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醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)翻譯與寫(xiě)作昆明醫(yī)科大學(xué)外語(yǔ)部楊克西課程簡(jiǎn)介

目的:改變單一公共英語(yǔ)的重復(fù)教學(xué),嘗試發(fā)展ESP(EnglishforSpecialPurpose)。內(nèi)容:一、英譯漢、漢譯英技巧二、文獻(xiàn)綜述、摘要、病例報(bào)告、入院記錄、病歷、醫(yī)用應(yīng)用文(藥品說(shuō)明、醫(yī)用廣告、醫(yī)用函件等)的寫(xiě)作方法。三、考評(píng):平時(shí)成績(jī)50%,卷面成績(jī)50%。開(kāi)卷。教學(xué)方法課前預(yù)習(xí)了解重點(diǎn)。課上填充筆記,邊聽(tīng)邊寫(xiě),課程結(jié)束按專(zhuān)業(yè)分組交回檢查。課后分組完成任務(wù)。漢語(yǔ)的詞性沒(méi)有英語(yǔ)詞性在句法結(jié)構(gòu)上區(qū)分明顯,詞性在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中顯得特別重要。吃(正在吃、已吃過(guò)、想吃、被吃)eat(beeating;have/haseaten;willeat;beeaten)勞動(dòng)(他勞動(dòng);勞動(dòng)光榮;他愛(ài)勞動(dòng);關(guān)心勞動(dòng)人民)Heworks(動(dòng)詞);Working(動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ))ishonorable;Heenjoysworking(動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ));Careworking(現(xiàn)在分詞做形容詞)people

2.英語(yǔ)多長(zhǎng)句,漢語(yǔ)多短句

英語(yǔ)中,只要結(jié)構(gòu)上沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤,許多意思往往可以放在一個(gè)長(zhǎng)句中表達(dá);漢語(yǔ)則正好相反,語(yǔ)義通過(guò)字詞直接表達(dá),不同的意思往往通過(guò)不同的短句表達(dá)出來(lái)。正是由于這個(gè)原因,考研英譯漢試題幾乎百分之百都是長(zhǎng)而復(fù)雜的句子,而翻譯成中文經(jīng)常就成了許多短小的句子。

3.英語(yǔ)多從句,漢語(yǔ)多分句

英語(yǔ)句子不僅可以在簡(jiǎn)單句中使用很長(zhǎng)的修飾語(yǔ)使句子變長(zhǎng),同時(shí)也可以用從句使句子變復(fù)雜,而這些從句往往通過(guò)從句引導(dǎo)詞與主句或其它從句連接,整個(gè)句子盡管表面上看錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜卻是一個(gè)整體。漢語(yǔ)本來(lái)就喜歡用短句,加上表達(dá)結(jié)構(gòu)相對(duì)松散,英語(yǔ)句子中的從句翻成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)往往成了一些分句。

4.英語(yǔ)多代詞,漢語(yǔ)多名詞

英語(yǔ)在主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)等名詞成分上不僅有we、you、he、they等人稱(chēng)代詞,而且還有that、which之類(lèi)的關(guān)系代詞,在長(zhǎng)而復(fù)雜的句子中,為了使句子結(jié)構(gòu)正確、語(yǔ)義清楚,同時(shí)避免表達(dá)上的重復(fù),英語(yǔ)往往使用很多代詞。漢語(yǔ)雖然也有代詞,但由于結(jié)構(gòu)相對(duì)松散、句子相對(duì)較短,漢語(yǔ)里不能使用太多的代詞,使用名詞往往使語(yǔ)義更加清楚。

6.英語(yǔ)多前重心,漢語(yǔ)多后重心

在表達(dá)邏輯思維時(shí),英語(yǔ)往往是判斷或結(jié)論等在前,事實(shí)或描寫(xiě)等在后,即重心在前;漢語(yǔ)則是由因到果、由假設(shè)到推論、由事實(shí)到結(jié)論,即重心在后。

英漢詞法及句法差異比較

例:1.AnotionhasbeentakenholdintheUStotheeffectthattheonlypeoplewhoshouldbeencouragedtobringchildrenintotheworldarethosewhocanaffordthem.

在美國(guó)有一個(gè)根深蒂固的觀點(diǎn),只有那些撫養(yǎng)得起子女的人才應(yīng)鼓勵(lì)生育。

特殊結(jié)構(gòu)1.Youngasheis,hehasseenmuchoftheworld.

雖然他年輕,但是……

2.Shouldheactlikethat,hewouldbepunished.

假如……

二、翻譯技巧1.翻譯要符合專(zhuān)業(yè)習(xí)慣,使用專(zhuān)門(mén)術(shù)語(yǔ)

找出醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)用術(shù)語(yǔ)并解釋其含義:1.Anotherfavoritespotforembolus(血栓)tostrikeisthebrain.favoritespot:易發(fā)部位Strike:發(fā)作、襲擊2.Thewaysinwhichdamagemaybeproducedbytheparasitesincludethefollowing:traumaorphysicaldamage,lyticnecrosis,stimulationofhost-tissuereactions,toxicandallergicphenomena,andtheopeningorpathwaysfortheentryofotherpathogensintotissue.Lytic:細(xì)胞溶解酶,松解的,漸退的Necrosis:壞疽、壞死lyticnecrosis:“液化性壞死”host-tissue:“宿主組織”

3.Medicineisabranchofmedicalsciencethattreatspatientssolelywiththeuseofdrugs,ornon-surgically.句中的“medicine”譯作“內(nèi)科學(xué)”。

4.Medicineisnotonlyabranchofappliedbiology.Italsosubsumed

(包含)manyaspectsofpsychology,sociology,andeconomics.

