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THEECONOMICSOFLABORMARKETS勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)Chap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第1頁!TheEconomicsofLaborMarkets

勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)Chapter18Chap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第2頁!TheMarketsforFactorsofProduction

生產(chǎn)要素市場Factorsofproductionaretheinputsusedtoproducegoodsandservices.生產(chǎn)要素是指用于生產(chǎn)物品與勞務(wù)的投入。Chap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第3頁!TheMarketfortheFactorsofProductionThedemandforafactorofproductionisaderiveddemand.Afirm’sdemandforafactorofproductionisderivedfromitsdecisiontosupplyagoodinanothermarket.Chap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第4頁!TheDemandforLabor

勞動(dòng)需求Labormarkets,likeothermarketsintheeconomy,aregovernedbytheforcesofsupplyanddemand.與經(jīng)濟(jì)中的其它市場一樣，勞動(dòng)市場也是由供求力量支配的。Chap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第5頁!圖1.供給與需求的多樣化(a)蘋果市場(b)摘蘋果工人市場蘋果的數(shù)量工人數(shù)量QLPW00蘋果的價(jià)格摘蘋果工人的工資需求需求供給供給Chap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第6頁!TheProductionFunctionandTheMarginalProductofLaborTheproductionfunctionillustratestherelationshipbetweenthequantityofinputsusedandthequantityofoutputofagood.Chap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第7頁!Table1HowtheCompetitiveFirmDecidesHowMuchLabortoHireCopyright?2004South-WesternChap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第8頁!Figure2TheProductionFunction

生產(chǎn)函數(shù)00501001502002503003500123456QuantityofApplePickers摘蘋果工人數(shù)量QuantityofApples蘋果數(shù)量12345Chap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第9頁!生產(chǎn)函數(shù)與勞動(dòng)的邊際產(chǎn)量勞動(dòng)的邊際產(chǎn)量——增加的一個(gè)單位勞動(dòng)所引起的產(chǎn)量增加量。MPL=Q/LMPL=(Q2–Q1)/(L2–L1)Chap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第10頁!生產(chǎn)函數(shù)與勞動(dòng)的邊際產(chǎn)量邊際產(chǎn)量遞減隨著工人數(shù)量增加，勞動(dòng)的邊際產(chǎn)量遞減。

隨著雇傭的工人越來越多，每個(gè)增加的工人對蘋果產(chǎn)量的貢獻(xiàn)越來越小。生產(chǎn)函數(shù)隨著工人數(shù)量增加而變得越來越平坦。這種性質(zhì)被稱為邊際產(chǎn)量遞減。.Chap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第11頁!TheValueoftheMarginalProductofLaborandtheDemandforLaborThevalueofthemarginalproductisthemarginalproductoftheinputmultipliedbythemarketpriceoftheoutput.VMPL=MPLXP

Chap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第12頁!TheValueoftheMarginalProductofLaborandtheDemandforLaborThevalueofthemarginalproduct(alsoknownasmarginalrevenueproduct)ismeasuredindollars.Itdiminishesasthenumberofworkersrisesbecausethemarketpriceofthegoodisconstant.Chap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第13頁!TheValueoftheMarginalProductandtheDemandforLaborTomaximizeprofit,thepetitive,profit-maximizingfirmhiresworkersuptothepointwherethevalueofmarginalproductoflaborequalsthewage.VMPL=WageChap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第14頁!TheValueoftheMarginalProductandtheDemandforLabor

邊際產(chǎn)量值與勞動(dòng)需求Thevalue-of-marginal-productcurveisthelabordemandcurveforapetitive,profit-maximizingfirm.對一個(gè)競爭性的、追求利潤最大化的企業(yè)來說，邊際產(chǎn)量值曲線就是勞動(dòng)需求曲線。Chap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第15頁!圖3.勞動(dòng)的邊際產(chǎn)量值0摘蘋果工人數(shù)量0邊際產(chǎn)量值邊際產(chǎn)量值（勞動(dòng)需求曲線）市場工資利潤最大化產(chǎn)量Chap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第16頁!參考資料：投入需求與產(chǎn)量供給當(dāng)一個(gè)競爭性企業(yè)雇傭的勞動(dòng)量到邊際產(chǎn)量值等于工資的一點(diǎn)時(shí)，它的產(chǎn)量也就達(dá)到價(jià)格等于邊際成本的一點(diǎn)。Chap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第17頁!TheSupplyofLaborThelaborsupplycurvereflectshowworkers’decisionsaboutthelabor-leisuretradeoffrespondtochangesinopportunitycost.Anupward-slopinglaborsupplycurvemeansthatanincreaseinthewagesinducesworkerstoincreasethequantityoflabortheysupply.Chap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第18頁!Figure4EquilibriuminaLaborMarket

