaTarPits定位到原文最后一段，由后文信息LocatedinLosAngeles,theseasphaltpitshousetheremainsofalongsequenceofprehistoricanimalsthatcametoinvestigatebutneverleftthearea.可知，這些瀝青坑位于洛杉磯，里面存放著一長(zhǎng)串史前動(dòng)物的遺骸，這些動(dòng)物前來調(diào)查，但從未離開過這個(gè)地區(qū)。由此可知，這些瀝青坑是那些想要問問題的人的陷阱。故本題正確答案為B選項(xiàng)。

5.主旨大意題。文章第一段講述了多年來，我們對(duì)什么是領(lǐng)導(dǎo)以及誰能行使領(lǐng)導(dǎo)職能的看法發(fā)生了很大變化；第二段雖然我們對(duì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力的認(rèn)識(shí)有了更進(jìn)一步的認(rèn)識(shí)，但是這樣的研究還遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠；最后兩段講了關(guān)于領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力的解釋五花八門，但這些解釋都不充分且互相抵觸，許多理論都只是暫時(shí)的，經(jīng)不住時(shí)間的考驗(yàn)。由此可知，文章主要闡述的是對(duì)于領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力的理論不一致，故本題正確答案為D項(xiàng)。

2.單選題

Asthemanagerwasawayonabusinesstrip,Iwasaskedto（

）theweeklystaffmeeting.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.preside

B.introduce

C.chair

D.dominate

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)preside“管理；主持（常與over搭配）”；B選項(xiàng)introduce“介紹；引進(jìn)；提出”；C選項(xiàng)chair“擔(dān)任主席；主持；使……入座”；D選項(xiàng)dominate“控制；支配；占優(yōu)勢(shì)”。句意：由于經(jīng)理出差去了，我被邀請(qǐng)……每周員工會(huì)議。此處應(yīng)表示“主持會(huì)議”，A選項(xiàng)preside應(yīng)與over搭配才表示“主持”，只有C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

3.單選題

ContinuedinequitiesbetweentherichandpowerfulminorityandtheimpoverishedmassesappalledmostEgyptians.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.offended

B.captivated

C.shocked

D.puzzled

【答案】C

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.offended得罪，冒犯B.captivated迷住，使著迷

C.shocked使震驚，使驚愕D.puzzled迷惑，使困惑

【答案】C

【考查點(diǎn)】動(dòng)詞辨析。

【解題思路】appalled的意思為“使膽寒，使驚駭”，和mostEgyptians構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓搭配關(guān)系，指的是大多數(shù)埃及人很震驚，shocked與之詞義相近，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A、B、D選項(xiàng)詞義與之不符。

【句意】有錢有勢(shì)的少數(shù)人和貧窮大眾之間長(zhǎng)期不平等，這使大多數(shù)埃及人感到震驚。

4.單選題

Ifsheisstupid,she’s______pleasanttolookat.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.atanyrate

B.bychance

C.ataloss

D.bytheway

【答案】A

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.atanyrate無論如何，至少B.bychance偶然；意外地

C.ataloss困惑不解；不知所措D.bytheway順便問一下

【考查點(diǎn)】詞組辨析。

【解題思路】按照句意“雖然她很笨，但______她長(zhǎng)得很好看”可知，空格處含有讓步的意味，A項(xiàng)符合句意，故該題選擇A項(xiàng)。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】B、C、D項(xiàng)都不符合句意。

【句意】雖然她很笨，但至少她長(zhǎng)得很好看。

5.單選題

ArecenthistoryoftheChicagomeat-packingindustryanditsworkersexamineshowtheindustrygrewfromitsappearanceinthe1830'sthroughtheearly1890's.Meat-packers,theauthorargues,hadgoodwages,workingconditions,andprospectsforadvancementwithinthepackinghouses,anddidnotcooperatewithlaboragitatorssincelaborrelationsweresoharmonious.Becausethehistorymaintainsthatconditionswereabovestandardfortheera,thefrequencyoflabordisputes,especiallyinthemid-1880's,isnotaccountedfor.Theworkignoresthefactthatthe1880'swerecrucialyearsinAmericanlaborhistory,andthatthepackinghouseworkers'effectswerepartofthenationalmovementforlaborreform.