句中的“medicine”譯作“醫(yī)學(xué)”。練習(xí)Thedoseofasprinshouldbeindividualizedonthebasisofpatientpreferencesandthepresenceofcomorbidconditions,suchaspepticulcer.

根據(jù)病人的喜好及同時(shí)并存的其它病情(如消化道潰瘍),阿司匹林的劑量應(yīng)當(dāng)有個(gè)體的差異。Glaucomacanbeclassifiedasprimaryorsecondarybasedonetiology.

青光眼可根據(jù)病因?qū)W分為原發(fā)性和繼發(fā)性青光眼。3.Somepatientsfindanicebagappliedtotheparotid(腮腺)regioncomforting,butotherspreferheat.

heat:“熱敷”,含義具體化了。4.Therapeuticmeasuresweretailoredtofitthepatient.

tailor:“制訂”,含義抽象化了。5.Inelderlypatientstheradicalapproachisoftenthecorrectone.

radical:根本的、基本的,轉(zhuǎn)化為“根治手術(shù)”。6.brieflossofvisioninoneeye“一只眼睛暫時(shí)瞎了”改譯為“一過(guò)性單眼失明”3.Cholelithiasis(膽結(jié)石)maybeassociatedwithpresentorpastepisodes

ofeitheracuteorchroniccholecystitis(膽囊炎).

Episodes:插曲、偶發(fā)事件發(fā)作

膽結(jié)石可能是與現(xiàn)在和過(guò)去的急慢性膽囊炎發(fā)作有關(guān)。4.Asmoremusclesareinvolved,rigiditybecomesincreasedandgeneralized.

rigidity:僵硬、死板強(qiáng)直

隨著更多肌肉受到影響,強(qiáng)直加劇至全身。5.Heartfailureisafrequentandimportantcomplication

ofsubacute(亞急性)bacterialendocarditis(心內(nèi)膜炎).

Failure:失敗、不及格衰竭、故障Complication:復(fù)雜并發(fā)癥心衰是亞急性細(xì)菌性心內(nèi)膜炎的常見(jiàn)而重要的并發(fā)癥。6.Thebloodconcentrationofureaandothernitrogenouscompound(含氮化合物)steadilyrises.

concentration:集中、專(zhuān)心濃度血液中尿素和其他含氮化合物的濃度在穩(wěn)定上升。7.Lymphnodesareoftenenlargedbutarenottender.

tender:溫柔的、親切的觸痛、敏感.

淋巴結(jié)往往腫脹,但無(wú)觸痛感。

8.Insuchcasesheartmurmurisoftenpresent.

murmur:低語(yǔ)、低聲雜音、心臟雜音在這樣的病例中,總是存在心臟雜音。11.Thelungsshouldbecarefullyexaminedatfrequentintervalsforsignsofpulmonaryconsolidation.

consolidation:鞏固、團(tuán)結(jié)實(shí)變肺部應(yīng)接受定期的認(rèn)真的檢查以發(fā)現(xiàn)肺部組織實(shí)變跡象。12.Astermapproaches,thereisagoodpossibilityofcomplications.

term:學(xué)期、期間、術(shù)語(yǔ)預(yù)產(chǎn)期、足孕隨著預(yù)產(chǎn)期的臨近,并發(fā)癥發(fā)生的可能性極大。13.HIV-contaminatedsurfacescaneasilybecleanedanddisinfectedbecauseHIVisinactivated

byheatandbycommondisinfectants(消毒劑)suchashydrogen,peroxideandalcohol.

inactivate:使不活躍、不活動(dòng)滅活、減除活性

被艾滋病病毒污染過(guò)的表面可以很容易的被清理和消毒,因?yàn)榘滩〔《究梢酝ㄟ^(guò)加熱被滅活,或者通過(guò)諸如氫、過(guò)氧化物以及酒精等普通消毒劑加以滅活。

14.Thisladyisgoingintolabor,wemustsendhertothehospital.

labor:勞動(dòng)、勞力分娩、陣痛這個(gè)女士快要分娩了,我們必須送她去醫(yī)院。15.Healthpromotioneffortsinthe1990sincreasedpublicawarenessofosteoporosis(骨質(zhì)疏松),acondition

thatcausesdisablingbonefracturesamongolderpeople.

condition:條件、情況疾病

二十世紀(jì)九十年代為促進(jìn)健康所做的努力提高了人們對(duì)骨質(zhì)疏松癥的了解,這種病能導(dǎo)致高齡老人骨折從而失去活動(dòng)能力。16.End-of-lifecare

meansonceaggressive

treatmentbecomesinappropriateforcancerpatients,careshouldfocusonrelievingpainandsuffering.