勞動(dòng)市場的均衡Supply供給Wage(priceoflabor)工資（勞動(dòng)的價(jià)格）QuantityofLabor勞動(dòng)量0Chap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第19頁!EquilibriumintheLaborMarket

勞動(dòng)市場的均衡Thewageadjuststobalancethesupplyanddemandforlabor.

工資調(diào)整使勞動(dòng)的供求平衡。Thewageequalsthevalueofthemarginalproductoflabor.

工資等于勞動(dòng)的邊際產(chǎn)量值。Chap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第20頁!均衡就業(yè)量,L圖4.勞動(dòng)市場的均衡供給工資(勞動(dòng)的價(jià)格)勞動(dòng)量0需求均衡工資,WChap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第21頁!Figure5AShiftinLaborSupplyCopyright?2003Southwestern/ThomsonLearningWage(priceoflabor)0QuantityofLaborSupply,SDemand2....reducesthewage...3....andraisesemployment.1.Anincreaseinlaborsupply...SWLWLChap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第22頁!AShiftinLaborSupplyAnincreaseinthesupplyoflabor:Resultsinasurplusoflabor.Putsdownwardpressureonwages.Makesitprofitableforfirmstohiremoreworkers.Resultsindiminishingmarginalproduct.Lowersthevalueofthemarginalproduct.Givesanewequilibrium.

Chap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第23頁!Figure6AShiftinLaborDemandCopyright?2003Southwestern/ThomsonLearningWage(priceoflabor)0QuantityofLaborSupplyDemand,D2....increasesthewage...3....andincreasesemployment.DWLWL1.Anincreaseinlabordemand...Chap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第24頁!ShiftsinLaborDemandAnincreaseinthedemandforlabor:Makesitprofitableforfirmstohiremoreworkers.Putsupwardpressureonwages.Raisesthevalueofthemarginalproduct.Givesanewequilibrium.

Chap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第25頁!Table2ProductivityandWageGrowth

intheUnitedStates.Copyright?2004South-WesternChap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第26頁!ProductivityandWageGrowtharoundtheWorldChap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第27頁!ThreeDeterminantsofProductivityPhysicalCapitalWhenworkersworkwithalargerquantityofequipmentandstructures,theyproducemore.HumanCapitalWhenworkersaremoreeducated,theyproducemore.TechnologicalKnowledgeWhenworkershaveaccesstomoresophisticatedtechnologies,theyproducemore.Chap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第28頁!OtherFactorsofProduction:LandandCapitalCapitalreferstothestockofequipmentandstructuresusedforproduction.Theeconomy’scapitalrepresentstheaccumulationofgoodsproducedinthepastthatarebeingusedinthepresenttoproducenewgoodsandservices.Chap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第29頁!OtherFactorsofProduction:LandandCapitalPricesofLandandCapitalThepurchasepriceiswhatapersonpaystoownafactorofproductionindefinitely.Therentalpriceiswhatapersonpaystouseafactorofproductionforalimitedperiodoftime.Chap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第30頁!EquilibriuminMarketsforLandandCapitalTherentalpriceoflandandtherentalpriceofcapitalaredeterminedbysupplyanddemand.Thefirmincreasesthequantityhireduntilthevalueofthefactor’smarginalproductequalsthefactor’sprice.Chap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第31頁!Figure7TheMarketsforLandandCapitalQuantityofLand0RentalPriceofLandDemandSupplyDemandSupplyQuantityofCapital0RentalPriceofCapitalQP(a)TheMarketforLand(b)TheMarketforCapitalPQChap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第32頁!EquilibriuminMarketsforLandandCapitalEachfactor’srentalpricemustequalthevalueoftheirmarginalproduct.Theyeachearnthevalueoftheirmarginalcontributiontotheproductionprocess.Chap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第33頁!LinkagesAmongtheFactorsofProductionFactorsofproductionareusedtogether.Themarginalproductofanyonefactordependsonthequantitiesofallfactorsthatareavailable.Chap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第34頁!LinkagesAmongtheFactorsofProduction

