書(shū)山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-和田職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買(mǎi)！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.單選題

Thenewmedialawthathassparkedafurorinthecountryrequiresallbroadcastanddigitalmediatoprovide“balancedcoverage”andisseenbycriticsasanattemptto（）thepress.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.muzzle

B.underpin

C.sidestep

D.reassure

【答案】A

【解析】動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。muzzle“使緘默，封鎖...的言論”；underpin“鞏固，支持”；sidestep“回避”；reassure“使安心”。句意：在全國(guó)引起了軒然大波的新媒體法，要求所有廣播和數(shù)字媒體提供均衡的報(bào)道，被評(píng)論家認(rèn)為有可能帶來(lái)言論受限等結(jié)果。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

2.單選題

Inthepasttenyearsskyscrapershavedeveloped（）inChicagoandNewYorkCity.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.homogeneously

B.simultaneously

C.spontaneously

D.harmoniously

【答案】B

【解析】homogeneously均勻地;simultaneously同時(shí)地,同步地;spontaneously自發(fā)地;harmoniously和諧地。句意為,在過(guò)去的十年里,摩天大樓在紐約和芝加哥同步發(fā)展起來(lái)了。

3.填空題

Directions:Thispartconsistsoftensentences.EachsentencehasfourpartsunderlinedandlabeledA,B,CandD.IdentifytheonechoicethatisnotacceptedinstandardEnglishandmarkyourchoicebyblackeningthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheet.

21.Afew[A]naturallyelementsexistinsuchsmall[B]amountsthattheyareknown[C]mainlyfromlaboratory-made[D]samples.

22.[A]Tostaywarmincoldweather,cold-bloodedanimalsmustexpose[B]itselfto[C]asourceofwarmthsuchas[D]directsunlight.

23.Asevereillness[A]whereshewas[B]justnineteenmonthsold[C]deprivedHelenKeller[D]ofbothhersightandhearing.

24.In[A]thewild,teaplantsbecome[B]treesof[C]approximatelythirtyfeetin[D]high.

25.Formanycenturies,sailors[A]reliedonechoes[B]towarnthemof[C]anotherships,icebergs,orcliffsin[D]foggyweather.

26.[A]Itisthe[B]interactionbetweenpeople,ratherthantheeventsthatoccurintheirlives,[C]thatarethemainfocusof[D]socialpsychology.

27.Itistruethat[A]therotationoftheEarth[B]onitsaxisisresponsible[C]withthealternationofperiods[D]oflightanddarkness.

28.Oneofthemostdifficult[A]questions[B]indefiningsleep[C]is“What[D]isthefunctionsofsleep?”

29.Seven[A]ofplanetsrotateinthesamedirection[B]astheirorbitalmotions,[C]whileVenusandUranusrotateinthe[D]oppositedirection.

30.Thetongueis[A]capableofmany[B]motionsandconfigurationsandplays[C]avitalroleinchewing,[D]swallowed,andspeaking.

【答案】21.A

22.B

23.A

24.D

25.C

26.C

27.C

28.D

29.A

30.D

【解析】21.考查形容詞和副詞的運(yùn)用。將naturally改為natural；后面的elements“要素”為名詞。記憶點(diǎn)：形容詞修飾名詞，副詞大多用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞。

22.考查代詞的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系。將itself改成themselves；句中指代的對(duì)象是animals，是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，代詞也同樣需要使用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

23.考查從句引導(dǎo)詞的使用。將where改成when；后面的shewasjustnineteenmonthsold，用來(lái)特定表示那個(gè)時(shí)間段，而時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句用when進(jìn)行連接引導(dǎo)。where主要表地點(diǎn)。

24.考查固定詞組搭配。將high改成height；“inheight”表示“在高度上”，是固定搭配。

25.考查代詞的搭配。將another改成other；因?yàn)楹竺娴膕hips是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，而another后面接單數(shù)名詞，故應(yīng)改為other。

26.考查主謂一致。將are改成is；整句的大體結(jié)構(gòu)為（It’s…that…）ratherthan作為插入語(yǔ)，不充當(dāng)居中主要成分，theinteractionbetweenpeople才是本句的主語(yǔ)，為單數(shù)，故從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也應(yīng)使用單數(shù)。

27.考查詞組的固定搭配。將with改成for；beresponsiblefor“對(duì)……負(fù)責(zé)”，為固定搭配。

28.考查主謂一致。將is改成are，主謂一致；oneof接復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。后面的主語(yǔ)為questions，故此句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)使用復(fù)數(shù)形式are。

29.考查定冠詞的用法。在planets前添加the；在本句中的planets是特指太陽(yáng)系中的九大行星，因此，需要加入定冠詞the。

30.考查連詞的一致性。將swallowed改成swallowing；句中playavitalrolein+動(dòng)名詞，and連接所有動(dòng)詞的使用形式需要一致。

4.單選題

TheChineseRedCross（

）ageneroussumtothereliefofthephysicallydisabled.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.assigned