End-of-lifecare:生命盡頭的關(guān)心臨終關(guān)懷

aggressive:侵略性的積極的

臨終關(guān)懷指的是曾經(jīng)積極的治療已不適合癌癥病人,對(duì)病人的關(guān)心應(yīng)專(zhuān)注于減輕其痛苦。兩棲詞匯詞匯普通含義醫(yī)學(xué)含義abortion夭折,失敗流產(chǎn),墮胎resident居民住院醫(yī)生traction拖,曳骨折牽引術(shù)reduction減少骨折復(fù)位術(shù)foreignbody外國(guó)的異物humor幽默體液delivery/labor發(fā)送,交付/體力勞動(dòng)分娩,生產(chǎn)consumption肺結(jié)核消費(fèi)、消耗兩棲詞匯詞匯普通含義醫(yī)學(xué)含義cataract大瀑布白內(nèi)障colon冒號(hào)結(jié)腸fit適合陣發(fā),痙攣drip水滴、滴下滴注depression蕭條、沮喪抑郁癥host主人、東家宿主mass群眾,團(tuán)體腫塊,腫瘤shock震動(dòng)、震驚休克gum樹(shù)膠、口香糖齒齦兩棲詞匯dressing繃帶\敷料discharge出院entity病種intervention治療、介入conception妊娠culturemedium培養(yǎng)基traceelements微量元素acidfast抗酸的identicaltwin同卵雙生labor分娩acute急性的tender觸痛感primary原發(fā)性的secondary繼發(fā)性的cardiacarrest心臟驟停

term預(yù)產(chǎn)期、足孕administration用藥angry發(fā)炎腫痛的attack發(fā)作brainstorm腦卒病變calf小腿murmur雜音4.醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)術(shù)語(yǔ)的特征

1)最基本特征----“一詞三式”

英語(yǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ)主要來(lái)自3個(gè)語(yǔ)言成分:央格魯-撒克遜語(yǔ)(古英語(yǔ)Anglo-Saxon),古希臘語(yǔ)(Greek)與古拉丁語(yǔ)(Latin)。拉丁語(yǔ)和希臘語(yǔ)這兩大古代語(yǔ)言為醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)術(shù)語(yǔ)提供了大量可靈活運(yùn)用并含義確切的詞根,這樣就出現(xiàn)了相同含義,不同拼寫(xiě)的詞根與各種前后綴結(jié)合構(gòu)成大量的含義相同或不同的醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)術(shù)語(yǔ),這就是醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)術(shù)語(yǔ)的一詞三式現(xiàn)象。“一詞三式”舉例ChineseAnglo-SaxonGreekLatin體bodysomacorpus心heartcardiacor腸bowelenteronintestine腎kidneynephrosrenes血bloodhemasanquis腦brainencephalocerebro腹abdomencelioabdomino鼻noserhinonaso女womangynefemale例:體軀系統(tǒng)

英語(yǔ)希臘源拉丁源Body somato-coporo-Headcephalo-capito-necktrachelo-cervico-limb acro-membrumfingerdactylo-digito-thigh股mero-femoro-chestthoraco-pecto-breastmasto-mammo-bellyventro-abdomino-flank肋腹laporo-,celiobackopitho-dorsi-waistlumbo-loin其他各系統(tǒng)的“一詞三式”舉例詳見(jiàn)Word文檔2)醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)術(shù)語(yǔ)的其他來(lái)源

一、以醫(yī)生或者患者名字為術(shù)語(yǔ):Parkinson’sDissease,振顫麻痹,以醫(yī)生為名;Hippocraticface死后面相,以醫(yī)生為名;Christmasdisease,凝血因子IX缺乏(克雷司馬斯病);Helacells希拉細(xì)胞(子宮頸癌細(xì)胞),以患者為名。

二、以文學(xué)作品或事件中人物為術(shù)語(yǔ):Achilleustendon跟腱;AchillesJerk跟腱反射;Oedipuscomplex戀母情節(jié);Electracomplex戀父情結(jié);Jocastacomplex戀子情結(jié);LearComplex戀女情結(jié);Dianacomplex獨(dú)身情節(jié);Caincomplex兄弟敵對(duì)情節(jié);

三、以地名冠名:Keshandisease中國(guó)克山微量元素缺乏;Mediterranniananemia地中海貧血;Schistosomamekongi湄公河血吸蟲(chóng)Achilleustendon跟腱AnAchilles’heelisadeadlyweaknessinspiteofoverallstrength,thatcanactuallyorpotentiallyleadtodownfall.Dianacomplex獨(dú)身情節(jié)Diana存在于古羅馬神話(huà)中,是月亮女神和狩獵女神,宙斯的女兒,太陽(yáng)神阿波羅的孿生妹妹。狄安娜身材修長(zhǎng)、勻稱(chēng),相貌美麗,又是處女的保護(hù)神,所以她的名字常成為“貞潔處女”的同義詞。據(jù)說(shuō),她有很多求婚者,但她不愿結(jié)婚,宣稱(chēng)自己特別熱愛(ài)自由,愿意與森林中的仙女們永遠(yuǎn)生活在一起。因此,在英語(yǔ)中,tobeaDiana可用來(lái)表示“終身不嫁”。Oedipuscomplex戀母情結(jié)

