【使用說明包含5個(gè)不同場(chǎng)景的conversation，和10個(gè)不同學(xué)科的lecture。按住ctrl點(diǎn) 想獲取備考信息，請(qǐng)使用掃描下方， 2017/04/23小站托福

最詳盡的資料& 的教1student&2student&3student&4student&academic5student&facilities12345Art6789TheatreEnvironmental①student&professor（150131CN音頻 Whatisthestudent'sattitudeaboutspeakinginfrontofotherHethinksitwillbeHeviewsitasausefulHefeelsnervousaboutHeprefersittowritingThestudenttalksaboutaspeciesoffungus.Whatfactaboutthefungusinterestshim？ItactsasafoodsourceforotherItgrowswellonwindItcanbeused ternativesourceofItproduceschemicalsthatdestroyWhydoestheprofessormentiontreesandTogiveadviceonhowtoexplainfungiandToshowhowtheenvironmentcanaffectgrowthToprovideanexampleoftheeffectsofTogiveanexampleofhowawindfarmreplacedafruitWhydoestheprofessorsuggestthatthestudentvisittheThestudentmightbeabletoconductaresearchstudyAmushroomspeciesthatintereststhestudentisbeinggrownMushroomsgrowmorequicklytherethaninotherEnvironmentallysafegrowingtechniquesaredemonstratedWhydoesthestudentgotoseetheTogetadviceabouthowmuchinformationtoincludeinapaperheisToaskforpermissiontochangethetopicofanTogethelpchoosingatopicforanTodiscusstheresultsofresearchhehasdoneforapaperheis Listentoaconversationbetweenastudentandhisenvironmentalscienceprofessor.

Hi,ProfessorWilliams-I’mhereforour1:30HiMichael.Thanksforbeingsoprompt.ThatreallymakesadifferencewhenIhavesomanystudentsscheduledbacktoback.Ifonlytherecouldbemorethan24hoursinaday.(Laughs)IknowwhatyouSo,what’sonyourWellI’mhereaboutmytopicForthe ingoralpresentation?Bytheway,howdoyoufeelaboutspeakinginfrontoftheclass?WellI’dhavetosayI’mmostcomfortablewritingpapers,butI’mnotnervousaboutngthispresentation.It’llbegoodpublicspeakingpracticeyouExactly,andcertainly,it’saskillthatisalwaysacurrentenvironmentalsolution?AndIfoundsomucheyeopeninginformationwhileresearching.Theonlyproblemis,Idon’tknowwhichareatogowith.Okaywell,whichareasmostinterestWellI’vespentalotoftimeexploringtheconceptofwindfarms.Youknow,usingwindasasourceofenergy.

Mm-hmm,goRightum-lotsofstuffonthatyouknowtypesofwindfarmsanddifferentdesigns,howthey’vebeensetup,howtogetthemostoutofthem.Okay,andwhat’sanotherWell,it’satiebetweenwindfarmsandmushrooms.Mushrooms!?Hm!lmemoreaboutthat!Well,there’saspeciesofmushroomsthatproduceschemicalsthatcaneatawayattoxicwaste-frompetroleumproducts,pesticidesandotherharmfulYes,I’vereadresearchaboutthis-butactuallyMichaelit’sthefungusbeneaththegroundthataffectstheharmfulpollutants.That’sanimportantdifferenceOhri-rightthat’swhatImeant-I’llexplainitclearlyinKeepitsimple.Somethinglike-justliketreesproduceapples,it’sthefunghithatproducemushrooms-andit’salsothosefunghithatproducethehelpfulchemicals.Iunderstand-it’sjustsoamazingthatsomethinglowcostandalreadythereinnaturecouldsolvesuchalargepollutionproblemcausedbyhumansItisintriguing.Windfarmsaffect,too,butIthinkmostofyourclassmateswillalreadybegenerallyfamiliarwiththattopic.Whereastheymightnothaveheardofthis.Okay.ThanksProfessor