Infact,otherhistoricalsourcesforthelatenineteenthcenturyrecorddeterioratinghousingandhighdiseaseandinfantmortalityratesintheindustrialcommunity,duetolowwagesandunhealthyworkingconditions.AdditionaldatafromtheUniversityofChicagosuggestthatthepackinghousesweredangerousplacestowork.ThegovernmentinvestigationcommissionedbyPresidentTheodoreRooseveltwhicheventuallyledtotheadoptionofthe1906MeatInspectionActfoundthepackinghousesunsanitary,whilesocialworkersobservedthatmostoftheworkerswerepoorlypaidandoverworked.

Thehistorymaybetoooptimisticbecausemostofitsdatadatefromthe1880'satthelatest,andtheinformationprovidedfromthatdecadeisinsufficientlyanalyzed.Conditionsactuallydeclinedinthe1880's,andcontinuedtodeclineafterthe1880's,duetoareorganizationofthepackingprocessandamassiveinfluxofunskilledworkers.Thedeteriorationinworkerstatus,partlyaresultofthenewavailabilityofunskilledandhencecheaplabor,isnotdiscussed.Thoughadetailedaccountofworkinthepacking-housesisattempted,theauthorfailstodistinguishbetweenthewagesandconditionsforskilledworkersandforthoseunskilledlaborerswhocomprisedthemajorityoftheindustry’sworkersfromthe1880'son.Whileconditionsfortheformerwerearguablytolerableduetothestrategicimportanceofskilledworkersinthecomplicatedslaughtering,cutting,andpackingprocess(thoughworkercomplaintsabouttherateandconditionsofworkwerefrequent),payandconditionsforthelatterwerewretched.

Theauthor’smisinterpretationoftheoriginsofthefeelingsthemeat-packershadfortheirindustrialneighborhoodmayaccountforthehistory'sfaultygeneralizations.Theprideandcontentmenttheauthorremarksuponwere,arguably,fesstheproductsoftheindustrialworldofthepackers-thegiantyardsandtheintricateplantsthanoftheunityandvibrancyoftheethnicculturesthatformedaviablecommunit3ronChicago’sSouthSide.Indeed,thestrengthofthiscommunitysucceededingeneratingasocialmovementthateffectivelyconfrontedtheproblemsoftheindustrythatprovideditslivelihood.

1.Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwithdiscussing（

）.

2.Theauthorofthepassagementionsallofthefollowingasdescribingnegativeconditionsinthemeat-packingindustryEXCEPT（

）.

3.Theauthorofthepassagementionsthe"socialmovement"(underlined,generatedbyChicago'sSouthSidecommunityprimarilyinorderto（

）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,theworkingconditionsofskilledworkersinthemeat-packingindustryduringthe1880'swereinfluencedby（

）.

5.Theauthorofthepassageusesthesecondparagraphto（

）

6.Thetoneoftheauthorofthepassageindiscussingthemeat-packercommunityonChicago'sSouthSidecanbestbedescribedasoneof（

）.

7.Theinformationinthepassagesuggeststhattheauthorofthehistorydiscussedinthepassagemadewhichofthefollowingerrors?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.howhistoriansoughttoexplaintheoriginsoftheconditionsintheChicagomeat-packingindustry

B.whyitisdifficulttodeterminetheactualnatureoftheconditionsintheChicagomeat-packingindustry

C.whyaparticularaccountoftheconditionsintheChicagomeat-packingindustryisinaccurate

D.whatoughttobeincludedinanyaccountoftheChicagomeat-packers'roleinthenationallabormovement

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.datafromtheUniversityofChicago

B.arecenthistoryofthemeat-packingindustry

C.socialworkers

D.historicalsourcesforthelatenineteenthcentury

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.informthereaderofeventsthatoccurredinthemeat-packingindustryaftertheperiodoftimecoveredbythehistory