在精神分析中指以本能沖動(dòng)力為核心的一種欲望。通俗地講是指男性的一種心理傾向,就是無(wú)論到什么年紀(jì),都總是服從和依戀母親,在心理上還沒(méi)有斷乳。這種男性被稱(chēng)為plexAbnormalmentalstateresultingfrompastexperienceorsuppresseddesires情結(jié)3)醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)術(shù)語(yǔ)的縮略表達(dá)醫(yī)學(xué)縮略語(yǔ)及相關(guān)符號(hào)、代號(hào)在各國(guó)的醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域使用都非常廣泛,既簡(jiǎn)化了書(shū)寫(xiě)過(guò)程,又有利于醫(yī)學(xué)工作的管理和國(guó)際交流。醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)術(shù)語(yǔ)的縮略表達(dá)首字母BP

GHMRI

DNAMeSHRC

ID

bloodpressure血壓growthhormone生長(zhǎng)激素magneticresonanceimaging核磁共振deoxyriboneuclsicacid脫氧核糖核酸Medicalsubjectheadings醫(yī)學(xué)主題詞表conditionedresponse條件反射diabeticindex糖尿病指數(shù)醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)術(shù)語(yǔ)的縮略表達(dá)首字母I&DS.T.S.B.I.H.

P.H.L.P.G.A.

L.A..U.T.I.incisionanddrainage切開(kāi)排膿surgicaltoiletandsuture

外科清創(chuàng)縫合bilateralinguinalhernia

雙側(cè)腹股溝疝prostatehypertrophy

前列腺肥大lumberpuncture腰穿generalanesthesia全麻localanesthesia局麻urinarytractinfection泌尿道感染醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)術(shù)語(yǔ)的縮略表達(dá)詞首+詞尾Abortion+mortuarymetabolism+genomics

nutrition+pharmaceutical

Abortuary流產(chǎn)胎兒存放室;

Metanomics代謝組織;Nutriceutical營(yíng)養(yǎng)藥、滋補(bǔ)藥;醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)術(shù)語(yǔ)的縮略表達(dá)詞首+整詞medicalcareradiationtherapyMedicare醫(yī)療護(hù)理、醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)Radiotherapy放射療法醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)術(shù)語(yǔ)的縮略表達(dá)截取一部分influenzapoliomyelitistuberculosishemoglobinintravenoussubcutaneousintramuscularcarcinomaposteroanterioranteroposteriorFlu流感Polio小兒麻痹癥TB肺結(jié)核Hb血紅蛋白i.v.靜脈內(nèi)的、經(jīng)靜脈的SC皮下的i.m.肌肉的、肌內(nèi)的Ca

癌癥、腫瘤P.A.后前位的A.P.前后位的希臘詞源4)醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)術(shù)語(yǔ)的復(fù)數(shù)形式后綴變化單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)-ma-matasarcoma肉瘤sarcomataderma皮膚dermatalymphoma淋巴瘤

lyphomata-on-a protozoon原生動(dòng)物

protozoaganglion神經(jīng)節(jié)ganglia-is-es arthrosis關(guān)節(jié)病arthrosespsychosis精神病psychoses-is-ides

glottis聲門(mén) glottides-ax-aces thorax胸腔thoraces-inx-inges meninx腦炎meninges拉丁詞源4)醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)術(shù)語(yǔ)的復(fù)數(shù)形式后綴變化單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)-a-ae

maxilla上頜骨

maxillae

-um-a

labium唇

labia

-us-i thrombus血栓bronchus支氣管

thrombibronchi-us-eragenus種類(lèi)

genera-us-ora stercus糞便

stercora-ex-ices/-espollex拇指 polices-ix-ices/-escervix頸部 cervices

varix靜脈曲張 varices

-s-sa

vas管

vasa更多例子:

ConjunctivaConjunctivae結(jié)膜Apexapices尖端AnalysisAnalyses分析

AppendixAppendices闌尾Edemaedemata水腫bacteriumbacteria細(xì)菌Axillaaxillae咯肢窩,腋窩diagnosisdiagnoses診斷codexcodices藥典Fundusfundi基底Fungusfungi菌類(lèi),蘑菇corpus

corpora全集、語(yǔ)料庫(kù)5.轉(zhuǎn)換譯法(Transformation)

1.Coughandexpectoration(咳痰)arefrequent

complaintsinpatientswithcardiacfailure.2.Relapsefollowinginitialimprovementisacommonsignalofthisevent.

3.Theyatlastsuccessfullystoppedthebleedingandgotthepatientoutofdanger.4.Hangingonthewallwasasplendidpainting.

墻上掛著一幅精美的畫(huà)。主訴v.復(fù)發(fā)、好轉(zhuǎn)v.脫離v.