B.contributed

C.furnished

D.administered

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞辨析。assign“分配，分派”；contribute“捐助，捐獻(xiàn)”；furnish“提供、供應(yīng)”；administer“管理”。句意：中國(guó)紅十字會(huì)捐出了一大筆錢(qián)來(lái)減輕殘疾人的痛苦。B項(xiàng)符合題意，答案B

5.單選題

Don’t（meddle）inmyaffairs,andinfactIcanhandlethemproperlybymyself.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.interfere

B.interest

C.involve

D.attend

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。meddle表示“干涉，管閑事”；A項(xiàng)interfere“干涉，妨礙”，B項(xiàng)interest“感興趣”，C項(xiàng)involve“包含，牽涉”，D項(xiàng)attend“參加”。句意：不要干涉我的事情，事實(shí)上我自己能處理得很好。根據(jù)句意可知，該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。

6.單選題

Therewereanswerstothenatureoftheuniversebeyondmankind’s（

）reach.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.intelligent

B.intellectual

C.intelligible

D.intangible

【答案】B

【解析】【試題解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)intelligent“智能的，聰明的，理解力強(qiáng)的”；B選項(xiàng)intellectual“智力的，聰明的，理智的”；C選項(xiàng)intelligible“可理解的，明了的”；D選項(xiàng)intangible“無(wú)形的，觸摸不到的”，根據(jù)空格后面的單詞“reach伸手可及的距離”，固定搭配beyondsb’sreach意思是“超出某人能觸及到的范圍”，句意為：這些關(guān)于宇宙性質(zhì)的回答超過(guò)人類(lèi)的理解能力。比較四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，B比較符合句子語(yǔ)境意思。

7.單選題

Arecentpollshowsthat,while81percentofcollegestudentsareeligibleforsomeformoffinancialaid,only63percentofthesestudentsare___suchaid.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.complainingabout

B.recipientsof

C.dissatisfiedwith

D.turneddownfor

【答案】B

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項(xiàng)complainingabout“投訴；對(duì)……抱怨”；B選項(xiàng)recipientsof“……的收件人；……的獲得者”；C選項(xiàng)dissatisfiedwith“對(duì)……不滿意”；D選項(xiàng)turneddownfor“為……減小，關(guān)小，調(diào)低/拒絕”。句意：最近的一項(xiàng)民意調(diào)查顯示，81%的大學(xué)生有資格獲得某種形式的經(jīng)濟(jì)援助，而這些學(xué)生中只有63%的人___這種援助。本句表示“只有63%的學(xué)生是這些援助的獲得者（只有63%的學(xué)生獲得這些援助）”。因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

8.單選題

Therearsectionofthebraindoesnotcontractwithage,andonecancontinuelivingwithoutintellectualoremotionalfaculties.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.advanced

B.growing

C.front

D.back

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。rear在句中是后面的，后方的；A選項(xiàng)advanced“高級(jí)的，先進(jìn)的”；B選項(xiàng)growing“成長(zhǎng)的”；C選項(xiàng)front“前面的”；D選項(xiàng)back“后面的”。句意：大腦后部不會(huì)隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng)而收縮，一個(gè)人可以在沒(méi)有智力或情感能力的情況下繼續(xù)生活。因此只有D符合。

9.單選題

Thenews,thoughnotwhollybad,wasso______thatIcouldnolongerconcentrateonmywork.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.disturbing

B.disastrous

C.anxious

D.regretful

【答案】A

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.disturbing令人不安的，煩擾的B.disastrous災(zāi)難性的，損失慘重的

C.anxious焦慮的，擔(dān)憂的D.regretful后悔的，遺憾的

【考查點(diǎn)】形容詞辨析。

【解題思路】根據(jù)sothat引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句的意思“無(wú)法再專心工作”可知，這個(gè)news是令人煩擾的，故A項(xiàng)符合句意。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】B、C、D選項(xiàng)不符合句子意思。

【句意】這消息雖然不全是壞消息，但卻使我心煩意亂，無(wú)法再專心工作。

10.單選題

Atthepartywefoundthattheshygirl（）hermotherallthetime.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.dependingon

B.coincidingwith

C.adhering

D.clingingto

【答案】C

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項(xiàng)dependingon“取決于，根據(jù)”；B選項(xiàng)coincidingwith“符合，與……一致”；C選項(xiàng)adhering“附著”；D選項(xiàng)clingingto“堅(jiān)持，依靠，依附”。句意：在聚會(huì)上我們發(fā)現(xiàn)那個(gè)害羞的女孩一直（）她的母親。通過(guò)判斷句意可以得知意思應(yīng)該是“小女孩很害羞，所以一直挨著媽媽”，只有C選項(xiàng)可以表達(dá)這種具象的依靠，因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

11.單選題

Thegovernmentofficialsestimatethatthewarhascreatedmorethanhalfamillion（

）whoneedimmediatefood,clothingandshelter.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.exiles

B.hostages

C.survivors

D.refugees

【答案】D

【解析】名詞辨析題。A選項(xiàng)exile“放逐，流放”；B選項(xiàng)hostage“人質(zhì)，抵押品”；C選項(xiàng)survivor“幸存者”；D選項(xiàng)refugee“難民，逃亡者”。句意：政府官員估計(jì)，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)導(dǎo)致50多萬(wàn)難民急需食物、衣服和住所。選項(xiàng)D符合句意。

12.翻譯題

Inthelate1960sintegratedcircuit,tinytransistorsandotherelectricalcomponentsarrangedonasinglechipofsilicon(硅),replacedindividualtransistorsincomputers.Integratedcircuitsbecameminiaturized(使小型化),enablingmorecomponentstobedesignedintoasinglecomputercircuit.