B.suggestthehistory'slimitationsbypointingoutasituationthatthehistoryfailedtoexplainadequately

C.salvagethehistory’spointofviewbysuggestingthattherewerepositivedevelopmentsinthemeat-packingindustryduetoworkerunity

D.introduceanewissuedesignedtoelaborateonthegoodrelationshipbetweenthemeat-packersandChicago’sethniccommunities

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.theworkers'determinedcomplaintsabouttherateandconditionsoftheirwork

B.theeffortsofsocialworkerstoimprovesanitationinthepackinghouses

C.theworkers’sabilitytoperformtheindustry'scomplextasks

D.improvementsintheindustry’spackingprocessthatoccurredinthe1880’s

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.summarizethemainpointofthehistorydiscussedinthepassage

B.explainwhythehistor3tdiscussedinthepassagehasbeendisparagedbycritics

C.evaluatethefindingsofrecentstudiesthatunderlinethepremisesofthehistorydiscussioninthepassage

D.presentevidencethatisintendedtorefutetheargumentofthehistorydiscussedinthepassage

問題6選項(xiàng)

A.appreciationofthecommunity'sabilitytocopewithdifficultconditions

B.admirationforthecommunity'srefusaltocooperatewithlaboragitators

C.indignationatthekindsofsocialconditionsthecommunityfaced

D.annoyanceatthecommunity’sinabilitytoabolishdiscriminationinthemeat-packingindustry

問題7選項(xiàng)

A.FailingtorecognizetheeffectofthediversityoftheSouthSidecommunityonthemeat-packers'effortstoreformtheindustry

B.Attributinggoodworkingconditionsinthemeat-packingindustrytotheeffortsoflaboragitators

C.Overemphasizingtheimportanceoftheavailabilityofunskilledlaborasaninfluenceonconditionsinthemeatpackingindustry

D.Interpretingthemeat-packers*feelingsfortheircommunityasappreciationoftheirindustry

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:C

第5題:D

第6題:A

第7題:D

【解析】1.根據(jù)文章第一段ArecenthistoryoftheChicagomeat-packingindustryexamineshowtheindustrygrewfromitsappearanceinthe1830’sthroughtheearly189O’s...Theworkignoresthefactthatthe1880’swerecrucialyearsinAmericanlaborhistory,andthatthepackinghouseworkers’effectswerepartofthenationalmovementforlaborreform.芝加哥肉類加工業(yè)近代史》考察了該工業(yè)從1830年出現(xiàn)到19世紀(jì)90年代初的發(fā)展過程。這項(xiàng)研究忽略了這樣一個(gè)事實(shí):19世紀(jì)80年代是美國(guó)勞工歷史上的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期，而包裝工人的影響是美國(guó)勞工改革運(yùn)動(dòng)的一部分。和文章最后一段Theauthor’smisinterpretationoftheoriginsofthefeelingsthemeat-packershadfortheirindustrialneighborhoodmayaccountforthehistory’sfaultygeneralizations.作者對(duì)肉類包裝工對(duì)他們的工業(yè)社區(qū)的感情的起源的誤解可能是歷史錯(cuò)誤概括的原因。確定A選項(xiàng)‘歷史學(xué)家應(yīng)該如何解釋芝加哥肉類加工業(yè)的起源‘正確。

2.文章第二段，提到了芝加哥大學(xué)、社會(huì)工作者以及19世紀(jì)后期的歷史資料。并沒有將‘包裝業(yè)的歷史‘作為消極條件提起。所以B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