Btw,what’sthegrowingperiodforthisspecies?Ahitonlytakesamonthtogrow.Great!Theuniversityhasagreenhousethat’ssometimesavailableforresearchprojects.Whydon’tyoustopoverthereoneafternoon,speaktothemanagerandaskifhe’dletyouuseasmallareaofthegreenhouse?Youcouldtrytoduplicatetheresultsofthestudy!Inthegreenhouse?Yes!Youhavethreemonthsuntilofthissemester.Itmightmakeastrongfinalproject!②student&counselor（150131CN音頻 WhatarethespeakersmainlyPossiblecareerchoicesfortheEmploymentpossibilitiesfortheProceduresforapplyingforauniversityJobskillsthewomanwillneedasaWhatdoesthecounselorimplyaboutthechild-carecenteronClickon2ItneedsacoordinatorforitsoutdoorIthirespeoplewhocanworkduringtheAjobthereprobablypayslowAjobthererequiresalong-termWhatisthemainpurposeofthequestionnairethatthecounselorasksthewomantofillout?TogivefeedbackontheservicesprovidedbythecareerservicesTohelpcareercounselorsmonitorstudentsastheysearchforTohelpcareercounselorskeeptrackofhowmanystudentshavebeenplacedinjobsTohelpstudentsidentifytheirabilitiesandWhenshouldthewomanmakeanotherappointmentwiththeAftershesearchesthejobAftersherevisesherAftershevisitsachild-careAftershetalkstothedirectorofthecampuschild-careWhatcanbeinferredabouttheShedoesnotrememberwherethechild-carecenterisdlikethecounselortoshowherwherethechild-carecenterislocated.Shedidnotknowthattheuniversityhasachild-careShedidnotknowthatthechild-carecenterrecentlymovedtoanew Listentoaconversationbetweenastudentandcounselorinacareerservice’sofficeon

Hi!I’mSarahRodman.Ihaveanappointmentwithyoutotalkaboutpossiblejobs?AndIbroughtmyresumealongjustincase.HiSarahnicetomeetyou.Yes,we’llneedtohaveyourresumeonfile,sothanksforbringingitin.Okay,whydon’tyoustartbylingmewhatkindofjoblooking

Well,I’mworkingatarestaurantrightnow,andthat’s-okay.ButI’dreallyliketostartgettingmorerelevantexperience.I’mstudyingtobeateacher,so-maybeatachildcarecentreorsomething?That’sapossibility.Now,achildcarejobmaypayevenlessthanarestaurantbut,it’dcertainlybegoodexperience.Especiallyifyou’regoingintoearlychildhoodeducation.Areyou?Uhhhh-I’mnotsureyet.Maybeelementaryschool,butpossiblyyoungerages.Well,working hildcarecentremayhelpyoudecide.Now,achildcarejobcouldinterferewithyourscheduleifmostofyourclassesduringtheday.Areyouwillingtotakeeveningclassesifyouneedto?Well,I’dhavetoguess.That’swhat’sbeengreatabouttherestaurant.Imostlyworkeveninghours.Right,nowthereisachildcarecentrerighthereattheOH!WhereisBuildingrightbehindthemainlibrary.It’sagreatfacility.It’sforstudents,faculty,andstaffwhohaveyoungchildren.Theyprefertohirestudentswhoaremajoringinearlychildhoodeducation.Ithasmorningandafternoonshifts-andtheytryto modateschoolschedule.Althoughthemoreflexibleyourschedule,themorelikelyyou’llgethired.Soyoumayneedtotakeaneveningclassortwo.Soundsgood!Doyouknowiftheyhaveany