生產(chǎn)要素之間的聯(lián)系A(chǔ)changeinthesupplyofonefactoralterstheearningsofallthefactors.任何一種生產(chǎn)要素的變化都會改變所有要素的收入。Chap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第35頁!SummaryTheeconomy’sineisdistributedinthemarketsforthefactorsofproduction.Thethreemostimportantfactorsofproductionarelabor,land,andcapital.Thedemandforafactor,suchaslabor,isaderiveddemandthatesfromfirmsthatusethefactorstoproducegoodsandservices.Chap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第36頁!SummaryCompetitive,profit-maximizingfirmshireeachfactoruptothepointatwhichthevalueofthemarginalproductofthefactorequalsitsprice.Thesupplyoflaborarisesfromindividuals’tradeoffbetweenworkandleisure.Anupward-slopinglaborsupplycurvemeansthatpeoplerespondtoanincreaseinthewagebyenjoyinglessleisureandworkingmorehours.Chap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第37頁!SummaryThepricepaidtoeachfactoradjuststobalancethesupplyanddemandforthatfactor.Becausefactordemandreflectsthevalueofthemarginalproductofthatfactor,inequilibriumeachfactorispensatedaccordingtoitsmarginalcontributiontotheproductionofgoodsandservices.Chap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第38頁!SummaryBecausefactorsofproductionareusedtogether,themarginalproductofanyonefactordependsonthequantitiesofallfactorsthatareavailable.Asaresult,achangeinthesupplyofonefactoralterstheequilibriumearningsofallthefactors.Chap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第39頁!生產(chǎn)要素市場生產(chǎn)要素的需求是派生需求。企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)要素需求，是從它向另一個(gè)市場供給物品的決策派生出來的。Chap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第40頁!Figure1TheVersatilityofSupplyandDemandQuantityofApples0PriceofApplesDemandSupplyDemandSupplyQuantityofApplePickers0WageofApplePickers(a)TheMarketforApples(b)TheMarketforApplePickersPQLWChap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第41頁!TheDemandForLabor

勞動(dòng)需求Mostlaborservices,ratherthanbeingfinalgoodsreadytobeenjoyedbyconsumers,areinputsintotheproductionofothergoods.大多數(shù)勞動(dòng)服務(wù)不是作為最終產(chǎn)品供消費(fèi)者享用的，而是投入到其它物品的生產(chǎn)中。Chap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第42頁!生產(chǎn)函數(shù)與勞動(dòng)的邊際產(chǎn)量生產(chǎn)函數(shù)說明用于生產(chǎn)一種物品的投入量與該物品產(chǎn)量之間的關(guān)系。Chap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第43頁!表1.競爭性企業(yè)如何決定雇傭工人的數(shù)量Chap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第44頁!TheProductionFunctionandTheMarginalProductofLaborThemarginalproductoflaboristheincreaseintheamountofoutputfromanadditionalunitoflabor.MPL=Q/LMPL=(Q2–Q1)/(L2–L1)Chap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第45頁!TheProductionFunctionandtheMarginalProductofLaborDiminishingMarginalProductofLaborAsthenumberofworkersincreases,themarginalproductoflabordeclines.Asmoreandmoreworkersarehired,eachadditionalworkercontributeslesstoproductionthanthepriorone.Theproductionfunctionbeesflatterasthenumberofworkersrises.Thispropertyiscalled

diminishingmarginalproduct.Chap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第46頁!Figure2TheProductionFunction

生產(chǎn)函數(shù)00501001502002503003500123456QuantityofApplePickers摘蘋果工人數(shù)量QuantityofApples蘋果數(shù)量12345Chap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第47頁!勞動(dòng)邊際產(chǎn)量值與勞動(dòng)需求邊際產(chǎn)量值——一種投入的邊際產(chǎn)量乘以該產(chǎn)品的價(jià)格。VMPL=MPLXP

Chap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第48頁!勞動(dòng)的邊際產(chǎn)量值邊際產(chǎn)量值（也被稱為邊際收益產(chǎn)量）以美元計(jì)算。如果產(chǎn)品價(jià)格不變，邊際產(chǎn)量值隨著雇傭工人數(shù)量的增加而遞減。Chap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第49頁!邊際產(chǎn)量值與勞動(dòng)需求為了實(shí)現(xiàn)利潤最大化，一個(gè)競爭性的、追求利潤最大化的企業(yè)雇傭工人人數(shù)到勞動(dòng)的邊際產(chǎn)量值等于工資這一點(diǎn)上。