5.Thepreventivemeasuresincludeeliminationofsnails,

controlofexcreta,provisionofsafewatersupplies,andproperandprompttreatmentofthepatients.

6.Admissiontohospitalduetosevereasthmaindicates

thattheclinicalmedicinesusedhavefailed.7.Nocturnalcoughandsleepdisturbanceisaconspicuouscomplaintbytheparents.8.Heisphysicallyweakbutmentallysound.消滅、管理、提供、治療v.…的指征是…n.主訴v.身體、思想n.

9.Doctorshavesaidthattheyarenotsuretheycansavehislife.10.Sheopenedthewindowtoletthefreshairin.11.Theinflammationischaracterizedbyred,swelling,feverandpain.

炎癥的特點(diǎn)是紅、腫、熱、痛。12.Theydidtheirbesttohelpthesickandthewounded.13.Thebabydoubleditsweightinayear.確定v.進(jìn)來(lái)v.特點(diǎn)n.病號(hào)和傷員n.嬰兒的adj.6.增減譯法(Addition&Reduction)1.Susceptibility(易感性)tocoldsvaries.2.Inanumberofstudies,thecasesaredocumentedpoorly,iftheyaredocumentedatall.3.Marywashedforalivingafterherhusbanddiedofacutepneumonia.

4.Itishardtosaywhich,thedrugorthediet,shouldbe

amatterofimmediateconcernforpatientswithatherosclerosis(動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化).就算/即使記載因人而異洗衣服5.Whiletheprocessmeetsthepresentlyaccepteddefinitionsofemphysema(肺氣腫),itmaybemerelyananatomicconsequenceofaging.這個(gè)過(guò)程一方面固然符合現(xiàn)在的肺氣腫的定義,另一方面可能僅僅是一種老年人身體的解剖學(xué)上的變化。6.Manymistakeshadbeenmade,badones.已經(jīng)犯了很多錯(cuò),而且還是糟糕的錯(cuò)誤。7.Whatismedicine?Medicineisnotascience.

醫(yī)學(xué)不是一門(mén)單純的科學(xué)8.Inparticular,promiscuityandanonymoussexualcontacthavebeenimplicatedinAIDS.性行為混亂尤其與艾滋病有關(guān)。9.Ifwintercomes,canspringbefarbehind?冬天來(lái)了,春天還會(huì)遠(yuǎn)嗎?10.Applicantswhohadworkedatajobwouldreceivepreferenceoverthosewhohadnot.有工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)的申請(qǐng)者優(yōu)先錄取。11.Aswintercomes,theleavesaregonefromtreesandthegrassisdead.

冬天來(lái)了,葉落草枯。12.Nowcomplaintsofroadreconstructionareheardinallpartsofthecity.現(xiàn)在整個(gè)城市的人們都對(duì)道路改造怨聲載道。練習(xí)(采用增減、轉(zhuǎn)換、引申等手段)1.Promptattentiontothesymptomsofstrokecanoftenmakeallthedifferencebetweenahealthylifeandahalf-healthylifewhichareinatwilightzone.

及時(shí)注意中風(fēng)癥狀往往可以分辨健康生活和亞健康生活,這兩者常常界限不清。2.Theremaybetemporarylossofspeechordifficultyinspeakingorunderstandingspeech.

可能出現(xiàn)暫時(shí)的失語(yǔ)或聽(tīng)說(shuō)障礙。3.Otherpotentialinterventionsincludeuseinterferon(干擾素),andotherantiviralagentsfortreatmentofchronicviralhepatitis.

其它可能使用的治療慢性病毒性肝炎的方法是使用干擾素和抗病毒藥。4.Patientswithheadinjurybenefitfromformalrehabilitationduringconvalescence(恢復(fù)、康復(fù)).

頭部受傷的人在恢復(fù)期進(jìn)行正規(guī)的康復(fù)治療是有好處的。5.Diabetesisamongtheleadingcausesofkidneyfailure,butitsfrequencyvariesbetweenpopulationsandisalsorelatedtotheseverityanddurationofthedisease.

糖尿病是引起腎衰竭的主要原因,但取決于人種、病情的嚴(yán)重性和持續(xù)性。

7.正反譯法(OppositeTranslation)肯定和否定之間的關(guān)系主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)之間的關(guān)系肯定與否定:1.Thepatientcanrecallnorecentsorethroat.

2.Weknowofnoeffectivewaytocurethedisease.

3.Heknewhewasmortallyill.

4.Thefirstbombsmissedthetarget.

5.Suchachancewasdeniedme.

6.Thepatientisbeyondhelp.

7.Thisproblemisaboveme.

8.Thedecisionhastocome.

9.Don’tlosetimeinpostingtheletter.

10.HeisthelastmanIwanttoseeinthisworld.

想不起不知道不治之癥沒(méi)有擊中沒(méi)有得到?jīng)]救了不懂、解決不了還未做出趕快…最不想見(jiàn)Nolessthan和notlessthan1.Notlessthan200patientshavebeencured.

不少于(雖用漢語(yǔ)的否定方式表達(dá),但表示也許更多)2.Nolessthan200patientshavebeencured.