3.根據(jù)文章最后一段，Theauthor’smisinterpretationoftheoriginsofthefeelingsthemeat-packershadfortheirindustrialneighborhoodmayaccountforthehistory’sfaultygeneralizations…Indeed,thestrengthofthiscommunitysucceededingeneratingasocialmovementthateffectivelyconfrontedtheproblemsoftheindustrythatprovideditslivelihood.作者對(duì)肉類包裝工對(duì)他們的工業(yè)社區(qū)的感情的起源的誤讀可能解釋了歷史上錯(cuò)誤的概括……事實(shí)上，這個(gè)社區(qū)的力量成功地發(fā)起了一場(chǎng)社會(huì)運(yùn)動(dòng)，有效地解決了這個(gè)賴以為生的工業(yè)的問題。由此推斷作者提到socialmovement是為了說明肉類加工業(yè)的積極因素，C選項(xiàng)正確。

4.根據(jù)文章第三段最后一句：Whileconditionsfortheformerwerearguablytolerableduetothestrategicimportanceofskilledworkersinthecomplicatedslaughtering,cutting,andpackingprocess(thoughworkercomplaintsabouttherateandconditionsofworkwerefrequent),payandconditionsforthelatterwerewretched.由于熟練工人在復(fù)雜的屠宰、切割和包裝過程中的戰(zhàn)略重要性，前者的條件可以說是可以忍受的(盡管工人經(jīng)常抱怨工作的速度和條件)，而后者的工資和條件卻很糟糕。確定C選項(xiàng)‘工人完成行業(yè)復(fù)雜任務(wù)的能力‘符合題意。

5.文章第一段作者對(duì)包裝工人的工作條件感到滿意，但實(shí)際情況是否這樣。第二段給出了答案，提供了反駁的證據(jù)，所以D選項(xiàng)‘用來反駁文中所討論的歷史論點(diǎn)的現(xiàn)有證據(jù)‘符合題意。

6.根據(jù)文章最后一句Indeed,thestrengthofthiscommunitysucceededingeneratingasocialmovementthateffectivelyconfrontedtheproblemsoftheindustrythatprovideditslivelihood.的確，這個(gè)社區(qū)的力量成功地發(fā)起了一場(chǎng)社會(huì)運(yùn)動(dòng)，有效地解決了提供其生計(jì)的工業(yè)的問題。確定A選項(xiàng)‘贊賞社區(qū)處理困難情況的能力’符合題意。

7.根據(jù)文章最后一段第一句Theauthor’smisinterpretationoftheoriginsofthefeelingsthemeat-packershadfortheirindustrialneighborhoodmayaccountforthehistory'sfaultygeneralizations.對(duì)肉類包裝工對(duì)他們的工業(yè)社區(qū)的感情起源的誤解可能是歷史錯(cuò)誤概括的原因，確定D選項(xiàng)‘將肉類包裝工對(duì)社區(qū)的感受解讀為對(duì)行業(yè)的贊賞’符合題意。

6.單選題

Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskills,Americanfirmshaveaproblem.HumanresourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Laborissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired—rentedatthelowestpossiblecost-muchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment.

Thelackofimportanceattachedtohuman-resourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjob,offattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficer(CEO).Bywayofcontrasts,inJapantheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentral—usuallythesecondmostimportantexecutiveaftertheCEO,inthefirm’shierarchy.

WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforces,infacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.

Asaresult,problemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkers,forexample,takemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermany(astheydo),theeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacity,andtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthebottomhalfofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan’teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperated,themanagementandprofessionaljobthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear.

1.WhichofthefollowingappliestomanagementofhumanresourcesinAmericancompanies?

2.Whatisthepositionoftheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementinanAmericanfirm?

3.ThemoneymostAmericanfirmsputintrainingmainlygoesto（）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,thedecisivefactorinmaintainingafirm’scompetitiveadvantageis（）.

5.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Theyhirepeopleatthelowestcostregardlessoftheirskills.

B.Theyonlyhireskilledworkersbecauseofkeencompetition

C.Theyattachmoreimportancetoworkersthantoequipment

D.Theyseethegainingofskillsastheiremployeesownbusiness

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Heisoneofthemostimportantexecutivesinthefirm

B.Hispostislikelytodisappearwhennewtechnologiesareintroduced

C.Hehasnosayinmakingimportantdecisionsinthefirm

D.Heisdirectlyunderthechieffinancialexecutive

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.technologicalandmanagerialstaff

B.workerwhocanoperatenewequipment

C.workerswholackbasicbackgroundskills

D.topexecutives

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.theintroductionofnewtechnologies

B.theimprovementofworkers'basicskills

C.therationalcompositionofprofessionalandmanagerialemployees

D.theattachmentofimportancetothebottomhalfoftheemployees

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.AmericanfirmsaredifferentfromJapaneseandGermansfirmsinhuman-resourcemanagement.