【答案】

20世紀(jì)60年代末，安裝在一塊硅片上的集成電路、微型晶體管和其他電子元件取代了計(jì)算機(jī)中的單個(gè)晶體管。集成電路小型化使人們將更多組件設(shè)計(jì)成一個(gè)單一的計(jì)算機(jī)電路。

13.翻譯題

Thesupposed“consensus”onman-madeglobalwarmingisfacinganinconvenientchallenge,afterthereleaseofnewtemperaturedatashowingtheplanethasnotwarmedforthepast15years.Thefiguressuggestthatwecouldevenbeheadingforaminiiceagetorivalthe70-yeartemperaturedropthatsawfrostfairsheldontheThamesinthe17thCentury.Basedonreadingsfrommorethan30.000measuringstations,thedatawasissuedlastweekwithoutfanfarebytheMetOfficeandtheUniversityofEastAngliaClimaticResearchUnit.Itconfirmsthattherisingtrendinworldtemperaturesendedin1997.Meanwhile,leadingclimatescientistsyesterdaytoldTheMailonSundaythat,afteremittingunusuallyhighlevelsofenergythroughoutthe20thCentury,thesunisnowheadingtowardsa"grandminimum"initsoutput,threateningcoldsummers,bitterwintersandashorteningoftheseasonavailableforgrowingfood.Solaroutputgoesthrough11-yearcycles,withhighnumbersofsunspotsseenattheirpeak.Wearenowatwhatshouldbethepeakofwhatscientistscall"Cycle24'—whichiswhylastweek'ssolarstormresultedinsightingsoftheauroraborealisfurthersouththanusual.Butsunspotnumbersarerunningatlessthanhalfthoseseenduringcyclepeaksinthe20thCentury.

AnalysisbyexpertsatNASAandtheUniversityofArizona―derivedfrommagnetic-fieldmeasurements120,000milesbeneaththesun'ssurface—suggestthatcycle25,whosepeakisduein2022,willbeagreatdealweakerstill.AccordingtoapaperissuedlastweekbytheMetOffice,thereisa92percentchancethatbothcycle25andthosetakingplaceinthefollowingdecadeswillbeaspeakas,orweakerthanthe"Daltonminimum”of1790to1830.Inthisperiod,namedafterthemeteorologistJohnDalton,averagetemperaturesinpartsofEuropefellby2°C.However,itisalsopossiblethatthenewsolarenergyslumpcouldbeasdeepasthe“Maunderminimum"(afterastronomerEdwardMaundeo,between1645and1715inthecoldestpartofthe"LittleIceAge"when,aswellastheThamesfrostfairs,thecanalsofHollandfrozesolid.

【答案】新的氣溫?cái)?shù)據(jù)顯示，地球在過(guò)去15年沒(méi)有變暖。這一數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)布之后，人為造成全球變暖的所謂“共識(shí)”面臨棘手的挑戰(zhàn)。數(shù)據(jù)顯示，我們可能即將經(jīng)歷小冰河期，堪比那次70年的降溫期。在17世紀(jì)，泰晤士河都冰凍了。上周，英國(guó)氣象局和東安格利亞大學(xué)氣候研究中心悄無(wú)聲息地發(fā)布了來(lái)自3萬(wàn)多個(gè)測(cè)量站的讀數(shù)，確認(rèn)全球氣溫上升趨勢(shì)終止于1997年。昨日主流氣候科學(xué)家對(duì)《星期日郵報(bào)》稱，太陽(yáng)在整個(gè)20世紀(jì)釋放出異乎尋常的高能量，現(xiàn)在正走向其輸出能量的“最低值”，人類(lèi)將面臨冷夏、凜冬以及糧食種植季節(jié)縮短。太陽(yáng)活動(dòng)周期為11年，在高峰期會(huì)出現(xiàn)大量太陽(yáng)黑子。我們現(xiàn)在正處于科學(xué)家所稱“第24個(gè)周期”中的高峰期，這就是為什么上周太陽(yáng)風(fēng)暴會(huì)導(dǎo)致比往常更偏南的位置出現(xiàn)北極光。但是，太陽(yáng)黑子的數(shù)量還不到20世紀(jì)太陽(yáng)活動(dòng)周期峰值的一半。