邊際產(chǎn)量值=工資Chap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第50頁!Figure3TheValueoftheMarginal

ProductofLabor0QuantityofApplePickers0Value

oftheMarginalProductValueofmarginalproduct(demandcurveforlabor)MarketwageProfit-maximizingquantityChap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第51頁!FYI—InputDemandand

OutputSupplyWhenapetitivefirmhireslaboruptothepointatwhichthevalueofthemarginalproductequalsthewage,italsoproducesuptothepointatwhichthepriceequalsthemarginalcost.Chap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第52頁!WhatCausestheLaborDemandCurvetoShift?

什么引起勞動(dòng)需求曲線移動(dòng)？OutputPrice產(chǎn)品價(jià)格TechnologicalChange技術(shù)變革SupplyofOtherfactors其他要素的供給Chap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第53頁!勞動(dòng)供給勞動(dòng)供給曲線反映了工人如何根據(jù)機(jī)會成本的變動(dòng)作出勞動(dòng)——閑暇權(quán)衡取舍的決策。向上傾斜的勞動(dòng)供給曲線意味著，工資上升使工人增加他們供給的勞動(dòng)量。Chap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第54頁!WhatCausestheLaborSupplyCurvetoShift?

什么引起勞動(dòng)供給曲線移動(dòng)？ChangesinTastes

嗜好變動(dòng)ChangesinAlternativeOpportunities

可供選擇機(jī)會的改變Immigration

移民Chap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第55頁!Figure4EquilibriuminaLaborMarketCopyright?2003Southwestern/ThomsonLearningWage(priceoflabor)0QuantityofLaborSupplyDemandEquilibriumwage,WEquilibriumemployment,LChap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第56頁!EquilibriumintheLaborMarket

勞動(dòng)市場的均衡Laborsupplyandlabordemanddeterminetheequilibriumwage.

勞動(dòng)供給和需求共同決定了均衡工資。Shiftsinthesupplyordemandcurveforlaborcausetheequilibriumwagetochange.

勞動(dòng)供給或勞動(dòng)需求曲線的移動(dòng)引起均衡工資變動(dòng)。Chap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第57頁!圖5.勞動(dòng)供給的移動(dòng)工資(勞動(dòng)的價(jià)格)W10勞動(dòng)量L1供給,S1

需求2.…工資下降…3.…以及就業(yè)增加。1.勞動(dòng)供給增加…S2W2L2Chap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第58頁!勞動(dòng)供給的移動(dòng)勞動(dòng)供給移動(dòng):導(dǎo)致勞動(dòng)過剩；引起工資下降的壓力；使企業(yè)多雇傭工人有利可圖；導(dǎo)致工人的邊際產(chǎn)量遞減；降低了邊際產(chǎn)量值；達(dá)到新的均衡。Chap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第59頁!圖6.勞動(dòng)需求的移動(dòng)工資(勞動(dòng)的價(jià)格）W10勞動(dòng)量L1供給需求,D12.…工資上升…3.…以及就業(yè)增加1.勞動(dòng)需求增加…D2W2L2Chap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第60頁!勞動(dòng)需求的移動(dòng)勞動(dòng)需求的移動(dòng):使企業(yè)雇傭更多工人有利可圖了；引起工資上升的壓力；提高了邊際產(chǎn)量值；得到新的均衡。Chap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第61頁!表2.美國的生產(chǎn)率與工資增長Chap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第62頁!世界各國與地區(qū)的生產(chǎn)率與工資增長Chap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第63頁!生產(chǎn)率的三個(gè)決定因素物質(zhì)資本當(dāng)工人用于工作的設(shè)備和建筑物越多時(shí)，他們生產(chǎn)的就越多。人力資本當(dāng)工人受教育越多時(shí)，他們生產(chǎn)的就越多。技術(shù)知識當(dāng)工人使用越先進(jìn)的技術(shù)時(shí)，他們生產(chǎn)的就越多。Chap18勞動(dòng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語共75頁，您現(xiàn)在瀏覽的是第64頁!其它生產(chǎn)要素:土地和資本資本是