B.Extensiveretrainingisindispensabletoeffectivehuman-resourcemanagement

C.Thehuman-resourcemanagementstrategiesofAmericanfirmsaffecttheircompetitivecapacity

D.Theheadofhuman-resourcemanagementmustbeinthecentralpositioninafirm’sHierarchy

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。A:他們會(huì)以最低的成本雇傭工人而不在乎其勞動(dòng)技能,C:相比于生產(chǎn)設(shè)備，他們更加重視勞動(dòng)力,第一段指出:Laborissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired-rentedatthelowestpossiblecost—muchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment(勞動(dòng)力不過是雇來的另一種生產(chǎn)要素—以盡可能低的成本租用——就像購(gòu)買原材料或者設(shè)備),文章雖然說美國(guó)公司并不是很注重勞動(dòng)力的技能但沒說完全不考慮勞動(dòng)技能,因此A不正確,C也不正確。B:他們因競(jìng)爭(zhēng)激烈而只雇傭有技術(shù)的工人,第一段指出:Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskills,Americanfirmshaveaproblem(如果可持續(xù)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)取決于勞動(dòng)力的技能，那么美國(guó)企業(yè)將會(huì)而臨麻煩)。由此可知美國(guó)企業(yè)并沒有很注重勞動(dòng)力的技能,因此B與原文不符。D:他們認(rèn)為技能的獲得是員工自己的事,由第一段中“Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility(技能的獲得被認(rèn)為是個(gè)人的事)”可知D正確。故選D。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。第二段指出:Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjob,offattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficer(CEO)(人力資源管理主管的職位通常是一項(xiàng)專門的工作，被劃在企業(yè)等級(jí)邊緣之外。坐在這個(gè)位子上的經(jīng)理主管人員從來不會(huì)在主要戰(zhàn)略性決策中被咨詢，并且沒有機(jī)會(huì)上升到執(zhí)行總裁的位子上),因此C“他在企業(yè)的重大決策中沒有發(fā)言權(quán)”正確。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。第三段指出:Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees(他們投入的資金更多集中用在了專業(yè)人員和管理人員身上),故選A:技術(shù)和管理人員。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。最后一段指出:IfAmericanworkers,forexample,takemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermany(astheydo),theeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates(例如，如果美國(guó)的工人比德國(guó)工人(他們正是這樣做的)花費(fèi)更多的吋間學(xué)習(xí)如何操作新型靈活的生產(chǎn)設(shè)備，那么這些設(shè)備的有效成本在德國(guó)就會(huì)比在美國(guó)低)以及:Ifthebottomhalfcan’teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperated,themanagementandprofessionaljobthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear(如果占半數(shù)的底層員工不能有效地?fù)?dān)任必須操作的流程的職員，那么伴隨這些流程的管理工作和專業(yè)工作就會(huì)消失),因此B項(xiàng)“工人基本技能的提升”正確。此題干擾項(xiàng)為D:重視占半數(shù)的底層員工,但是此選項(xiàng)不如B具體。因此本題選B。

5.主旨大意題。文章開頭就提出:如果可持續(xù)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)取決于勞動(dòng)力的技能，那么美國(guó)企業(yè)將會(huì)面臨麻煩。后面主要為兩部分:美國(guó)企業(yè)人力資源管理的現(xiàn)狀；工人基本技能提升對(duì)于保持企業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力優(yōu)勢(shì)的重要意義。因此C“美國(guó)企業(yè)人力資源管理策略影響其競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力”符合文章主旨。

7.單選題

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Managementofcancerpatients.

