課題4TheearthNooneknowsexactlyhowtheearthbegan,asithappenedsolongago.However,accordingtoawidelyacceptedtheory,theuniversebeganwitha“BigBang”thatthrewmatterinalldirections.Afterthat,atomsbegantoformandcombinetocreatestarsandotherbodies.Forseveralbillionyearsafterthe“BigBang”,theearthwasstilljustacloudofdust.Whatitwastobecomewasuncertainuntilbetween4.5and3.8billionyearsagowhenthedustsettledintoasolidglobe.Theearthbecamesoviolentthatitwasnotclearwhethertheshapewouldlastornot.Itexplodedloudlywithfireandrock.Theywereintimetoproducecarbon,nitrogen,watervaporandothergases,whichweretomaketheearth’satmosphere.Whatisevenmoreimportantisthatastheearthcooleddown,waterbegantoappearonitssurface.

WaterhadalsoappearedonotherplanetslikeMarsbutunliketheearth,ithaddisappearedlater.Itwasnotimmediatelyobviousthatwaterwastobefundamentaltothedevelopmentoflife.Whatmanyscientistsbelieveisthatthecontinuedpresenceofwaterallowedtheearthtodissolveharmfulgasesandacidsintotheoceansandseas.Thisproducedachainreaction,whichmadeitpossibleforlifetodevelop.一、詞匯1.mattern.事件;

（討論、考慮等的）問題;

重要性;

物質;

vi.要緊，重要;

化膿;

有重大影響;

有重要性;

2.combinev.使結合;

使化合;

兼有;

例：Ifyou

combine

twoormorethingsoriftheycombine,theyexisttogether.3.solidadj.固體的4.globen.球體5.violentadj.暴力引起的;劇烈的，（風，爆炸等）猛烈的，狂暴的;感情強烈的6.explodevi.爆[突]發(fā)，發(fā)怒;激增，迅速擴大vt.（使）爆炸;突然（發(fā)出巨響，活躍起來，迸發(fā)感情）例：And

