17/17HYPERLINK"/"英語(yǔ)四級(jí)議論文寫作輔導(dǎo)1．議論文的格式：議論文的格式應(yīng)由三個(gè)部分組成：<1>立論部分；<2>論證部分；<3>結(jié)論部分。一般講來(lái)，議論文可分三個(gè)差不多段落來(lái)寫：第一段引出話題；第二段立論且加以論證；第三段給出明確的結(jié)論。第二段是中心段落，應(yīng)試者應(yīng)將要緊的內(nèi)容放在第二段中，同時(shí)也要注意開(kāi)篇及結(jié)尾段落的完整性，且應(yīng)盡量做到首尾呼應(yīng)，切忌前后矛盾。2．段落的統(tǒng)一性及語(yǔ)篇的連貫性（1）段落的統(tǒng)一性英語(yǔ)段落有一大特點(diǎn)，即一個(gè)段落只涉及一個(gè)主題（甚至只是一個(gè)主題的某個(gè)方面）。段落中的一個(gè)句子點(diǎn)出主題并講明作者對(duì)該主題的看法，而其它所有句子差不多上為展開(kāi)該主題而給出的事實(shí)、例證、推理，它們與主題緊密相關(guān)。段落中不應(yīng)有一個(gè)與主題無(wú)關(guān)的句子。英文段落的這種各個(gè)句子與主題的關(guān)聯(lián)性被稱作段落的統(tǒng)一性。請(qǐng)看以下兩例：(1)Birdsbuildtheirnestsinallkindsofplaces.Somearehighintrees,onthesidesofbuildingsoronthetopofhillswhileothersontheground,infieldsorbystreambanks.Birdsalsousevariousnestingmaterialstobuildtheirnests,includingsticks,mud,stones,grassandsoon.Somebirdsareabletochangetobesuitablefordifferentconditions.They’llbuildtheirnestswherevertheycanfindaspotandusewhatevermaterialstheycanfind.Butotherbirdswillbuildtheirnestsonlyincertainplacesanduseonlycertainmaterials.（2）語(yǔ)篇的連貫性英語(yǔ)議論文的段落多采取直線展開(kāi)式，即段落開(kāi)始直接切入主題，并給出事實(shí)、例證、推理等。英語(yǔ)議論文段落這種展開(kāi)方式是形成其語(yǔ)篇連貫的基礎(chǔ)。語(yǔ)篇的連貫是指段落中各句的意義通過(guò)某種有序的排列（如時(shí)刻順序、因果順序、邏輯順序等）而相互關(guān)聯(lián)。在論述該段落主題的時(shí)候，每后一個(gè)句子差不多上建立在前面一個(gè)句子的基礎(chǔ)之上的。假如去掉段落中的一個(gè)句子，這種連貫便會(huì)受到阻礙，就會(huì)造成讀者在理解上的困難。3．議論文中心段落的主題句及其論據(jù)、議論文中常用的詞句與短語(yǔ)（1）議論文中心段落的主題句及其論據(jù)一篇議論文能否獲得高分與其中心段落主題句的質(zhì)量不無(wú)關(guān)聯(lián)，而主題句質(zhì)量的高低則又取決于審題的好壞和論據(jù)的選擇（即所選的論據(jù)在邏輯性、講理性、準(zhǔn)確性及與主題內(nèi)容的關(guān)聯(lián)性等方面是否都經(jīng)得起推敲）。需要明確的是，中心段落只應(yīng)有兩個(gè)組成部分：段落的主題句和支持主題句的論據(jù)。段落的主題句也應(yīng)有兩個(gè)部分組成，即：主題句=主題+作者對(duì)主題的看法或態(tài)度，兩者缺一不可。假設(shè)應(yīng)試者被要求寫一篇有關(guān)吸煙的議論文，那么SMOKING確實(shí)是中心段落的主題。請(qǐng)看下面那個(gè)主題句：Smokingisahabitofmanymen.該主題句暴露出兩個(gè)問(wèn)題：（1）作者審題不清；（2）作者沒(méi)有表明對(duì)主題的看法或態(tài)度。一般講來(lái)，議論文要求應(yīng)試者闡明自己對(duì)某問(wèn)題的看法或態(tài)度。因此當(dāng)我們拿到議論文的題目以后，要認(rèn)真審題，權(quán)衡某事的利與弊，然后確定我們的立場(chǎng)。如何構(gòu)建段落的主題句呢？拿到議論文的題目以后，經(jīng)認(rèn)真審題后，用英文列出你所能想起的與主題有關(guān)的例證。我們還用吸煙那個(gè)話題為例：SMOKING1．Smokingcancausesuchadiseaseaslungcancer.2．Reportssaythatmerely3gramsofnicotinecankillalargeanimal.3．Expertssaythatsmokingonecigarettecanreduceone’slifebyabout15minutesandthatchainsmokingisevenmorehazardous.4．Smokingafteramealcanalsodisturbone’sdigestivesystem.5．Heavysmokingcanseriouslyaffectanadult’ssexuality.6．Smokingdoesharmtosecond-handsmokersaswell.7．Smokingmakesone’smouthsmell.8．Thelifeexpectancyofsmokersisshorterthanthatofnonsmokers.9．Smokinginbedmaycausefire..