至少(漢語(yǔ)的肯定方式表述,表示積極的語(yǔ)氣)3.Hissonhasreadnolessthan3Englishbooks.

至少(有積極的口氣)

4.Hissonhasreadnotlessthan3Englishbooks.

不少于5.Hefoughtwithnolessdaringthanskill.

既勇敢又善戰(zhàn)6.Themiddle-agedmanwasnolessapersonthanthenewminister.

這位中年人正是新來(lái)的部長(zhǎng)。7.Hervoiceisnolesssweetthanitusedtobe.

她的歌聲和以前一樣甜美。練習(xí):1.Notalldrugsarebittertotaste.2.Themajorityofpatientsseemtoprefertakingmedicinetobeingoperatedon.3.Thewoundrefusedtoheal.4.Whenpenicillinisgivenfarinexcessofdosageneededfortherapeuticeffect,strangetosay,freedomfromtoxicreactionsisremarkable.5.Thediseaseisusuallyofshortdurationandisrarelyserious.

6.Mindlessuseofantibioticsisnotwithouthazard.7.Thereisnoevidenceofrightventricularfailure(右心室衰竭)untillateindisease.8.Patientsshallnotfailtoobservedoctor’sorders.9.Thereisnooperationbutsomedegreeofinflammationtakesplace.

不伴炎癥的手術(shù)不可能。10.Keepoffthegrass!否定前綴以a開(kāi)頭:

acholia膽汁缺乏癥achromate色盲

amenia閉經(jīng)afebrile不發(fā)熱的afunction機(jī)能喪失aseptic無(wú)菌的atypical非典型的astatic不穩(wěn)定/無(wú)定向的aperiodic非周期的asymptomatic無(wú)征兆的以ab開(kāi)頭:

abnormal不正常的abuse濫用

以an開(kāi)頭:

anepia言語(yǔ)不能,失語(yǔ)anesthesia感覺(jué)缺乏,麻醉analgesia痛覺(jué)缺失anorexia食欲缺乏、神經(jīng)性厭食癥以anti開(kāi)頭:

antibiotic抗生素antibody抗體antigen抗原antiemetic止吐

anticoagulant抗凝血?jiǎng)゛ntidote解毒劑antiarthritic抗風(fēng)濕藥物antipyretic退熱劑antitoxin抗毒素以contra開(kāi)頭:contraception避孕contraindication禁忌癥contraincision對(duì)口切開(kāi)contralateral對(duì)側(cè)的contrastmedia(medium)造影劑

以counter開(kāi)頭:

counteraction反作用counterbalance抗衡counterextension對(duì)抗?fàn)可靋ounterirritant對(duì)抗刺激劑

以de開(kāi)頭:

decerebration大腦切除dechloridation除鹽decompensation代償失調(diào)decomposition分解decompression減壓defervescence退熱deformity畸形degeneration退化dehydration脫水dementia癡呆depancreatize切除胰腺defibrillator除顫器以mal開(kāi)頭:maladjustment失調(diào)、適應(yīng)不良maldevelopment發(fā)育不良maldigestion消化不良malformation畸形malfunction機(jī)能障礙malposed錯(cuò)位

以dis開(kāi)頭:disclose揭示discover發(fā)現(xiàn)disease疾病disinfect消毒disinfection消毒disadvantagedisintegration分解dislocation脫位disorder紊亂

以dys開(kāi)頭:

dysfunctiondysphonia發(fā)言困難、言語(yǔ)障礙

dyspepsia消化不良dysgenesis生殖力障礙

以in\im開(kāi)頭:inaccurateinadequateincompatibility配伍禁忌incompetence機(jī)能不全incontinence失禁incurable不治indigestionindefinite不定incapableinorganicinnumerous無(wú)數(shù)incomparable無(wú)比intolerence不耐藥性

immatureimpalpable細(xì)微的、不可觸知的imperfectimpotence性無(wú)能、陽(yáng)痿impureimmortal不死的immoral不道德的

以ir/il開(kāi)頭:

illimitableillogicalillegalilliterateirregularirreducible不能還原的,不能復(fù)位的irrelevant不相干的irreversible不可逆的

irrecoverable不能恢復(fù)的

以mal開(kāi)頭:maladjustment失調(diào)、適應(yīng)不良maldevelopment發(fā)育不良maldigestion消化不良malformation畸形malfunction機(jī)能障礙malposed錯(cuò)位以mis開(kāi)頭:miscarriagemiscalculatemisdiagnosismisleadmismatchmisunderstand以non開(kāi)頭:nonconducting不傳導(dǎo)nonseptate無(wú)間隔的noncorrodible抗腐蝕的nontoxic無(wú)毒的nonprotein非/不含蛋白質(zhì)的

以u(píng)n開(kāi)頭:

unconditioned非條件反射

unphysiological非生理的uneasy不安的、不自在的undifferentiation未分化unequivocal不含糊的、明確的unsaturated不飽和的unwell不適unconsciousundoubtedunequalunrest以u(píng)nder開(kāi)頭:

underdevelopment發(fā)育不良、顯影不足

underexposure曝光不足undernutritionunderestimateundersaturation未飽和underweight體重不足underdiagnosis漏診