They’reclosednow.But,Icangetthemostuptodatedon’tyoufilloutageneralapplication?Youcandoitwhenwefinishtalking,andleaveitwithme.Okay!NoAndalso,youshouldconsiderfillingoutthequestionnaireonourwebsite.It’llgiveyouabettersenseofyouroverallskillsandinterests,and-maybeevenhelpyouidentifyotherkindsofjobsyoucouldconsider!Okay-I’veneverdoneoneofthosebefore!What’sOhyouknow,itasksquestionslike,do-doyouprefertoworkindoorsoroutdoors?Thingslikethat.Forsomequestions,youreallyhavetothinkaboutwhatyou’regoodat,andothersaboutwhatyouenjoy.SoundslikeagreatItis.Also,ourjobdatabasehaslotsoflistingsofbothonandoffcampusemployment.It’dbeagoodideaforyoutolookthroughthese,seeifanyofthemmightinterestyou.Onceyou’vedonethat,makeafollow-upappointment,andwe’llputitalltogether.BythenI’llknowaboutopeningsatthecampuschildcarecentre.Great!Ireallyappreciateyour③student&employee（150418CN音頻 WhatdoesthewomanhopetofindoutbygoingtotheartWhattypesofvolunteerpositionsareavailableforHow dbepaidforworkingasatourWhetheralternativearrangementscanbemadefor ingatourWhyaparticularmuseumemployeehasnotreturnedherphoneWhydoesthewomanmentionatestthatshehastoToexplainwhysheisunabletoattendatrainingToletthemanknowthatshewillbelateforthetouronTolistonerequirementshemustfulfilltoreceiveextra Whydoesthewomanwanttostartworkingattheartmuseumbeforethecurrentsemesterends?TofulfillagraduationToimprovehergradeinaToearnmoneyforthefollowingToconductresearchforaWhatdoesthemanimplywhenhementionsProfessorThatheisfamiliarwiththesituationthewomanisThatthetrainingsessionfornewtourguidescoverssomeofthesamematerialcoveredinarthistoryclassesThatProfessorTylerrecognizeswhichstudentswouldmakegoodtourguidesThatProfessorTylermayhavegiventhewomanincorrectinformationaboutthejobAccordingtotheman,whymightthewomanwanttoconsideradataprocessingpositionClickon2ItisprobablymoreexcitingthanworkingasatourItwouldallowthewomantobeginworkingimmediaItwouldgivethewomanexperienceinherItcouldeventuallyleadtoapaying Listentoaconversationbetweenastudentandanemployeeattheuniversityartmuseum.

Hi,isMasonNo,sorryhe’sgonefortheday.CanIhelpyouWell,Ihopeso.See,I’msupposedtostartvolunteeringasatourguideonMonday.I’mscheduledtogiveatouratten.IdidmyfirstvolunteertrainingsessionwithMasontheotherday,andIwassupposedtohavethesecondsessiontomorrowafternoon,whichisthelastoneyouguysofferthisweek,right?Yes,itis.Infact,it’sthelastonewehavescheduledthisYeah,that’swhatIwasafraidof.SoIdon’tknowwhattodobecauseI’msigneduptogivethattouronMondayanditturnsoutIhavetomakeupatesttomorrowafternoon.Well,yes,thatisaproblem,I’mafraid,becausewedorequiretwotrainingsessionsbeforeyou’reallowedtostartgivingtours.Yeah,Iknow,IwashomaybeIcouldworksomethingoutwithMason.Hegaveushishomenumberattheoriginaltrainingsession,butIamnotsurewhereIputit.Couldyoupossiblygiveitagain?

Well,no.Iamnotallowedtogiveoutemployees’phonenumbers.Itwouldn’tdoyouanygood,anyway.Masoncan’twaivethattrainingrequirementanymorethanIcan.ButIcansignyouupforthefirstsessionnextsemesterandyoucouldstartgivingtoursthen.That’stoolate.NotthatIwouldn’twanttodotoursnextsemester.Imean,Idowanttokeepngit.It’sjustthat,seeIreallyneedtostartthissemester.Myarthistoryprofessorisgivingmeachancetobringmygradeup.HesaidthatIcouldgetextracreditifIwroteapaperforhimandvolunteeredhereattheartmuseum.IsthisProfessorTyler’sclass?sentourway.Look,didhespecifythatithadtobeatourWell,notexactly.IjustBecausebelieveme,wecoulduseyouinothercapacities.Well,it’snotasglamorousasbeingatourguide,butwealwaysneedpeopletoworkinthemuseumgiftshop,orhowareyouwithdataentry,dataprocessing,stufflikePrettygood,Becausewedesperaysomeonerightawaytohelpuskeepourmembershiplistuptodate,workonourmonthlynewsletter,thingslikethat.SoundskindofboringIknow,butafteryou’vehadsomeexperience,itcouldleadtoapaidposition.