美國(guó)國(guó)家航空航天局和亞利桑那大學(xué)的專家對(duì)太陽(yáng)表面以下12萬(wàn)英里處的磁場(chǎng)測(cè)量數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行了分析，結(jié)果表明，第25個(gè)太陽(yáng)活動(dòng)周期的峰值將于2022年到來(lái)，其強(qiáng)度仍將大大減弱。據(jù)英國(guó)氣象局上周發(fā)布的一份報(bào)告，第25個(gè)太陽(yáng)活動(dòng)周期和隨后幾十年的周期，有92%的幾率達(dá)到或弱于1790年至1830年的“道爾頓最低點(diǎn)”。在以氣象學(xué)家約翰·道爾頓命名這段時(shí)期中，歐洲部分地區(qū)的平均氣溫下降了2攝氏度。然而，這次新的太陽(yáng)能量暴跌也有可能達(dá)到“蒙德最低點(diǎn)”(以天文學(xué)家愛(ài)德華·蒙德的名字命名)的幅度，也就是1645年到1715年的“小冰河期”最冷的時(shí)候，那時(shí)荷蘭的運(yùn)河、泰晤士河都冰封凍結(jié)了。

14.單選題

Hesoonregainedhisself-confidenceforhefoundhimself（）toothersinmanyrespects.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.better

B.worse

C.superior

D.inferior

【答案】C

【解析】形容詞詞義辨析。句意：他很快恢復(fù)了自信，因?yàn)樗l(fā)現(xiàn)自己在許多方面都比別人優(yōu)秀。根據(jù)介詞to可首先排除選項(xiàng)A和B，根據(jù)句意可知選項(xiàng)C正確。

15.填空題

Theeffectofallthisonthefoodsituationinthiscountryhasbeenmadeworsebyasimultaneousriseinfoodsprices,duechieflytothegradualcuttingdownofgovernmentsupportforfood.

A

B

C

D

【答案】Cinfoodsprices改為infoodprices

【解析】【考查點(diǎn)】名詞。

【解題思路】C部分的food是統(tǒng)稱，指的是所有食物，為不可數(shù)名詞，所以用單數(shù)food。

【句意】主要由于政府逐漸減少在食物方面的支持，同時(shí)食物價(jià)格上漲，該國(guó)食物情況惡化。

16.翻譯題

TranslatethefollowingshortChinesepassageintoEnglish,whichshouldbewrittenonyourAnswerSheet.

人們常說(shuō)，做一名旅游者是“現(xiàn)代體驗(yàn)”的特征之一。“從不出游”就和沒(méi)有轎車(chē)或高級(jí)住宅一樣寒酸。在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)中，旅行是一種地位的標(biāo)志，也被視為保持身體健康之必需。因此，旅游從業(yè)人員的任務(wù)就是根據(jù)旅游者的階層和總期望值來(lái)迎合他們的需要和興趣。

【答案】Ithasbeensaidthattobeatouristisoneofthecharacteristicsofthe“modernexperience”.Never“goingaway”islikenotpossessingacaroranicehouse.Travelisamarkerofstatusinmodernsocietiesandisalsothoughttobenecessaryforgoodhealth.Theroleoftheprofessional,therefore,istocaterfortheneedsandtastesofthetouristsinaccordancewiththeirclassandoverallexpectations.

17.單選題

Peoplewholiveinsmalltownsoftenseemmorefriendlythanthosewholivingin（）populatedareas.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.thickly

B.densely

C.heavily

D.keenly

【答案】B

【解析】考查副詞詞義辨析。thickly“厚地，濃地”；densely“濃密地，密集地”；heavily“沉重地，猛烈地”；keenly“敏銳地，強(qiáng)烈地”。句意：生活在小城鎮(zhèn)的人往往看起來(lái)比生活在人口密集地區(qū)的人友善。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

18.單選題

Parentsoftenfacedthe（）betweendoingwhattheyfeltwasgoodforthedevelopmentofthechildandwhatcouldstandbywayofundisciplinednoiseanddestructiveness.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.dilemma

B.paradox

C.junction

D.premise

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。dilemma“困境；進(jìn)退兩難”；paradox“悖論”；junction“連接”；premise“前提，假定”。根據(jù)betweendoingwhattheyfelt…andwhatcouldstand…可知家長(zhǎng)是在這兩種做法為難，因此選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

19.單選題

I’msureheisuptothejob（

）hewouldgivehismindtoit.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.ifonly

B.until

C.incase

D.unless

【答案】A

【解析】【試題解析】考查語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)。A選項(xiàng)ifonly“如果”；B選項(xiàng)until“直到……才”；C選項(xiàng)incase“萬(wàn)一”；D選項(xiàng)unless“除非”。根據(jù)從句意思“只要他用心，他是能勝任這份工作的”，可知空格部分表示意思是“假如，如果”，句意為：我相信只要他用心，他是能勝任這份工作的。故正確答案選A。

20.單選題

Neverbefore（）asrapidly,asduringthelastthreedecades.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.communicationshavedeveloped

B.havecommunicationsdeveloped

C.havedevelopedcommunications

D.developedcommunications

【答案】B

【解析】考查倒裝句。句意：溝通交流從未像過(guò)去30年這樣發(fā)展迅速。否定詞never置于句首，句子后半部分需要進(jìn)行部分倒裝。因此，需要將“have”提前，即正確答案為B項(xiàng)。