以free結(jié)尾:gluten-free無(wú)谷朊ruǎn(蛋白)(飲食)sugarfree無(wú)糖symptom-free無(wú)癥狀的

duty-free免稅的/地carefreefat-free以less結(jié)尾:

breathlesscarelesssenselesssymptomless以proof結(jié)尾:

foolproof簡(jiǎn)單的fireproofquakeprooftimeproof耐久的soundproofwaterproof練習(xí)Thesideeffectisnonetooserious.(notatall)Neitheroftheagents(medicine)isantihypertensive.Bothofthecompoundsarenotacids.Intheabsenceofadequateproof,wecan’tcometoanyconclusionThepatientwouldhavesurvivedbutthathewastooweaktobeoperatedon.Heisnostrangerinmicrosurgery.Doublenegative

雙重否定練習(xí)1.Itneverrainsbutpours.2.Nosweetwithoutsweat.3.Thereisnosmokewithoutfire.4.Thereisnorulebutexception.5.Thereisnoonebutknowsit.6.Nothingisimpossibletoawillingheart.

有志者事竟成(Where...,there…)不雨則已,一雨傾盆梅花香自苦寒來(lái)無(wú)風(fēng)不起浪此事無(wú)人不知任何規(guī)則都有例外7.Youcan’tgetuptooearly.

你起的越早越好。8.Youcannotbetoocareful.

cannever……too再……也不為過(guò)

9.Wewouldnothavesucceededbutforyourin-

timehelp.10.Wecannotundertaketheoperationwithoutthe

patientmakingadequatepreparationsphysically

andpsychologically.

11.Theseniordoctornevermakesanydiagnosisunless

hehasexaminedapatientcarefullyandthoroughly.12.Gratitudeissomethingofwhichallofuscannotgivetoomuch.

我們所給予的感激永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)過(guò)多。13.Thisisapointthathasbeenmademanytimesbefore,butit

cannotbeoveremphasized.

這一點(diǎn)以前被強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)多次,但再怎么強(qiáng)調(diào)也不過(guò)分。14.Asstudentsofscience,we

cannotbetoocarefulinperforminganexperiment.

作為理科學(xué)生,我們做實(shí)驗(yàn)再怎么仔細(xì)也不過(guò)分。

形式肯定,含義否定:1.

Hefailedtofinishtheworkintime.2.Itisstillbeyondourpowertocurethisdisease.3.Wedon’tthinktheabsenceofthismedicinecan

greatlyinfluencethetreatingofthiscancer.4.Avoideatingtoooilyfoodsandstayawayfrom

cigarettes.5.Manychildrenindevelopingcountriesweredenied

medicalcare.

6.Patientshatestoseedoctorswithstony(無(wú)情的、石頭般的)faces.7.Herchildwasinaterriblestateofneglect.8.Thedoctorlosthispatient.9.Shewasdeaftoalladvice.10.IhavedonewhatIcanasadoctor,butI

thinkIam

stillfarawayfromagoodone.

11.Thepatientfinallyfoundoutthathewasmortallyill.12.Thepatientwatchedwithanxietywhenthedoctorwas

writinghisprescription.13.Somecountriesintheworlddenycancerscreeningto

theircitizens.14.Thedoctorslostnotimeintreatingthemanseverely

injuredinacaraccidentwhenhewassenttothe

hospital,buttheystillfailedtobringbackhislife.形式否定,含義肯定:1.Thedoctortoldthepatientthattheycouldnot

makeanaccuratediagnosisbeforehereceived

allthenecessaryexaminations.2.Theinvestigationandtheautopsy(驗(yàn)尸)leftno

doubtthatthepatientdiedofpoisoning.3.Everypatientwiththisdisease,withnoexception,

mustgetaninjectionof500mlBactocill(苯唑西林鈉)theminutetheyareaccepted.4.HeissuchanindecisivesortofpersonthatI

don’tthinkhecanmakeagooddoctor.5.Don’tlosetimeinsendingtheinjuredtothe

hospital,ortheywilldiebybleeding.

1.Itisstillinsecuretoputthismedicineintoclinicalusethoughsomeexperimentshavebeendone.2.Thedoctorcomfortedthepatientthathissymptoms

wouldsoondisappearifhefollowedhisadvice.3.Thedoubtremainedunsolvedwhatthecauseofthe

diseasewas

thoughthepatientrecoveredfromit.4.Thisgroupisconductinganunprecedentedresearch.5.Florence

Nightingalewastheundisputedpioneer

in

modernnursing.6.Hemanifestedastrongdislikeforthiskindof

medicine.Wordswithnegativeprefixesandsuffixes:主動(dòng)與被動(dòng):Itmustbepointedoutthat...必須指出……

Itmustbeadmittedthat...必須承認(rèn)……

Itissaidthat...據(jù)說(shuō)……

Itissupposedthat...據(jù)推測(cè)……Itisreportedthat…據(jù)報(bào)道……

Itcannotbedeniedthat...不可否認(rèn)……

Itwillbeseenfromthisthat...由此可知/見(jiàn)……

Itshouldberealizedthat...必須認(rèn)識(shí)到……

Itmaybesaidwithoutfearofexaggerationthat...可以毫不夸張地說(shuō)……翻譯的時(shí)候不需要增加主語(yǔ)