Well,that’dcertainlybeaplus.lyouwhat?LetmehimandIwillgetbacktoyousometimetomorrow,okay?Okay,④student&academicadvisor（150614CN音頻 WhydoesthestudentgotoseehisacademicHewantstodroptwoofthecoursesheistakingthisHewantstogethelpwithtwooftheclassesheistakingthisHewantstofindoutwhichclassesheisrequiredtotakenextHewantstochangehiscourseselectionsfornextWhatistheacademicadviser'sresponsewhenshelearnsthatthestudenthasregisteredforfourcoursesthatrequirefinalpapersShefeelssheshouldhavenoticedthissituationShefeelsthecourseswillhelpthestudentimprovehiswritingShethinksthecourseswillbeeasierthanthestudentShethinksthestudentshouldhavetakenmorecarewhenselectinghiscourses.WhatfactorhelpsthestudentdecidewhichlanguagehewillItwastheonlylanguageclasswithseatsstillItwasthelanguagehestudiedinhighHisfriendwillbestudyingthesameHis mendedaprofessorwhoteachestheWhattworequirementsmuststudentshavefulfilledbeforetheycantakeaprecalculuscourseattheuniversity?Clickon2Theyneedtohavereceivedpermissionfromtheprofessorwhowillteachthecourse.TheyneedtohavetakenthreeyearsofmathematicsclassesinhighTheyneedtohavepassedamathematicstestgivenbytheTheyneedtohavetakenthreemathematicscoursesattheWhatclassdoesthestudentimplyhefeelsmostconfidentaboutngwellinIntroductiontoWorldTheEuropean Listentoaconversationbetweenastudentandhisacademicadvisor.

Nicetoseeyou,Steve.SohowareyourclassesgoingthisYeah,sofarsogood.IlikeallmyprofessorsandI’minterestedinthestuffI’mlearningsoyeah,I’mgladtohearYeah,butnextsemesterI’mnotsosure

IwentbackandIwaslookingthroughthecoursedescriptionsforthefourcoursesI'msignedupfor.AndInoticedthatnoneofthemhaveafinalexam.Theyallhaveafinalpaper.AndthenIdidthemathandfiguredoutIhavetohandinmorethanahundredpagesduringthelastweekofclass.Ialmostfainted.Oh,my!Idon’tknowhowImissedWell,thosecoursesallsoundsointerestingandthat’sallIwasthinkingabout.Yes,butIshouldhave…Anyway,sorightnowregisteredScienceintheAncientWorld.Oh,thespecialseminaronDr.MartinLutherKing,Jr.IneedIntroductiontoPoetryandtheEuropeanNovelcoursesformymajorandthey’rehardtogetintotosothinkIbetterkeep

Okay,thatmakessense.WhatabouttheotherOkay,IhatetodothisbutIthinkI’mgoingtohavedropbothofYeah,I’msonervousabouttheliteraturecourses.They’regoingtobetough,soIshouldreplacetheotherOkay,well,haveyoufulfilledyourlanguageNo,foreignlanguagedoesn’tcomeallthatnaturallytome,so…Whatdidyoutakeinhighschool?Okay,well,howaboutwefindaGerman1classthatstillhassomeseatsavailable?Youknow,Itookthatinmyfirsttwoyearsofhighsoit’sbeenafewOh,I’msureitwillcomebacktoHowaboutLatin?WouldthatcounttowardsmylanguageBecauseoneofmyfriends,hesignedupforitandsohavingsomeonetostudywithwouldbehelpful,Ithink.