B.Reliefoftheworriesofcaregivers.

C.Emotionalstrugglewhilecaregiving.

D.Emotionalsupportforcancerpatients.

【答案】C

【解析】15.M:DoctorWhite.I’vebeenacancerpatientandacaregiver,toa,cancerpatient.Iknowkayakingwashard.Whatwasgoingonemotionally?Thatseemedsohard.

W:Whenyou’recaregiving,you’reundergoingchronicstress.You’reworryingaboutyourlovedone.

Q:Whatarethetwospeakerstalkingabout?

【試題答案】C

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。題干為：這兩個(gè)人在討論什么？由文中“Whenyou’recaregiving,you’reundergoingchronicstress.You’reworryingaboutyourlovedone.（當(dāng)你做護(hù)理時(shí)，你承受著長(zhǎng)期的壓力。你在為你在乎的人擔(dān)心）”，可知C選項(xiàng)“Emotionalstrugglewhilecaregiving（護(hù)理過程中的情感斗爭(zhēng)）”符合原文。A選項(xiàng)“癌癥患者的管理”；B選項(xiàng)“減輕照顧者的憂慮”；D選項(xiàng)“對(duì)患者的情感支持”不符合原文。

8.單選題

VI.ProcedureLaw

Evenifweweretoacceptthisdeflationaryviewofproceduraljusticeasourstartingpoint,itwouldnotfollowthatproceduresareunimportant.Ifwebeginwithcriteriaforajustoutcome,thenitfollowsthatoursystemofdisputeresolutionshouldbedesignedtodecidecontroversiesinaccordwiththesecriteria.Fromthebarepremisethatoutcomescountfromtheexpost(事后)perspective,wecanderiveaminimalnotionofproceduraljustice.Aperfectlyjustprocedurewouldguaranteecorrectoutcomes;aprocedurewouldbemoreorlessfairorjustinsofarasitapproximatesthisideal.Ifwetaketherulesofsubstantivelaw(torts,contracts,property,andsoforth)asappliedtothefacts(thestateoftheworld)asthecriteriaforjustoutcomes,thentheidealprocedurewoulddiscernthetruthaboutthefactsandapplythelawtothosefactswithone-hundredpercentaccuracy.Fromthemodestpremisethatoutcomescount,wecanderivetheviewthatproceduraljusticeisafunctionofaccuracy.

Thereare,however,obviousproblemswiththissimpletheory.Evenfromtheexpostperspective,formallegaloutcomes,suchasjudgmentsforplaintiffsanddefendants,arenottheonlyeffectsofadjudication.Disputeresolutionsystemsimposecostsonthepartiestothedisputeandonsocietyatlarge.Ifweenlargeourviewofoutcomestoencompassallofthecostsandbenefitsimposedbythelitigationsystem,thenourviewofproceduraljusticewillbeenlargedaswell.Anoutcomethatincludesadamageawardthatreflectsanaccurateapplicationofthesubstantivelawtothefactsmightnonethelessbeunjustiftheplaintiffwhowasentitledtoprevailhadtopaymoreinattorneys’feesthanthevalueofthejudgment.Adisputeresolutionsystemthatachievedone-hundredpercentaccuracywouldbeviewedasmonstrouslyunfairifitrequiredeachdisputanttodevoteherentirelifetoapainstakingprocessoffact-findingandconsumedthegreatbulkofthesocialproducttofinancetheenterprise.Theadditionoftheseuncontroversialpremisestoourmodestassumptionthatoutcomescountyieldstheconclusionthatevenfromtheexpostperspectiveafairproceduremust,ataminimum,strikeafairorreasonablebalancebetweenthebenefitsofaccurateoutcomesandthecostsimposedbythesystemofprocedures.

Proceduralperfectionisunattainable:noconceivablesystemofprocedurecanguaranteeperfectaccuracy.Approachingproceduralperfectionisunaffordable:asystemthatachievedthehighestpossibledegreeofaccuracywouldbeintolerablycostly.

