EPCContractsTimSteadmanContractManagementin

InternationalConstructionBeijing,April28,2009設計采購施工合同TimSteadman國際工程合同管理2009年4月28日北京2GeneralOverviewIntroductiontoCCConstructionGroupPurposeofpresentationOutlineofpresentationContextRolesPhilosophyStructureFormKeyrisksandcontractterms

概述高偉紳律所建設工程團隊介紹演講目的演講概要背景角色體系結構形式主要風險與合同條款

3Context-EconomicEffectofcyclesParticipantsProcurementmethodsandstructuresPriceRiskallocationFundingsourcesandmethods背景-經(jīng)濟體系循環(huán)的效果參與者采購方式與結構價格風險分擔資金來源與方式4Context–BusinessCultureMostcountriesembracemarketeconomics(intheory)Inpracticethereareexceptions–helpfulandotherwiseSorelationshipsaretosomeextentadversarial/competitiveAndnegotiationscanbecomplex(especiallyiflendersareinvolved)背景–商業(yè)文化（理論上）大多數(shù)國家信奉市場經(jīng)濟實踐中存在例外——有益或有害因此在某種程度上存在對抗/競爭性關系談判存在復雜性（尤其涉及貸款人時）5Context–Legal/RegulatoryLegalsystemispartofbusinesscultureTheruleoflaw/contractisimportant,especiallyinprojectfinanceddealsCivilandcommonlawsystemsdifferinformandsubstanceImpactofprocurementrulesOnowner’sbehaviourOnbiddingtactics背景–法律法規(guī)法律體系是商業(yè)文化的一部分法治/契約規(guī)則很重要，尤其在項目資金籌措交易中羅馬法與普通法系在形式與實質上存在不同采購規(guī)則的影響對業(yè)主的行為對投標技巧6RolesPrimecontractor(notalwaysEPC)VendorTechnologylicensorInvestorFunder(deliberateorbydefault)角色總承包商(并非總以EPC合同形式)供應商技術許可人投資者融資者(有或無)7PhilosophyAsacontractorOpenbiddingorsolesource?Immediateprofitormarketpenetration/profile?Soleorinconsortium?Legalandpracticalconsequencesofjointliability?Equityorcontractingroleonly?體系作為承包人公開投標或唯一來源?希求得到直接利潤或通過市場滲透/打造企業(yè)形象?單獨投標或聯(lián)合投標?共同責任的法律后果或實際后果?入股抑或僅僅是承包人角色?8Philosophy(cont’d)AsanownerAllianceorrisktransfer?LinkedtofundingmethodSomesectoralpatternsAlsovariesbetweenpublicandprivatesectorPhilosophyisinfluentialonlyifsharedwithinsupplychain體系(續(xù))作為業(yè)主聯(lián)合或風險轉移?與融資方式相關聯(lián)一些部門模式公共部門與私營部門不同體系僅在供應鏈共享范圍內(nèi)有影響9Structure–theProjectPrivatelyprocuredOnbalancesheetOffbalancesheetPubliclyprocuredMaystillbeaccountingconsiderations,eginPPPCombinationsPPPprojectsConcessionsOthers–egPPAs結構–項目私下獲得項目資產(chǎn)負債表上資產(chǎn)負債表外公開獲得項目仍可能考慮對價，例如在PPP（公私合伙）合同中結合PPP（公私合伙）項目讓步其他–例如PPA10TypicalPPPStructurePUBLICENTITYCONCESSIONCONTRACTSPVSPONSOREQUITYTHIRDPARTYEQUITYINVESTORSDUEDILIGENCEADVISER1MEZZANINEFUNDERSINSURERSCONSTRUCTIONSENIORFUNDERS(BANK/BOND)SURPLUSREALESTATEDISPOSALDUEDILIGENCEADVISER2SUBCONTRACTOR1DESIGNERSEQUIPMENTSUPPLYOPERATION&MAINTENANCEDEVELOPERDUEDILIGENCEADVISER3INVESTORSSUBCONTRACTOR2SUBCONTRACTOR3BONDS&GUARANTEESSURETIES&GUARANTORS典型PPP結構共同實體特許權合同SPV發(fā)起人股份第三方股份投資人合理注意顧問1中間融資者保險人建設高級融資者