Greatidea!Wecanevenseeifthereareanyseatsavailableinthesectionyourfriendistaking.Thatshouldn’tbeaalwaysdonewellinGreat!Now,totakepre-calculus,youneedtohavetakenthreeyearsofhighschoolmath.Yep,andIgotall mathematicsdiagnosticWell,it’sactuallybeingofferedthisSaturdayifyou’recomfortabletakingitonsuchshortnoticeandyou’dgetyourscorebackearlynextweeksoyou’llstillhavetimetoregister.Let’ssee,today’sTuesdaysoI’dhavethreedaysreviewandbrushupabit.Well,pieceofOkay,soundslikea⑤student&facilitiesdirector（150705CN音頻 WhydoesthestudentgotoseethefacilitiesTofindoutwhenthecurrentparkinggarageconstructionwillbeToprovidestudentinputaboutthelackofparking oncampusTogetinformationaboutthe ingOakTreedormitoryTopresentideasthatcouldimprovelivingconditionsintheOakTreeWhatdoesthestudentsayabouttheparkinggarage?Clickon2answers.ItwillbeverycoldintheItwillbeItwillbeunpleasanttolookItwillincreasenearbyWhydoesthefacilitiesdirectormentiontheheadTopointoutthatthisyear'sbudgetforplantingtreeshasalreadybeenspentToidentify thestudentwillneedtomeetwithToillustratehowmanypeopleareinvolvedinbuildingtheparkingWhatpointdoesthestudentmakeaboutTommyHecameupwiththeideatoplanttreesbetweenthedormitoryandthegarage.Heisinterestedinattendingthefacilitiesdepartmentmeetingtorepresentthedormitoryresidents'interests.Heconvincedthedormitoryresidentstogettogethertowritedowntheirconcerns.HeprovidedthecalculationsthatsupportrenovatingtheWhatisthefacilitydirector'sattitudeaboutinstallingadditionalSheispleasedthatshehasstudentsupportfortheShehopestheprojectcanbecompleted oftheSheisdoubtfulthatthecurrentresidentswouldbenefitfromShedoesnotbelievethattherewillbesufficientcost Listentoaconversationbetweenastudentandafacilitiesdirector.

o,Ms.Miller.MynameisMikeJohnsonandIrepresentthestudentswholiveinOakTreedormitory.Nicetomeetyou.Iunderstandthatyouhaveaproposalforme.Yes,acoupleofthem,Okay.I’mallears.What’syourfirstWe’reconcernedaboutthenerkinggaragethattheschoolisbuildingnexttoourdorm.Yes,thenewcampusparkingThoseofuswhohaveroomsonthatsideofthedormusedtohaveaviewofthefieldswithtreesandgrassbutnowit’salldirtandconcrete.Andwhenthestructureiscompleted,therewillbenoviewatall.Allwe’llbeabletoseeisanuglyparkinggarage.Well,we’veworkedlongandhardtofigureouthowbesttoeasethestrainonparkinghereoncampus.Ofcourse,anditwillbeveryconvenientforussinceit’sclose.It’sjust…Well,noonewantstolookouttheirwindowataparkinggarage.Ms.

But,whatwouldyoulikemetodoaboutWehopeyou’dconsiderplantingsometreesintheareabetweenthedormandthegarage.Yeah,Imean,firstofall,itwillimprovetheview.Itwillbenicertoseeabunchoftreesthanaconcretegarage.Andthat,itwillreplaceallthetreesthatwerecutdowntobuildthegarage.It’sonewaytolowerouruniversity’scarbonfootprintandbemoreeco-friendly.Thatisaverygoodidea.Andactually,justtheotherdayIwastalkingwiththeheadgroundskeeperaboutplantingmoresagetreesoncampus.IaskedhimtocomeupwithaplanthatIcanpresentatournextfacilitiesdepartmentmeeting.I’llaskhimtoconsideryourrequestifhecomesupwiththisplan.That’sgreat.Thanks.OurotherrequestsinvolveYes,thedormisreallyloud.Youcwayshearpeopletalkinginthehallways,theirmusic,theirphoneconversations,everything.Worsethanthat,itgetsreallycoldinthewinter,sowe’dliketohavemoreinsulationinstalledinthedormitory.ThatwouldbeWe’veconsideredthat.Oneofourresidents,Reynolds,whosemajorcourseofstudyisarchitecturalengineering,workeditout.HethinksthatinstallinginsulationinourdormwillactuallysavetheuniversityMs.