21.單選題

ThefunnylookingmanwhomthegirlmetonthestreetofPrincetonwas（）AlbertEinstein.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.nonebut

B.noneotherbut

C.nootherbut

D.nobodybut

【答案】B

【解析】考查短語(yǔ)辨析。A選項(xiàng)nonebut“僅有；無(wú)；只有……才”；B選項(xiàng)noneotherbut與noneotherthan意思相同，意為“不是別人，正是……”；C選項(xiàng)nootherbut沒(méi)有這種用法；D選項(xiàng)nobodybut“除了……沒(méi)有人”。句意：那個(gè)女孩在普林斯頓大街上遇到的長(zhǎng)相滑稽的男人不是別人，正是阿爾伯特?愛(ài)因斯坦。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

22.填空題

Persistentbullyingisoneoftheworstexperiencesachildcanface.Howcanitbeprevented?PeterSmith,ProfessorofPsychologyattheUniversityofSheffield,directedtheSheffieldAnti-BullyingInterventionProject,fundedbytheDepartmentforEducation.

Herethereportsonhisfindings.

SectionA

Bullyingcantakeavarietyofforms,fromtheverbal—beingtauntedorcalledhurtfulnames—tothephysical—beingkickedorshoved—aswellasindirectforms,suchasbeingexcludedfromsocialgroups.AsurveyIconductedwithIreneWhitneyfoundthatinBritishprimaryschoolsuptoaquarterofpupilsreportedexperienceofbullying,whichinaboutoneintencaseswaspersistent.Therewaslessbullyinginsecondaryschools,withaboutoneintwenty-fivesufferingpersistentbullying,butthesecasesmaybeparticularlyrecalcitrant.

SectionB

Bullyingisclearlyunpleasant,andcanmakethechildexperiencingitfeelunworthyanddepressed.Inextremecasesitcanevenleadtosuicide,thoughthisisthankfullyrare.Victimizedpupilsaremorelikelytoexperiencedifficultieswithinterpersonalrelationshipsasadults,whilechildrenwhopersistentlybullyaremorelikelytogrowuptobephysicallyviolent,andconvictedofanti-socialoffences.

SectionC

Untilrecently,notmuchwasknownaboutthetopic,andlittlehelpwasavailabletoteacherstodealwithbullying.Perhapsasaconsequence,schoolswouldoftendenytheproblem.“Thereisnobullyingatthisschool”hasbeenacommonrefrain,almostcertainlyuntrue.Fortunatelymoreschoolsarenowsaying:“Thereisnotmuchbullyinghere,butwhenitoccurswehaveaclearpolicyfordealingwithit.”

SectionD

Threefactorsareinvolvedinthischange.Firstisanawarenessoftheseverityoftheproblem.Second,anumberofresourcestohelptacklebullyinghavebecomeavailableinBritain.Forexample,theScottishCouncilforResearchinEducationproducedapackageofmaterials,ActionAgainstBullying,circulatedtoallschoolsinEnglandandWalesaswellasinScotlandinsummer1992,withasecondpack,SupportingSchoolsAgainstBullying,producedthefollowingyear.InIreland,GuidelinesonCounteringBullyingBehaviourinPost-PrimarySchoolswaspublishedin1993.Third,thereisevidencethatthesematerialswork,andthatschoolscanachievesomething.Thiscomesfromcarefullyconducted“beforeandafter”evaluationsofinterventionsinschools,monitoredbyaresearchteam.InNorway,afteraninterventioncampaignwasintroducednationally,anevaluationofforty-twoschoolssuggestedthat,overatwoyearperiod,bullyingwashalved.TheSheffieldinvestigation,whichinvolvedsixteenprimaryschoolsandsevensecondaryschools,foundthatmostschoolssucceededinreducingbullying.

SectionE

Evidencesuggeststhatakeystepistodevelopapolicyonbullying,sayingclearlywhatismeantbybullying,andgivingexplicitguidelinesonwhatwillbedoneifitoccurs,whatrecordswillbekept,whowillbeinformed,whatsanctionswillbeemployed.Thepolicyshouldbedevelopedthroughconsultation,overaperiodoftime—notjustimposedfromtheheadteacher’soffice!Pupils,parentsandstaffshouldfeeltheyhavebeeninvolvedinthepolicy,whichneedstobedisseminatedandimplementedeffectively.

Otheractionscanbetakentobackupthepolicy.Therearewaysofdealingwiththetopicthroughthecurriculum,usingvideo,dramaandliterature.Theseareusefulforraisingawareness,andcanbestbetiedintoearlyphasesofdevelopment,whiletheschoolisstartingtodiscusstheissueofbullying.Theyarealsousefulinrenewingthepolicyfornewpupils,orrevisingitinthelightofexperience.Butcurriculumworkalonemayonlyhaveshorttermeffects;itshouldbeanadditiontopolicywork,notasubstitute.