(銀行/債券)剩余不動產(chǎn)處置合理注意顧問2分包人1設計人設備供應運營與維護開發(fā)商合理注意顧問3投資人分包人2分包人3保函與擔保擔保與保證11Structure––theMainConstructionContract(s)EPC/designandbuildOwnerdesignedEPCM/CMOthervariants結構構–主建建設設合合同同設計計采采購購施施工工/設計計施施工工業(yè)主主設設計計設計計采采購購施施工工管管理理/施工工管管理理EPCM/CM其他他變變量量12KEY“Traditional””O(jiān)WNERCONTRACTORSUB-CONTRACTORSARCHITECT/ENGINEER=Appointments=Sub-Contracts=BuildingContractEPCStructureKEY“傳傳統(tǒng)統(tǒng)””業(yè)主主承包包人人分包包人人建筑筑師師/工程程師師

=任命=分包合同=施工合同EPC結構構13WheredoesEPCfitin?ConstructionManagementOwnerassumesriskContractorretainsriskTraditionalDesign&BuildLSTK/EPCRISKSPECTRUMExceptasotherwisestatedintheContract:theContractorshallbedeemedtohaveobtainedallnecessaryinformationastorisks,contingenciesandothercircumstanceswhichmayinfluenceoraffecttheWorks;bysigningtheContract,theContractoracceptstotalresponsibilityforhavingforeseenalldifficultiesandcostsofsuccessfullycompletingtheWorks;andtheContractPriceshallnotbeadjustedtotakeaccountofanyunforeseendifficultiesorcosts.LSTK–LumpSumTurnkeyEPC––EngineeringProcurementandConstructionEPCStructure(cont’d)EPC合同適合合什么?建設管理理業(yè)主承擔擔風險承包人保保留風險險傳統(tǒng)設計施工工LSTK/EPC風險幅度度除非在合合同中另另有約定定外：承包人應應當被視視為已獲獲知有關關風險、、意外事事故及其其他可能能影響工工程的情情況的全全部必要要信息；；一俟簽約約，承包包人即接接受了所所預見到到的各類類困難的的全部責責任并承承擔順利利完工的的一切費費用；且且合同價款款不得因因考慮任任何不可可預見的的困難或或費用而而調整。。LSTK–一次性付付款交鑰鑰匙EPC––設計采購購施工EPC結構(續(xù))14EPCKeyFeaturesSinglepointresponsibilitySubjecttocapsandcarve-outsHighdegreeofriskforcontractorAlsohigh(butnotabsolute)degreeofcontractorcontrolPricedaccordinglyThepreferredstructureforprojectfinance/PPPtransactionsLinkagetoshareholdersupportEPC主要特點點單一責任任責任的上上限及分分割承包人承承擔高風風險項目多由由承包人人控制，，但非完完全控制制相應報價價項目融資資的更優(yōu)優(yōu)模式/PPP交易與股東支支持的聯(lián)聯(lián)系15EPCKeyFeatures(cont’d)Sensitivetomarketconditions––recenthistoryWidechoiceofstandardcontracts(egFIDICSilverandYellow)Commonlyusedininfrastructure,thermalpoweranddownstreampetchemEPC主要特點點(續(xù))對市場條條件敏感感——最近的歷歷史可以選擇擇更多的的標準合合同(例如FIDIC銀皮書和和黃皮書書)在基礎設設施、熱熱電廠和和下游石石化行業(yè)業(yè)中應用用16KEY“Traditional””O(jiān)WNERCONTRACTORSUB-CONTRACTORSARCHITECT/ENGINEER=Appointments=Sub-Contracts=BuildingContractOwnerDesignKey“傳統(tǒng)””業(yè)主承包人分包人建筑師/工程師

=任命=分包合同=施工合同業(yè)主設計計17OwnerDesignKeyFeaturesMorecontrolforownerDesignandotherrisksalsoretainedbyownerHistoryofdisputesUsehasdeclinedinrecentdecadesbutstillusedin,eg,publiccivilworksandtechnologyprojectsIncompatiblewithprojectfinanceapproach業(yè)主設計計主要特特點業(yè)主更多多控制設計及其其他風險險仍由業(yè)業(yè)主保留留爭議歷史史近幾十年年來使用用率降低低，但仍仍在使用用，例如如在公共共民用建建筑和技技術項目目中與項目融融資方式式不兼容容18OWNERTCPROFESSIONALTEAMARCHITECTSTRUCTURALENGINEERM&EENGINEERQUANTITYSURVEYORCDMCO-ORDINATORCONSTRUCTIONMANAGERTC=TRADECONTRACTOR=TradeContract