(2)Smokingisabadhabitthatdoesalotofharmtohumanhealth.Cigarettesmokingdoesgreatharmtohumanhealth.Inmanycases,cigarettehasprovedtobethedirectcauseofsuchafataldiseaseascancer-henceitsnickname,"CancerStick".Expertssaythatsmokingonecigarettecanreduceone’slifebyabout15minutesandthatchainsmokingisfarmorehazardous.Recentfindingsofmedicalresearchshowthatevenatinydropofnicotine(about3gramsinweight)cankillalargeanimallikeahorse.Somemedicalreportshavealsoprovedthatheavysmokingwouldseriouslyaffectanadult’ssexuality,andsmokingafteramealalsodisturbsone’sdigestivesystem.Cigarettesmokingnotonlyjeopardizesthephysicalhealthofasmoker,italsoaffectsthehealthofanonsmokerwhopassivelyinhalesthepollutedairintohisorherlungswhenheorsheisexposedtoawindingshroudofcigarettesmoke.Theimpactonsuchpassivesmokers(alsocalledsecond-handsmokers),accordingtotheexpertsinthemedicalfield,canbeevenmoredamaging,andthatiswhysmokingisusuallyprohibitedinmostpublicplaces.(196words)（2）議論文中常用的詞句與短語(yǔ)一．?dāng)?shù)據(jù)對(duì)比用語(yǔ)：1.…aresimilarintheirrangeofindicators2.…cause/leadtoarapid/slowincrease/decreaseinthenumber/amountof…3.…cause…todrop…4.…climbdramaticallyfrom…to…5.…constitutesabout…percent…6.…continuetorise/fall…7.…continuetowiden/shorten…8.…declinestolessthan…percent.9.…drop/falltoasmany/much/littleas…10.…fall/rise/increase/decreasedramatically11.…fluctuatesbetween…12.…growonlymarginallyfrom…to…13.…increase/decreaseslowly14.…increase/decreaselightly15.…isdoubled16.…isinverselyproportionalto…17.…issignificantlylower/higherthan…18.…leadtoanincreasednumber/amountof…19.…leveloff/remainconstantat…20.…lowerthepercentageof…21.…maintainapproximatelythesamenumberof…22.…narrowdownto…三．連詞：1.accordingly2.additionally3.also4.besides5.but6.furthermore7.however8.inaddition9.moreover10.nevertheless11.onthecontrary12.so13.therefore14.thus15.what’smore16.yet17.despite…18.inspiteof…19.otherwise20.insteadof21.alternatively四．歸納用語(yǔ):1.aboveall2.allinall3.mostimportantly4.worstofall5.asaresult6.briefly7.consequently8.eventually9.finally10.generally11.inconclusion12.ingeneral13.insummary14.toendwith15.tosumup16.inbrief五．表示順序用語(yǔ)：1.first/second/third/fourth…2.firstofall3.firstly/secondly/thirdly/fourthly…4.foronething/hefirst/second/thirdplace11.last/lastofall12.lastbutnotleast13.lastly14.next15.ontheonehand/ontheotherhand16.then17.toconclude19.toendwith20.tostartwith/tobeginwith六．表示個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)用語(yǔ)：1.Ithink…2.Inmyopinion,3.Ipersonallythink…4.Iamfortheopinionthat…5.Tomyknowledge…6.Tomyunderstanding…7.AsIseeit,8.Formyownpart,9.Myopinionisthat…10.Asforme…11.AsfarasIamconcerned…12.FromwhereIstand…13.Ibelieve…14.Iconsider…15.Iholdtheopinion…16.Imaintainthat…17.I’dliketopointoutthat18.inmypointofview…19.Myfeelingisthat…20.personallyIagree/disagree…4．針對(duì)有關(guān)話題持正、反論點(diǎn)的議論文范文對(duì)比ShouldWomenbeRegardedasInferiortoMen?