Itisimaginedthat...人們認(rèn)為……Itisgenerallyconsideredthat...人們認(rèn)為……Itis(always)stressedthat...人們(總是)強(qiáng)調(diào)……

Itisbelievedthat...有人相信/認(rèn)為……Itisassertedthat...有人主張……Itwastoldthat...有人曾經(jīng)說(shuō)……

翻譯的時(shí)候可增加主語(yǔ)

主動(dòng)與被動(dòng):

VitaminKisnotabsorbedfromupperintestine.Urineisformedinthekidneys.Ifanactivelyinflamedregionshouldbeexaminedunderthemicroscope,massesofneutrophils(中性粒細(xì)胞)wouldbeseen.Mostantibacterialagents

arederivedfrommolds(真菌、霉菌).Thecoordinationoffunctionofthevariousorgansisregulatedbythecentralnervesystem.6.Manmaybeinfectedbyhumanorbovinetypeofthebacillus.7.Prolapsedintervertebraldiscmustbedifferentiatedfromothercaseoflowbackpain.8.Thesurgeonhadseveralfacetedcalculioftheinfectioustypetakenoutfromthepatient’sgallbladder(膽囊).9.Thepatientbeingexaminedwasadmittedyesterday.Manyoftheimportantallergenscanbeidentifiedbytakingacarefulhistory.

仔細(xì)詢(xún)問(wèn)病史可了解許多重要的變應(yīng)原。

11.Nothingwasgainedbyalltheovercaution.所有這些謹(jǐn)小慎微的做法到頭來(lái)都將一無(wú)所得。12.Smokingisprohibitedinpublicplaces.

公共場(chǎng)所禁止吸煙。13.Thesignificanceoftheseincidentswasn’tlostonus.這些事件引起了我們的重視。14.Thewholecountrywasarmedinafewdays.

幾天以?xún)?nèi)全國(guó)武裝起來(lái)了。

15.Thesenseofinferioritythatheacquiredinhisyouthhasneverbeentotallyeradicated.他在青少年時(shí)期留下的自卑感,還沒(méi)有完全消除。

增加施動(dòng)者

11.Gentamicin(慶大霉素)wasfoundtobe100timesmoreactiveinvitro體外,試管內(nèi)atpH8.5thanatph5vsmoststrainsofgram-negativebacilli(革蘭氏陰性桿菌).研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),相對(duì)于大多數(shù)革蘭氏陰性桿菌菌株而言,慶大霉素在試管內(nèi)的酸堿度為8.5的時(shí)候比酸堿度為5的時(shí)侯活性要強(qiáng)100倍。練習(xí):1.Alcoholuseisalsoacommoncauseofcirrhosis

,whichcanindirectlyleadtohepatocellular

carcinoma.However,adirectcarcinogeniceffectofalcoholontheliverhasnotbeenproved.

飲酒也是導(dǎo)致肝硬化的一個(gè)常見(jiàn)原因,會(huì)間接導(dǎo)致肝細(xì)胞癌,但是尚未證明酒精會(huì)對(duì)肝臟有直接的致癌效應(yīng)。2.Therapeuticcytapheresis

isusedtoremovedefectiveRBCsandsubstitutehealthyones.

治療性細(xì)胞除去法用于除去有缺陷的紅細(xì)胞并代之以正常的紅細(xì)胞。3.Patientswitheitherofthesevariablesshouldbescreenedevery6monthswithAFP(甲胎蛋白)measurementandabdominalhelical

CT(orabdominalultrasoundifCTisunavailable)

具有這些變量中任何一個(gè)的話(huà),病人就應(yīng)該每六個(gè)月接受一次甲胎蛋白測(cè)量以及腹部螺旋CT篩查(如沒(méi)有CT可進(jìn)行腹部超聲波檢查)。4.Itisbelievedthatonethirdofallthepeopleintheworldhaveadormant

tuberculosisinfection,althoughonlyabout5%to10%progresstoactiveTBdisease.

人們相信……5.Obstetricsandgynecologyarecombinedinthe

specialtythatdealswithpregnancyandbirthand

diseasesofthefemalereproductivesystem.

產(chǎn)科學(xué)與婦科學(xué)相結(jié)合形成一個(gè)新的專(zhuān)業(yè),專(zhuān)門(mén)針對(duì)妊娠、生育以及女性生殖系統(tǒng)疾病。

6.Accordingtoourplan,alargeillnessprevention

andcontrolnetworkwillbebuiltinacoupleof

years.

按照我們的計(jì)劃,一個(gè)大型的疾病預(yù)防與控制網(wǎng)絡(luò)將于幾年內(nèi)建成。

7.Thiskindofcancercannotbecuredwithanyof

themedicineavailable.

任何現(xiàn)有藥物都治不了這種癌癥。8.Patient:Iwasknockeddowntotheground,

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