=Appointments=CMAKEYEPCM/CMTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTC業(yè)主TCTC專業(yè)隊伍伍建筑師結構工程程師機械電氣氣工程師師成本估算算師CDM協(xié)調師TCTCTCTCTCTCTC施工項目目經(jīng)理TC=專業(yè)承承包商商=專業(yè)合合同=任命=注冊管管理會會計師師KEYEPCM/CM19EPCM/CMKeyFeaturesEPCMcontractorisessentiallyaconsultantOwnerbearssubstantialriskInterfaceRecourse/leverageCanproducethelowestcostandfastestcompletionButisheavilydependentonspecialistskills,experienceandresourcesCanbedisastrousifthosearenotpresent––examplesWidelyusedinupstreamoilandgas,renewablesandsomerealestatemarketsEPCM/CM主要特特點EPCM承包人人實際際上是是顧問問業(yè)主承承擔實實質性性風險險接口追索/杠桿作作用能達到到最低低支出出與最最快完完工但很大大程度度上有有賴于于專業(yè)業(yè)技術術、經(jīng)經(jīng)驗與與資源源如果不不具備備這些些將可可能損損失慘慘重——案例廣泛應應用于于上游游油氣氣、可可再生生資源源以及及一些些不動動產(chǎn)市市場20VariantsTiming–two-stagecontractingMarketdrivenandmixedfeedbackConversionmechanismScope–isFEEDincluded?CanbeattractiveforcontractorsPricing––targetcost/GMPUsuallyaconsequenceratherthanachoiceExamples––eg2012Linktophilosophy變量時間–兩步簽約市場驅動與與綜合反饋饋轉換機制范圍–是否包括FEED?對承包人有有吸引力價格–目標費用/優(yōu)良制造標標準GMP通常是結果果而非選擇擇例子–例如2012與體系相關關21FormsofContractaprofusionofcolourandvariety!合同格式各種各樣的的色彩和類類型!22FormsofContractStandardorspeciallydrafted?RelevanceofwiderstructureOriginofstandardformsExampleofFIDICOtherstandardforms,egNEC,AIA,ENAA,EICWhyamenda““proven”form?Tocorrectperceivedanomaliesorbias(examples)合同格式標準合同抑抑或特別制制定的合同同?更廣泛結構構的相關性性標準格式起起源FIDIC實例其他標準格格式，例如如NEC,AIA,ENAA,EIC為何修訂““現(xiàn)有”格格式?修正已發(fā)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)的異?；蚧蚱?例子)23FormsofContract(cont’d)Toreflectdealspecificsorsectorpractice(examples)Toincorporatematerialfromothercontracts(eginPPP)Toreflectrequirementsoffunding(whichmaybeownerorcontractorsourced)Forlegalreasons(examples)Whodrafts–ownerorcontractor?合同格式(續(xù))反映交易特特性或部門門實踐（例例子）吸納其他合合同素材(例如在PPP合同中)反映融資需需求(可能來源于于業(yè)主或承承包人)基于法律原原因(例子)由誰起草–業(yè)主還是承承包人?24KeyRisksandContractTermsLawandlanguageEnglishlanguageandstylecommonlyusedPrecedenceandintegrationofdocumentsDistinguishlanguageofcontractandofcommunicationsCommonlawpreferredbutlessstronglythesedaysImpactoflocallawinanyeventWidechoiceofmethodsandplacesfordisputeresolution主要風險與與合同條款款法律與語言言通常使用英英語語言與與文體文件的優(yōu)先先順序與整整體性區(qū)分合同語語言與交流流語言優(yōu)先考慮普普通法，但但近來這一一趨勢減弱弱任何情況下下本地法的的影響爭議解決方方式與地點點的廣泛選選擇25KeyRisksandContractTerms(cont’d)Qualityandscope“Wrapping”egoftechnologyorexistingworksordesignFitnessforpurposeandreasonableskillandcareInsuranceandriskretentionimplicationsCompliancewithlawsandconsentsSpecialimportanceofenvironmentalrequirementsPass-downfromotherprojectdocuments主要風險與與合同條款款(續(xù))質量與范圍圍“限制”例如，對技技術或現(xiàn)有有工程與設設計符合目標及及合理技術術與注意義義務保險與風險險保留問題題符合法律及及約定環(huán)境要求的的特殊重要要性其他項目文文件的延續(xù)續(xù)26KeyRisksandContractTerms(cont’d)IntellectualpropertyOwnershipbycontractorAssignedorlicensedtoowner?ScopeoflicenseIndemnitiesforinfringement––cappedornot?