托福作文寫(xiě)作范文詳解ReadingInanefforttoencourageecologicallysustainableforestrypractices,aninternationalorganizationstartedissuingcertificationstowoodcompaniesthatmeethighecologicalstandardsbyconservingresourcesandrecyclingmaterials.Companiesthatreceivethiscertificationcanattractcustomersbyadvertisingtheirproductsaseco-certified.Aroundtheworld,manywoodcompanieshaveadoptednew,ecologicallyfriendlypracticesinordertoreceiveeco-certification.However,itisunlikelythatwoodcompaniesintheUnitedStateswilldothesame,forseveralreasons.First,Americanconsumersareexposedtosomuchadvertisingthattheywouldnotvalueorevenpayattentiontotheeco-certificationlabel.Becausesomanymediocreproductsarelabeled,new”orimproved/1Americanconsumersdonotplacemuchtrustinadvertisingclaimsingeneral.Second,eco-certifiedwoodwillbemoreexpensivethanuncertifiedwoodbecauseinordertoearneco-certification,awoodcompanymustpaytohaveitsbusinessexaminedbyacertificationagency.Thisadditionalcostgetspassedontoconsumers-Americanconsumerstendtobestronglymotivatedbyprice,andthereforetheyarelikelytochoosecheaperuncertifiedwoodproducts.Accordingly,Americanwoodcompanieswillprefertokeeptheirpriceslowratherthanobtaineco-certification.Third,althoughsomepeopleclaimthatitalwaysmakesgoodbusinesssenseforAmericancompaniestokeepupwiththedevelopmentsintherestoftheworld,thisargumentisnotconvincing.PursuingcertificationwouldmakesenseforAmericanwoodcompaniesonlyiftheymarketedmostoftheirproductsabroad.Butthatisnotthecase-AmericanwoodbusinessessellmostoftheirproductsintheUnitedStates,cateringtoaverylargecustomerbasethatissatisfiedwiththemerchandise.ListeningWell,despitewhatmanypeoplesayzthereisagoodreasontothinkthatmanyAmericanwoodcompanieswilleventuallyseekeco-certificationforthewoodproducts.Firstoff,companiesintheUnitedStatesdon'ttreatalladvertisingthesame.Theydistinguishbetweenadvertisingclaimsthatcompaniesmakeabouttheirownproductsandclaimsmadebyindependentcertificationagencies.Americanshavealotofconfidenceinindependentagencies.ThusecologicalmindedAmericansarelikelytoreactveryfavorablytowoodproductsecologicallycertifiedbyindependentorganizationwithaninternationalreputationfortrustworthiness.Secondpoint,ofcourseitistruethatAmericanconsumerscarealotaboutprice,whodoesn't?Butstudiesofhowconsumersmakedecisionsshowthatpricealonedeterminesconsumers1decisionsonlywhenthepriceofonecompetingproductsismuchhigherorlowerthantheother.Whenthedifferencebetweentwoproductsissmall,say,lessthan5percent,asisthecasewithcertifiedwood,Americanoftendochooseonfactoriesotherthanprice.AndAmericansarebecomingincreasinglyconvincedofthevalueofpreservingandprotectingtheenvironmentAndthird,USWoodcompaniesshoulddefinitelypayattentionwhatisgoingoninthewoodbusinessinternationally.Notbecauseofforeignconsumersbutbecauseofforeigncompetitors.AsIjusttoldyou,thereisagoodchancethatmanyAmericanconsumerswillbeinterestedineco-certifiedproducts,andguesswhy?IfAmericancompaniesareslowcapturingthoseconsumers,youcanbesurethatforeigncompanieswillsoonstartcrowdingintotheAmericanmarkets.offeringeco-certifiedwoodthatdomesticcompaniesdon't.