HowWell,itwillcostlesstoheatthedorminthewinterandlesstocoolitinthewarmermonths.Thosesavingswillmorethanpayfortheinitialexpensesofinstallingtheinsulationafterjustafewyears.Here’sthething,Mike.Icanbringthisupatourfacilitiesdepartmentmeetingaswell.IfTommy’sfiguresholdupunderscrutiny,wemightevenbeopentoconsideringtheundertaking.ButalotofplanningwouldhavetobedonebeforesomethingofthisnaturehasbegunsoI’mnotsureifthecurrentdormresidentswouldseetheend①Chemistry（150131CN音頻 WhatisthemainpurposeoftheTodiscusstheadvantagesofheatingsubstancesinmicrowaveTodiscussrecentresearchthatmayleadtoimprovedmicrowaveTopointoutproblemsintheuseofsuperheatingtoproduceTopreparestudents ingexperimentsintheWhydoestheprofessortalkaboutmakingTodescribehowhedissolvedcoffeeparticlestopreventTointroducetheconceptofmicrowaveToreassurethestudentsthatsomeoftheexperimentswillbeassimpleasmakingcoffeeTowarnthestudentsnottosuperheatliquidscontainingdissolvedaddedheatisusedtoconvertliquidwaterintowatervapor?ToexplainwhythetemperatureofwaterdoesnotrisetheboilingpointwhenwaterisheatedinametalpotonastoveTopointoutsimilaritiesinheatingliquidsusingmicrowaveovensandusingconventionalstovesToexplainwhywaterthatisexposedtomicrowaveswillappeartobehotwhenitreallyisnotTopointoutthatitisbettertoavoidmakingcoffeeinamicrowaveTheprofessortalksaboutusingmicrowaveovensforsuperheatingduringthestudents'laboratoryexperiments.Whattwopossibleresultsofsuperheatingdoeshemention?Clickon2Anaccelerationofreactionbetweenchemicalsinthesuperheated positionofchemicalsinthesuperheatedThecreationoftinyscratchesanddentsontheinteriorsurfaceoftheWhatistheprofessor'sattitudeabouttheuseofmicrowaveovensbypharmaceuticalcompaniesintheproductionofmedicines?Theuseofmicrowaveovensishazardousbecauseitpreventscontroloftemperatures.Theuseofmicrowaveovensproducessatisfactoryresultsbutisnotworththeaddedexpense.Theuseofmicrowaveovensmayallowcompaniestoproducemedicinesmoreefficientlythantraditionalheatingmethodsdo.Moreresearchshouldbedonebeforereplacingtraditionalheatingequipmentwithmicrowaveovens.Accordingtotheprofessor,whattwolaboratorypracticesthatareusedbypharmaceuticalcompanieswillstudentsalsouseintheirClickon2UsingcontainersthathavebeendevelopedtoensureUsinganewtypeofmicrowavetosuperheatallUsingsmoothcontainersthathavebeenspeciallydesignedformicrowaveuseUsingsealedcontainerstoallowthepressureinsidetoincreaseduringheating ListentopartofalectureinaChemistryLecturer:Ofcourse,everyonehereknowsyoucanuseamicrowaveoventoreheatliquidsorfood.Basically,microwavesproducedbytheoven-uh-excitemoleculesinthefood.Especiallywatermolecules.And-whenthesemoleculesvibratemoreandmoreenergeticallyandbumpintothemoleculesallaroundthem,theheatthat’sproducedwilleventuallywarmthefood.But,beforeyouallbeginyournextsetofexperimentsusingmicrowaveovens,youalsoneedtounderstand,thatusingmicrowavetoheatliquidscanbequitedifferentfromheatingliquidsinametalpotonthestove.Inametalpotonthestove,whentheliquidreachesitsboilingpoint,itbeginstoboil.Bubblesofwatervapourriseuptothewater’ssurfaceandpopasaresultofaprocesscallednucleation.Whathappenswithnucleationis,youstartwithtinybubblesinaliquid,andthen,whenyouincreasethetemperatureoftheliquidtotheboilingpoint,theliquidaroundthebubblesstartsevaporating,turningintovapour,andmovingintothebubble.Astheamountofvapourinthebubblesincreases,thebubblesbegintogrow,slowlyatfirst,thenfasterandfaster,andthentheyrisetothesurface,andpop.Okay,butwheredothosetinybubblescomefrominthefirstplace,sothatnucleationcanbegin?Well,mostmetalpotsarenottotallysmoothinside.Theyhavealotoftinyscratchesanddents.Andwhenyoupourwaterintoapot,thewaterdoesn’tcompleyfillthosescratchesanddents,soairgetstrappedinthereandformsthosetinybubbles.Then,whenyouapplyheat,andthewatergetshotenoughtoboil,thosebubbleswilllucreateasIjustdescribed.And,oncethewaterbeginstoboil,ifyoukeepaddingheat,you’llincreasetherateofevaporation,theboiling,butyouwon’tincreasethetemperatureofthewater.Allthataddedheat,willconvertingliquidwater,intothewatervapourthatfillsallthosebubbles.Butit’sdifferentwithmicrowaveovens,um,maybeyou’vehadthisexperience,ifyou’veeverheatedupsomewaterinamicrowavetomakeyourselfacupofteaorinstantcoffee,thisactuallyhappenedtome,Ifilledmycupwithcoldwaterandheateditinthemicrowaveforaminuteortwo,whenIremovedthecup,thewaterseemedhotbutitwasn’tboiling.ButthenIaddedaspoonfulofinstantcoffee,andsuddenly,thehotwaterjustexplodederuptedyoucouldsay.Andquicklyboiledawaytoalmostnothing.Hm.Whatdoyousupposemadethathappen?Well,microwavecontainersareusuallymadeof-notmetalofcourse-butamateriallikeglass,whichisverysmooth-so,youdon’thaveallofthosescratchesand,indentations,andthere’snoplacefortinybubblestoform.So,whenyouheatthewatertotheboilingpoint,there’snonucleation.Thewaterwon’tstartboiling.Instead,thewatertemperaturejustkeepsrising,wayabovetheboilingpoint!That’scalled,superheating.Okay,sothen,whenIaddedthecoffeecrystalstothesuperheatedwater,itcreatedtinybubblesthatinstantlysetoffnucreation.Extremelyrapidnucleation!Andcausedthebubblesofwatervapourtosuddenlygrowlargeandburstinahotminiexplosion!Now,topreventthisfromhappeninginthelab,wehaveprecisesafetyproceduresthatwe’llallbecarefullyfollowing.Okaynow,we’llbeusingmicrowaveovenstoheat,andsuperheatnotjustwater,butmanydifferenttypesofliquidcontainingdissolvedchemicals.Somechemicalsyouwouldn’twanttosuperheatbecausesuperheatingcouldbecausethemtodisintegrate,butwithotherchemicals,ifwecarefullyraisetheirtemperaturetheboilingpoint,wecanacceleratecertainchemicalreactions.And,bytheway,that’sactuallyamajorreasonwhymicrowavesuperheatingholdssuchpromiseforthepharmaceuticalindustry,bothinresearchandinmanufacturingmedicine.Ifcertainchemicalreactionscanbesignificantlyspedup,howmuchfasterandmoreeconomicallycouldmedicinesbemanufacturedanddeveloped?Andmanypharmaceuticalcompanieshavealreadydemonstratedintheirlaboratories,thatmicrowavesuperheatingcanacceleratevariouschemicalprocessesdramatically.Especiallywhentheyeliminatenucleationsitesbyusingverysmoothspeciallydesignedcontainers,likewe’llbeusinginourexperiment.And,whentheyincreasepressureinsidethesecontainersbytightlysealingthem,aswe’llalsobeng.