主要風險與與合同條款款(續(xù))知識產(chǎn)權承包人的所所有權轉讓或許可可給業(yè)主?許可范圍侵權賠償——有無上限?27KeyRisksandContractTerms(cont’d)PerformanceSecurityJointliabilityGuaranteesBondsTypesandpurposesIssueswithon-demandbondsCreditissuesincurrentmarketRetentionfunds主要風險與與合同條款款(續(xù))履約擔保共同責任擔保人保函類型與目的的按需求發(fā)放放保函在當前市場場中按信用用發(fā)放保函函保留基金KeyRisksandContractTerms(cont’d)SubcontractingApprovalStep-inrightsSiteconditionsCanthreatenviabilityofproject/partiesMitigantsAnopen-mindedapproachGovernmentsupportSurveysandstagingFlexibilityindesign28主要風險與與合同條款款(續(xù))分包同意介入權現(xiàn)場狀況可能威脅到到項目/當事方的存存續(xù)降低風險的的辦法思維開放的的方式政府支持現(xiàn)場考查與與籌備設計的彈性性29KeyRisksandContractTerms(cont’d)LabourLocallawsLocalpreferenceTimeStatusofprogrammeRemediesfordelayLiquidateddamages(““LDs””)fordelayEnforceabilityissueswithdelayLDsAccelerationMilestonesLook-forwarddefaultCalculationandcappingofLDS主要風險與與合同條款款(續(xù))勞動力當?shù)胤僧數(shù)貎?yōu)惠時間計劃狀況延期賠償延期違約賠賠償金違約賠償金金執(zhí)行力問問題趕工重大事件預期違約延期違約賠賠償金的計計算與上限限30KeyRisksandContractTerms(cont’d)Completion,commissioningandtestingSectordifferencesPerformanceLDsandmake-goodDefectsliabilityTypicalperiods“Evergreen”clausesLatentandpatentdefectsRemediesunderthegenerallaw主要風險與與合同條款款(續(xù))竣工、試車車與試驗部門差別履行違約賠賠償金或進進行補救缺陷責任典型期限“終生”條條款潛在缺陷與與顯著缺陷陷依照一般原原則的救濟濟31KeyRisksandContractTerms(cont’d)VariationsInstructedbytheownerResultingfromchangesinlaworstandardsExamplesofriskallocationPriceandpaymentLumpsumorother?CurrencyissuesInputcostfluctuationMilestonesormeasurement?Offsitematerials主要風險與與合同條款款(續(xù))變更按照業(yè)主指指示因法律或標標準的變化化風險分擔的的例子價款與支付付總價合同或或其他?貨幣問題投入成本的的波動重大事件或或測量?場外原料32KeyRisksandContractTerms(cont’d)AdvancepaymentsCashflowneutralityPaymentsecurityforcontractorSet-offandcorrectionECArequirementsRemediesfornon-paymentRoleoflender’sengineer主要風險與與合同條款款(續(xù))預付款現(xiàn)金流平衡衡給承包人的的付款擔保保抵銷與補償償ECA要求未付款的救救濟貸款人工程程師的角色色33KeyRisksandContractTerms(cont’d)TerminationForownerconveniencePaymentofprofitForforcemajeureForownerdefaultTypicalgroundsRemediesForcontractordefaultTypicalgroundsRemedies(toincluderejection?)主要要風風險險與與合合同同條條款款(續(xù))終止止基于于業(yè)業(yè)主主的的利利益益支付付利利潤潤基于于不不可可抗抗力力基于于業(yè)業(yè)主主違違約約典型型原原因因救濟濟基于于承承包包人人違違約約典型型原原因因救濟濟(包括括拒拒收收?)34KeyRisksandContractTerms(cont’’d)RiskIndemnitiesTreatmentofhazardoussitesCareoftheworksExceptedrisksLinktoinsuranceLiabilityLiabilitycapExclusionof““consequentialloss””Exceptions主要要風風險險與與合合同同條條款款(續(xù))風險險補償償危險險