1.Fromthefirstparagraph,wecanknowthattheauthoris___.

2.AnidealprocedurewouldNOT___.

3.Theauthorthinksthatafairproceduremuststrikeafairorreasonablebalancethebenefitsandthecosts.Accordingtothe2ndparagraph,whichoneisNOTacostmentionedbytheauthor?

4.Fromthelastparagraphonecaninferthat___.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.rebuttingsomeone’sviewthatproceduresareunimportant

B.arguingthatproceduresareunimportant

C.distinguishingprocedurelawfromsubstantivelaw

D.settingthecriteriaforjustoutcomes

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.discernthetruthaboutthefacts

B.applythelawtothefactswithaccuracy

C.guaranteecorrectoutcomes

D.bedifferentevenifthesubstantivelawappliedisdifferent

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Anunjustawardwheretheplaintiffhastopaymorethanthevalueofjudgment.

B.Alife-longfact-findingprocesstoachieve100%accuracy.

C.Thegreatbulkofproductsproducedbyanenterprise.

D.Thesocialproductsconsumedtosupportthesystem.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.proceduralperfectionisunattainable

B.afairprocedurecanonlyexistwhenkeepingabalancebetweenbenefitsandcosts

C.approachingproceduralperfectionisunaffordable

D.nosystemofprocedurecanguaranteeperfectaccuracy

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:B

【解析】1.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段第一句Evenifweweretoacceptthisdeflationaryviewofproceduraljusticeasourstartingpoint,itwouldnotfollowthatproceduresareunimportant.（即使我們將這種關(guān)于程序正義的通縮觀點(diǎn)作為我們的出發(fā)點(diǎn)，也不會(huì)得出程序不重要的結(jié)論）可知選A選項(xiàng)“反駁一些人認(rèn)為程序不重要的觀點(diǎn)”，同時(shí)可知B選項(xiàng)“爭(zhēng)論程序不重要”錯(cuò)誤，作者認(rèn)為程序是重要的；C選項(xiàng)“區(qū)分程序法和實(shí)體法”原文第一段未提及；第一段第二句Ifwebeginwithcriteriaforajustoutcome,thenitfollowsthatoursystemofdisputeresolutionshouldbedesignedtodecidecontroversiesinaccordwiththesecriteria.（如果我們從公正結(jié)果的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)開始，那么我們的爭(zhēng)端解決制度就應(yīng)該根據(jù)這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來決定爭(zhēng)端）得知D選項(xiàng)“為公正的結(jié)果設(shè)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”和原文不符合，原文沒有提到為公正的結(jié)果設(shè)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段Ifwetaketherulesofsubstantivelaw(torts,contracts,property,andsoforth)asappliedtothefacts(thestateoftheworld)asthecriteriaforjustoutcomes,thentheidealprocedurewoulddiscernthetruthaboutthefactsandapplythelawtothosefactswithone-hundredpercentaccuracy.（如果我們把適用于事實(shí)（世界狀況）的實(shí)體法規(guī)則（侵權(quán)行為、合同、財(cái)產(chǎn)等）作為公正結(jié)果的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，那么理想的程序?qū)⒈鎰e事實(shí)的真相和法律適用于那些事實(shí)，準(zhǔn)確率百分之百）可知A選項(xiàng)“辨明事實(shí)的真相”,，B選項(xiàng)“正確地將法律適用于事實(shí)”以及C選項(xiàng)“保證正確的結(jié)果”對(duì)應(yīng)原文，D選項(xiàng)“即使適用的實(shí)體法不同，也不一樣”原文未提及。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

3.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段Anoutcomethatincludesadamageawardthatreflectsanaccurateapplicationofthesubstantivelawtothefactsmightnonethelessbeunjustiftheplaintiffwhowasentitledtoprevailhadtopaymoreinattorneys’feesthanthevalueofthejudgment.（但是，如果有權(quán)勝訴的原告支付的律師費(fèi)高于判決的價(jià)值，那么包括損害賠償裁決在內(nèi)的結(jié)果可能是不公正的