Therearealsowaysofworkingwithindividualpupils,orinsmallgroups.Assertivenesstrainingforpupilswhoareliabletobevictimsisworthwhile,andcertainapproachestogroupbullyingsuchas“noblame”,canbeusefulinchangingthebehaviourofbullyingpupilswithoutconfrontingthemdirectly,althoughothersanctionsmaybeneededforthosewhocontinuewithpersistentbullying.

Workintheplaygroundisimportant,too.Onehelpfulstepistotrainlunchtimesupervisorstodistinguishbullyingfromplayfulfighting,andhelpthembreakupconflicts.Anotherpossibilityistoimprovetheplaygroundenvironment,sothatpupilsarelesslikelytobeledintobullyingfromboredomorfrustration.

SectionF

Withthesedevelopments,schoolscanexpectthatatleastthemostseriouskindsofbullyingcanlargelybeprevented.Themoreeffortputinandthewiderthewholeschoolinvolvement,themoresubstantialtheresultsarelikelytobe.Thereductioninbullying—andtheconsequentimprovementinpupilhappiness—issurelyaworthwhileobjective.

Completethesummarybelow.ChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes22-26onyouranswersheet.

Whatstepsshouldschoolstaketoreducebullying?

Themostimportantstepisfortheschoolauthoritiestoproducea（1）whichmakestheschool’sattitudetowardsbullyingquiteclear.Itshouldincludedetailed（2）astohowtheschoolanditsstaffwillreactifbullyingoccurs.

Inaddition,actioncanbetakenthroughthe（3）.Thisisparticularlyusefulintheearlypartoftheprocess,asawayofraisingawarenessandencouragingdiscussion.Onitsown,however,itisinsufficienttobringaboutapermanentsolution.

Effectiveworkcanalsobedonewithindividualpupilsandsmallgroups.Forexample,potential（4）ofbullyingcanbetrainedtobemoreself-confident.Oragain,indealingwithgroupbullying,a“noblame”approach,whichavoidsconfrontingtheoffendertoodirectly,isofteneffective.

Playgroundsupervisionwillbemoreeffectiveifmembersofstaffaretrainedtorecognizethedifferencebetweenbullyingandmere（5）.

【答案】1.policy

2.guidelines

3.curriculum

4.victims

5.playfulfighting

【解析】1.根據(jù)文章SectionE第一句“Evidencesuggeststhatakeystepistodevelopapolicyonbullying,sayingclearlywhatismeantbybullying,andgivingexplicitguidelinesonwhatwillbedoneifitoccurs…”，證據(jù)表明解決欺凌問(wèn)題最關(guān)鍵的一步是制定一項(xiàng)關(guān)于欺凌的政策，明確欺凌的含義，并給出明確的指導(dǎo)方針，如果欺凌一旦發(fā)生應(yīng)該如何應(yīng)對(duì)?？膳袛喑鰧?duì)于學(xué)校權(quán)威來(lái)說(shuō)，最重要的事情是制定政策。句意：對(duì)于學(xué)校當(dāng)局來(lái)說(shuō)，最重要的一步是制定一項(xiàng)政策，使學(xué)校明確對(duì)待欺凌的態(tài)度。所以答案為policy。

2.根據(jù)文章SectionE第一句“…sayingclearlywhatismeantbybullying,andgivingexplicitguidelinesonwhatwillbedoneifitoccurs…”，應(yīng)該明確欺凌的定義，并且對(duì)于應(yīng)對(duì)措施給出詳細(xì)的指導(dǎo)。句意：它應(yīng)該包括詳細(xì)的指導(dǎo)，關(guān)于欺凌發(fā)生時(shí)學(xué)校和其他工作人員應(yīng)該如何行動(dòng)。所以答案為guidelines。

3.根據(jù)文章SectionE第二段“Therearewaysofdealingwiththetopicthroughthecurriculum,usingvideo,dramaandliterature.Theseareusefulforraisingawareness…”，可以通過(guò)課程的許多方式來(lái)處理這個(gè)問(wèn)題，比如使用錄像、戲劇和文學(xué)。這有助于提高意識(shí)。可判斷出可以通過(guò)課程來(lái)采取行動(dòng)和舉措，以此提高意識(shí)，鼓勵(lì)討論，在初期發(fā)揮作用。句意：此外，可以通過(guò)課程采取行動(dòng)。所以答案為curriculum。

4.根據(jù)文章SectionE第三段“Therearealsowaysofworkingwithindividualpupils,orinsmallgroups.Assertivenesstrainingforpupilswhoareliabletobevictimsisworthwhile,andcertainapproachestogroupbullyingsuchas‘noblame’…”，有一些針對(duì)個(gè)別小學(xué)生和小組行動(dòng)的方法。對(duì)于容易受傷害的學(xué)生進(jìn)行自信心訓(xùn)練是有效的，也可以采取對(duì)于群體的特定措施，如“不責(zé)備”等。可判斷出舉措之一是針對(duì)那些易受欺凌的小學(xué)生的。句意：潛在的欺凌受害者可以參加自信心訓(xùn)練，而變得更自信。所以答案為victims。