(1)Ineverthinkthatwomenshouldbetreatedasthesecond-classcitizens.Observingobjectively,you’llfindthatwomenhavesucceededinvirtuallyanyexistingoccupationyoucaretoname:politicians,soldiers,doctors,universityprofessors,lawyers,businessexecutives,scientistsandevenpresidentsofcountries.Today’sintensecompetitioninjobsisnotonlybetweenmen,butalsobetweenmenandthe’weakersex’,whohaveoftenputmentoshameinalmosteveryfield.Yetmenrefusetoacknowledgethemandgivewomentheirdue,andtheirattitudetowardswomenbecomesevenmorehostile.Theonlysoundexplanationforthisisthatmenshun(回避，躲避)realcompetition-theyareafraidofbeingbeaten.Manywomencomplainthattheylookinferiorbecausetheyhaveneverbeenofferedequalopportunitiesinjobs.Thismayhavebeentrueinthelongpast,butnotnow.Thefactisthatjobsareopentobothsexes,butitisalmostimpossibleforwomentobewives,mothersandsuccessfulcareerwomenallatonce.Actuallymostwomenaregladtoletmensupporttheirfamilies.Theyknowthatbearingandrearingchildrenaremoreimportant.Andthatiswhymenoutnumberwomeninpracticallyeverykindofjob.Theyarenotexcluded;theyexcludethemselves.(299words)ShouldWorldGovernmentsConductSeriousCampaignsAgainstSmoking?(1)CigarettesmokinghasbeenjeopardizinghumanhealthforcenturieseversinceanEnglishnoblemanbroughttobaccofromtheNewWorldbacktoEnglandandpeopleeverywhereintheworldhavebeenpuffingtheirwaytosmokyandcancerousdeath.Medicalfindingshavelongprovedthatthereisacloselinkbetweensmokingandbronchialtroubles,heartdiseaseandlungcancerbecauseofthemanyharmfulingredientsinthetobacco.Yetthegovernmentsofmostcountriespretendtobeblindtothelethaleffectoftobacco:theanswerlieswithmoney.Cigarettesmokersarebigtaxpayers.Levyingataxonyourcigarettesisjustlikelevyingataxonyourdailybread.2)Whenpeoplesuggestthatgovernmentsshoulddosomethingtobancigarettesmokingaltogether,Idonotthinktheyarebeingserious.Itisabsurdtosuggestwebanitafterseveralhundredyears,especiallywhenyouthinkofthepossibleconsequencesbroughtaboutbysuchbanning.Banningcigarettesmokingwouldendangerthesurvivalofmanyrelatedbusinessesandindustries:tobaccogrowers,cigarette-makingfactories,retailbusinesses.Taxapart,tobaccoindustryisanimportantsourceofincomeeventodevelopedcountries.Afterall,smokingisnotsobadasitseemswhenyoulookatthebenefitsitbrings.First,itismanlytosmoke.Theuniquecharmacigarettesmokerholdscouldnotbeachievedotherwise.Second,smokingmakessocialcontacteasier,particularlywhenonemeetsastranger.Third,acigaretteworkslikeadreamwhenyoutakeoneafterlonghoursofreadingorwriting,orafteratiringjob-thesoothingeffectitcreatesissimplybeyonddescription.Thosewhoareagainstsmokingoftenignorethefactthatsmokingcanrelievestressesofalongworkingday.Idonotmeanthatsmokingdoesnoharmtopeople’shealth.However,inasocietythatadvocatesfreedom,individualityanddemocracyeachindividualshouldbeentitledtodecidewhetherhequitssmokingornot;banninggoesagainstdemocracy.Manywomencomplainthattheylookinferiorbecausetheyhaveneverbeenofferedequalopportunitiesinjobs.Thismayhavebeentrueinthelongpast,butnotnow.Thefactisthatjobsareopentobothsexes,butitisalmostimpossibleforwomentobewives,mothersandsuccessfulcareerwomenalla