② tudies（150131CN音頻 WhatdoestheprofessormainlyHowfilm-editingtechniqueshavechangedoverTheeffectofeditingonviewers'perceptionsofaDifferencesbetweenfiction aryHowKuleshov'sexperiencesasanactorinfluencedhisWhatpointdoestheprofessormakewhenhedescribesashotofaspeakerthatcutstoashotofacrowd？Filmmakershavedifficultymanipulatingtimeandspacewithinindividualscenes.Kuleshov'searlyfi usededitingmoreextensivelythanhislater AudiencestendtoinferrelationshipsbetweenconsecutiveThefilmingofacrowdandthespeakerondifferentdaysconfusedtheviewers.TheprofessordescribesKuleshov'smostfamousfilmexperiment.Intheexperiment,whataspectofthefilmdidtheaudiencepraise？Theactor'sabilitytoportrayavarietyofdifferentTheactor'sabilitytoexpressawiderangeofKuleshov'suseofapopularKuleshov'sabilitytousescenerytocreatedramaticWhatwasKuleshov'sattitudetowardtheactorsinhis HeconsideredtheiractingabilitiesirrelevanttoafinishedHedependedonthemtobringemotionalimpacttohisfiHebelievedthattheirtrainingwasoftenHevaluedtheiropinionsaboutthefilmmakingWhatistheprofessor'sopinionoftheKuleshovHethinksitisonlyofhistoricalFilmhistorianshaveoverstateditsimpactonIthasamoredramaticimpactinshort thaninlongfiAsafilmmaker,hefindsitWhatdoestheprofessorimply ary MostofthemareproducedwithoutTheytendtorequiremoreclose-upshotsthanfiction TheydonotpresenteventsinanentirelyneutralTheymakemoreintentionaluseoftheKuleshoveffectthanfiction Listentopartofalectureina tudiesLecturer:NowI’dliketotakealookatjusthowimportanteditingisforthefilmmaker.Yourememberwesaidafilmismadeupofwhatwecallshots.Thebasicunittofilmnarrative.Andeachshotisacontinuousimagebeingfilmed,inwhichthecameraisturnedonforshootingthatisfilmingtheactor,scenery,whatever.Andthenit’sturnedoff.Andaftertheshotsarefilmed,theyhavetobeedited,puttogether,tolacoherentstory.Now,themostcommonway,istocutfromshotAtoshotB,nowcutinthissense,isasuddenchangefromonescenetoanother.Inediting,thefilmmakerchooseswhichshots,andhowmuchofeachshottouse.Andwhatordertoarrangethemin.ThetypicalHollywoodfilm,containsbetween800and1200shots,so,withsomanyshotstoassemble,youcanseehowimportanteditingdecisionsare,inshathefinishedfilm.So,cuttingisanimportanteditingtechnique.Andit’scommonlyusedinwhatI’llcall,spatialandtemporalmanipulation.Thatis,intheconsciouscontrolintherelationbetweenshotAandshotBinspaceandtime.Whenafilmcutsdirectlyfromoneshottothenext,asviewersweperceivetheseshotsasoneuninterruptedsegmentbetweentime,andspace.Forexample,let’ssayashotofthespeakercutstoashotofacheeringcrowd.Inreality,thesetwoshotscouldhavebeentakenondifferentdays,andintwodifferentlocations.But,weassumethatthecrowd’sappearingFORthespeaker,duringthespeec