5.根據(jù)文章SectionE“Workintheplaygroundisimportant,too.Onehelpfulstepistotrainlunchtimesupervisorstodistinguishbullyingfromplayfulfighting…”。在運(yùn)動(dòng)場(chǎng)上的工作也很重要。其中一個(gè)有用的措施就是在培訓(xùn)午餐時(shí)段，讓監(jiān)督人檢查并區(qū)分欺凌和嬉戲打斗。故應(yīng)填入playfulfighting。句意：如果監(jiān)督工作人員能區(qū)分欺凌和單純的嬉戲打斗，訓(xùn)練場(chǎng)上的監(jiān)督將會(huì)更有效。

23.單選題

ConcernfortheenvironmentintheUSextendsbackintothenineteenthcentury,whennatureloversandsportsenthusiastsfirstsoughtprotectionforareasofexceptionalnaturalbeautyorsignificance.Butitwasnotuntilthelate1960’sthatenvironmentalconcernsenteredthemainstreamofAmericanpoliticaldebate.BythenmanyAmericanshadcometotheconclusionthatmoredevelopmentwasnotnecessarilydesirable,especiallyifitmeantmorepollutedair,dyinglakesandrivers,andalandscapestrewnwithunsightlywaste,andcrowdedwithsprawlingconstructionprojects.InMayof1970,severalenvironmentalgroupsstagedthefirstEarthDaycelebration,designedtoheightenpublicawarenessofenvironmentalproblems.Thesuccessofthatinitialeffortledtoitbecomingaregularannualevent.

Duringthe1950sand1960s,industrialandvehiclepollutionlevelshadbecomeaseriousthreattopublichealth,sotheenvironmentalmovementofthisperiodfocusedheavilyonrestoringandensuringthecleanlinessofbasicairandwatersupplies.Rapidlyexpandingdevelopmentpressureswerealsospurringeffortstopreserveuniquelandsandthreatenedwildlifehabitats,andtoprotecttheendangeredspeciessupportedbythembeforetheyvanishedintoextinction.Itisgenerallyacceptedthattheenvironmentalprotectionmovementwassosuccessfulbecauseofitsgrassrootssupport;groupsofactivistsinhundredsoftownsthattooktheinitiativeincleaninguptheirowncommunities.Duringthe1970s,thislocalactivismreinforcedsupportforthepassageofkeylawsatthenationallevel,suchastheCleanWaterAct,CleanAirAct,EndangeredSpeciesAct,andNationalEnvironmentalPolicyAct,whichtogetherhaveconstitutedthefoundationforenvironmental;standardsintheUSeversince.

Inadditiontothisnationallegislation,theyearafterthefirstEarthDay,byexecutiveorder,PresidentNixonestablishedtheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA);anorganizationdedicatedtorestoringandprotectingtheenvironment.TheEPAspearheadedmanycontemporaryeffortstoprotecttheenvironment,butitwasnotworkingalone.Itwasalliedwithawidevarietyofdistinctlydifferentandseparateorganizationsrangingfromasmallnumberofwell-fundedhigh-profilenationalandinternationalorganizationstomanythousandsofsmallerspecialinterestgroupsandevenindividualsworkingatthelocallevel.ThankstotheadditionalhelpofenvironmentallyconsciouspoliticalfiguresinthemoldofTeddyRoosevelt,whonearlyacenturybeforeestablishedthefirstnationalparksintheUSA,themovementgainedmomentum.TheEPAhasnowbecomeoneofthegovernment’slargestandmostinfluentialregulatoryagencies.Throughitsowneffortsandincooperationwithotherorganizations,ithasearnedalargemeasureofcreditforprotectingandrestoringthequalityoftheenvironmentintheUnitedStates.

Althoughonemightassumethatthecauseofenvironmentalprotectionwouldengenderuniversalsupport,itdoeshaveitsdetractors.Onecriticismthathasbeenleveledagainstthemovementistheclaimthatitspredictionsaboutthedireconsequencesofenvironmentaldamagehaveoftenbeeninerror.Environmentalistscounterthisassertionbypointingoutthattheirwarningshaveoftenbroughtaboutchangesonthepartofthepublic,thegovernmentandprivateindustry,andthatthesechangespreventedthepredictionsfrombeingrealized.However,justasitisoftenverydifficulttogaugetheimpactofhumanactivityonsomethingascomplexastheenvironment,itisequallydifficulttodeterminewhichsideisrightinthisdebate.Becauseenvironmentalissuescoversuchawiderangeofconcerns,thisisaquestionthatmustbeconsideredonacasebycasebasis.Thesevoicesofdissenthavedemonstratedtoenvironmentaliststheneedtoapplyquantitativemethodsinassessingtheextentofthedestructiontheyhavewitnessed,orthedegreetowhichtheirworkhasbeenmanifestedinactualimprovementoftheenvironment.

31.Onwhichofthefollowingdoesthepassagemainlyfocus?

32.ThewordspurringinParagraph2isclosestinmeaningto______.

33.AccordingtoParagraph2,whywastheenvironmentalprotectionmovementsowidelysuccessful?