閱讀聽(tīng)力要點(diǎn)概括ReadingPassageMainpoints:UScompaniesmaynotadopttheeco-certification.Subpoint1:USconsumerswouldnotvalueorpayattentiontothelabel.Subpoint2:CertifiedwoodwillbemoreexpensiveandUSconsumersarestronglymotivatedbyprice.Subpoint3:AmericanwoodcompaniessellproductsintheUS.LectureAttitude:USwoodcompanieswilleventuallyseekecocertification.SubPoint1:Lotofconfidenceinindependentagencies.(Reactfavorablytocertifiedproduct.)SubPoint2:Americanvaluepreservingandprotectingtheenvironment.SubPoint3:Woodcompaniesshouldpayattentioninternationally.(Foreigncompetitors,consumersneedbrands.)范文逐段賞析Paragraph1Thelectureandthereadingpassagepresentcontradictoryopinionsonthetopicofeco-certification,aformofaccreditationconferredbyoninternationalagencyinrecognitionofacompany7secofriendlypractices.ThereadingpassageexplainsthatitisnotnecessaryforAmericanlumbercompaniestopursueeco-certification,whilethelectureprovidesseveralcounterargumentsforwhytheoppositeisthecase.此段功能：(Listeningpassage后文提到用L代替)(Readingpassage后文用R代替)開(kāi)頭段說(shuō)道L和R關(guān)于一個(gè)環(huán)保牌照持相反意見(jiàn)，隨后解釋了環(huán)保牌照是一家國(guó)際環(huán)保機(jī)構(gòu)頒發(fā)的。R認(rèn)為美國(guó)木材公司不需要此牌照，但是L認(rèn)為相反。此段結(jié)構(gòu)：開(kāi)頭段作者先展示了L和R的對(duì)立關(guān)系，解釋了對(duì)立的原因和分別復(fù)述了L,R各自的立場(chǎng)。Paragraph2First,thelecturerarguesthatthereadingpassageistoogeneralinitsstatementthatAmericanconsumersrejectadvertisingcompletely.HeassertsthatAmericansdonottrustadvertisingclaimsforaproductwhentheseclaimsaremadebythecompanythatsellstheproduct.Whenaclaimismadebyanindependentthirdparty,suchasawoodcertificationcompany,heposits,consumersrespondverypositivelywithastrongeracceptanceofthecertifiedproduct.此段功能：在第一點(diǎn)的論證上，作者說(shuō)R認(rèn)為美國(guó)顧客排斥廣告太泛泛了。L解釋美國(guó)人不相信那些自己公司做廣告賣(mài)自己產(chǎn)品的，但是當(dāng)證明是第三方機(jī)構(gòu)，例如一個(gè)木材驗(yàn)證公司，顧客還是反應(yīng)十分積極的。此段結(jié)構(gòu):此段為分總結(jié)構(gòu)，作者先陳述了R的想法，然后用一系列的L的證明來(lái)說(shuō)明R的想法太空洞。Paragraph3Thelectureralsorefutesthesecondpointinthereading:thatprice-sensitiveAmericanconsumersarelikelytochooseinexpensivewoodproductsregardlessofcertification.Theprofessorcontendsthatcertifiedwoodisonlyslightly(lessthan5%)moreexpensivethanuncertifiedwood,andtherefore,heargues,consumerswilltendtoignorethepricedifferenceandchoosetheeco-friendlyproduct.此段功能：作者先寫(xiě)L繼續(xù)反駁R的第二點(diǎn)：價(jià)格敏感的美國(guó)人只會(huì)選便宜的木頭而忽視牌照。L說(shuō)，環(huán)保牌照木頭和普通木頭差價(jià)在5%內(nèi)，顧客不會(huì)注意這種價(jià)格差所以會(huì)選環(huán)保產(chǎn)品。此段結(jié)構(gòu)：為了寫(xiě)出L反駁R作者還是先列舉了R的論點(diǎn)用接下來(lái)一系列L的新證據(jù)，推翻了RoParagraph4Finally,receivingeco-certificationis,accordingtotheprofessor,aneffectivestrategyusedbyAmericanwoodcompaniestoensurethattheirproductscancompeteagainste