34.ThewordspearheadedinParagraph3canbebestreplacedby______.

35.AccordingtoParagraph4,whatwasacommoncriticismoftheenvironmentalprotection?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.EarthDay’simpactontheenvironmentalmovement.

B.Howtoprotecttheenvironmentoftheplanet.

C.Theenvironmentalprotectionmovement,andhowitbegan.

D.ThesuccessoftheEPAinprotectingnaturalresources.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.opposing

B.managing

C.supporting

D.motivating

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Itprotectedplantsandanimalspeoplecaredabout.

B.Itfunctionedwellatthelocallevel.

C.Itvotedunsympatheticpoliticiansoutofoffice.

D.Itforcedratificationofimportantnationallaws.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.inspired

B.led

C.conceived

D.modified

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Itsuggestedmeasuresthatwouldharmtheeconomy.

B.Itspredictionscouldnotbepreventedthroughpracticalaction.

C.Thatitlackedthesupportneededtomakeanyrealprogress.

D.Theenvironmentaldamageitclaimedwasnotseen.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:B

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】31.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

31.Onwhichofthefollowingdoesthepassagemainlyfocus?31.這篇文章主要關(guān)注以下哪一點(diǎn)？

A.EarthDay’simpactontheenvironmentalmovement.A.地球日對(duì)環(huán)境運(yùn)動(dòng)的影響。

B.Howtoprotecttheenvironmentoftheplanet.B.如何保護(hù)地球環(huán)境。

C.Theenvironmentalprotectionmovement,andhowitbegan.C.環(huán)境保護(hù)運(yùn)動(dòng)及其起源。

D.ThesuccessoftheEPAinprotectingnaturalresources.D.環(huán)境保護(hù)署保護(hù)自然資源的成功。

【考查點(diǎn)】主旨大意題。

【解題思路】文章第一段先分析早期沒(méi)有環(huán)保意識(shí)時(shí)的狀況，然后談到對(duì)于環(huán)境保護(hù)工作的重視；接著中間兩段講述了各個(gè)團(tuán)體共同合作才開(kāi)始有環(huán)保工作的開(kāi)始；最后一段涉及了環(huán)保事業(yè)的一些批評(píng)。全文的主題詞就是“environmentalprotection”，所以本文主要關(guān)注的是環(huán)境保護(hù)運(yùn)動(dòng)以及它的起源，所以C項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A、D選項(xiàng)只在文中某一段提到，并不全面，屬于以偏概全；

B選項(xiàng)屬于曲解原文，文章并沒(méi)有就這個(gè)問(wèn)題展開(kāi)論述。

32.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

32.ThewordspurringinParagraph2isclosestinmeaningto______.

32.第二段中的單詞spurring的意思最接近______。

A.opposingA.反對(duì)

B.managingB.管理

C.supportingC.支持

D.motivatingD.激勵(lì)

【考查點(diǎn)】詞匯推理題。

【解題思路】定位第二段第二句“迅速擴(kuò)大的發(fā)展壓力也spurring人們努力去保護(hù)獨(dú)特的土地和受到威脅的野生動(dòng)物棲息地，并在它們滅絕之前保護(hù)它們所支持的瀕危物種”，根據(jù)前后詞語(yǔ)pressures和effortstodo，可推測(cè)，是“壓力促使人們努力去做某事”，所以spurring與“促使”的意思相近，D項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A、B選項(xiàng)明顯與文意不符，屬于曲解原文；

C選項(xiàng)表述也不正確，壓力對(duì)于去做某事的努力不太可能是“支持”，該項(xiàng)曲解原文。

33.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

33.AccordingtoParagraph2,whywastheenvironmentalprotectionmovementsowidelysuccessful?33.根據(jù)第二段，為什么環(huán)境保護(hù)運(yùn)動(dòng)如此廣泛地成功？

A.Itprotectedplantsandanimalspeoplecaredabout.A.它保護(hù)人們關(guān)心的植物和動(dòng)物。

B.Itfunctionedwellatthelocallevel.B.它在地方一級(jí)運(yùn)作良好。

C.Itvotedunsympatheticpoliticiansoutofoffice.C.它投票把沒(méi)有同情心的政客趕下臺(tái)。

D.Itforcedratificationofimportantnationallaws.D.它強(qiáng)制批準(zhǔn)重要的國(guó)家法律。

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】定位到第二段第三句“人們普遍認(rèn)為，環(huán)保運(yùn)動(dòng)之所以如此成功，是因?yàn)樗玫搅巳罕姷闹С郑╥tsgrassrootssupport）；數(shù)百個(gè)城鎮(zhèn)的積極分子主動(dòng)清理自己的社區(qū)”，可知，環(huán)保運(yùn)動(dòng)廣泛地成功是因?yàn)榈玫搅嘶鶎尤巳旱拇罅χС郑訠項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A、C選項(xiàng)沒(méi)有提到，屬于無(wú)中生有；

D選項(xiàng)定位第二段最后一句“在20世紀(jì)70年代，這種地方行動(dòng)主義加強(qiáng)了（localactivismreinforcedsuppo