one

day

the

powder

keg

may

explode.7.nitrogenn.氮，氮氣8.fundamentaladj.基礎的，基本的，根本的，重要的，原始的，主要的，二、詞組和短語1.throwmatterinalldirections把所有的物質丟向四面八方2.severalbillionyears幾十億年擴展：fivebillionyears五十億年billionsofyears幾十億年類似用法還有：hundred,thousand,million3.thedustsettledintoasolidglobe（穩(wěn)定）形成一個固體的球體4.intime及時擴展：ontime準時attime偶爾attimes有時，間或5.allowtheearthtodissolve允許地球溶解擴展：allowsbtodosth允許某人做某事allowdoingsth允許做某事6.makeitpossibleforlifetodevelop使生命發(fā)展成為可能三、句型1.Whatisevenmoreimportantisthatastheearthcooleddown,waterbegantoappearonitssurface.更重要的是隨著地球的冷卻下來，水也開始出現在地球的表面上了。這是一個主語從句，Whatisevenmoreimportant是主語，是由what引導的一句話，以下是主語從句的具體考點和用法。1．定義：用作主語的從句叫做主語從句。2．構成：關聯(lián)詞+簡單句3．引導主語從句的關聯(lián)詞有三類：eq\o\ac(○,1).從屬連詞that例：Thattheywereintruthsisterswasclearfromthefacialresemblancebetweenthem.很明顯，她們確是親姐妹，她們的臉型很相似。eq\o\ac(○,2).從屬連詞whether例：Whetherhe’llcomehereisn’tclear.eq\o\ac(○,3).連接代詞who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever連接副詞where,when,how,why例：Whatshedidisnotyetknown.她所做的事情還是未知。Howthishappenedisnotcleartoanyone.任何人都不清楚這件事是如何發(fā)生的。Whoevercomesiswelcome.誰來都歡迎。Whereveryouareismyhome----myonlyhome.你在哪我的家就在哪----我唯一的家。其他用法：從句能用it作形式上的主語。常以it作形式主語的句型有：eq\o\ac(○,1).It+be+形容詞(obvious,true,natural,surprising,good,wonderful,funny,possible,likely,certain,probable,etc.)+that從句例：Itiscertainthatshewilldowellinherexam.很確定的是她會在考試中取得好成績。Itisprobablethathetoldhereverything.可能他已經告訴了她一切。eq\o\ac(○,2).It+be+名詞詞組(nowonder,anhonor,agoodthing,apity,nosurprise,etc.)+that從句。例：It'sapitythatwecan’tgo.真遺憾我們不能去。It'snosurprisethatourteamshouldhavewonthegame.我們隊贏得了比賽一點也不意外，eq\o\ac(○,3).It+be+過去分詞(said,reported,thought,expected,decided,announced,arranged,etc.)+that從句例：ItissaidthatMr.GreenhasarrivedinBeijing.據說格林先生已經到了北京。ItisreportedthatChinahassentanotherman-madeearthsatelliteintoorbit.據報道中國發(fā)射了另一個人造衛(wèi)星進入軌道。eq\o\ac(○,4).It+seem,happen等不及物動詞及短語+that從句例：ItseemsthatAliceisnotcomingtothepartyatall.似乎Alice壓根兒就不會來這個派對。IthappenedthatIwasoutthatday.它是在我不在家那天發(fā)生的。eq\o\ac(○,5.)It+doesn’tmatter(makesnodifference,etc.)+連接代詞或連接副詞引起的主語從句例：Itdoesn’tmatterwhethershewillcomeornot.她來不來無所謂。Itmakesnodifferencewhereweshallhavethemeeting.我們在哪兒舉行會議都一樣。eq\o\ac(○,6).當that引導的主語從句出現在疑問句中時，要以it作形式主語，而把主語從句后置例：Isittruethatthescientistwillgiveusalecturenextweek?下周那位科學家會給我們做演講是真的嗎？Doesitmattermuchthattheywillnotcometomorrow?他們明天來不來真的有那么重要嗎？eq\o\ac(○,7).當主語從句出現在感嘆句中時，要以it作形式主語，而把主語從句后置。例：Howstrangeitisthatthechildrenaresoquiet!孩子們這么安靜可真奇怪啊！注意：連接代詞whoever,whatever,whichever等引導主語從句的含義例：Whoevercomeswillbewelcome.(whoever=thepersonwho)來的人將受到歡迎。Whateverhedidwasright.(whatever=thethingthat)他所做的事情是正確的。Whicheverofyoucomesinwillreceiveaprize.(whichever=anyoneofyouwho)你們當中不論哪個進來將會得到獎。1.---WhathasmadeJohnlooklikelackingsleep?---________hehadtoprepareforthecomingexamandstayeduplastnight.A.ForB.BecauseC.ThatD.What2.Ithasn'tbeenmadeclear________thenewundergroundlineistobeopentotraffic.A.whenB.thatC.whatD.where3.Thereportshowsthattheaccidentisattributableto________isinchargeoftheproject.A.whoeverB.whatC.whateverD.who4.Thereasonforhisabsenceyesterdaywas________hedidhavesomethingtodo.A.whatB.thatC.whyD.because5.________isknowntoallisthattheDiaoyuIslandshavebelongedtoChinasinceancienttimes.A.AsB.ItC.WhatD.That6.makesthebooksoextraordinaryisthecreativeimaginationofthewriter.A.ThatB.WhatC.whoD.which7.oneofyoubreaksthewindowwillhavetopayforit.A.WhoeverB.WhateverC.whicheverD.wherever8.Itremainstobeseenthenewlyformedcommittee’spolicycanbeputintopractice.A.thatB.whichC.whatD.whether9.yousaidatthemeetingdescribesabrightfutureforthecompany.A.WhenB.HowC.WhatD.That10.Themanisseriouslyill.Hethinksitdoesn’tmatterhewilldie,butwhatmattersmuchishowhelives.A.howB.thatC.whyD.what11.drewhisattention,hetoldme,waswhatshewasinside,notherappearance.A.WhatB.ThatC.WhichD.Wheschoolregulationthatstudentsshouldnotwearlonghairorjewels.A.ItisrequiredB.WhatisrequiredC.WhatrequiresD.Itrequired13.Itneveroccurredtomeyoucouldsucceedinpersuadinghimtochangehismind.A.whichB.whatC.thatD.if14.It’sobvioustothestudentstheyshouldgetwellpreparedfortheirfuture.A.asB.thatC.whichD.whether15.somepeopleregardasadrawbackisseenasaplugbymanyothers.A.WhetherB.WhatC.ThatD.How16.Itisuncertainsideeffectthemedicinewillbringabout,althoughabouttwothousandpatientshavetakenit.A.thatB.howC.whatD.whether17.makesmistakesmustcorrectthem.A.WhatB.ThatC.WhoeverD.Whatever18.Whenandwhyhecamehereyet.A.isnotknownB.arenotknownC.hasnotknownD.havenotknown19.isnoreasonfordismissingher.A.BecauseshewasafewminuteslateB.OwingtoafewminuteslateC.ThefactthatshewasafewminuteslateD.Beingafewminuteslate20.ItBobdrivesbadly.A.thinksthatB.isthoughtwhatC.thoughtthatD.isthoughtthat1.---WhathasmadeJohnlooklikelackingsleep?---________hehadtoprepareforthecomingexamandstayeduplastnight.A.ForB.BecauseC.ThatD.What【答案】C【解析】句意：什么使他看起來缺少睡眠？她要準備接下來的考試，昨天晚上熬夜了。考查名詞性從句。分析句子結構可知，答語是回答上面句子中的主語“What”的，故此句是一個主語從句，缺少引導詞，而引導詞在從句中不充當成分，故用“That”。2.Ithasn'tbeenmadeclear________thenewundergroundlineistobeopentotraffic.A.whenB.thatC.whatD.where【答案】A【解析】句意：新的地鐵線路何時開放還不清楚。考查名詞性從句。句中it是形式主語，空處引導的是主語從句。根據句意可知選when。3.Thereportshowsthattheaccidentisattributableto________isinchargeoftheproject.A.whoeverB.whatC.whateverD.who【答案】A【解析】句意：報告顯示，這次事故歸咎于負責這個工程的人?？疾槊~性從句?？仗幰龑зe語從句，且在從句中作主語，表示“無論誰”，故選A。4.Thereasonforhisabsenceyesterdaywas________hedidhavesomethingtodo.A.whatB.thatC.whyD.because【答案】B【解析】句意：他昨天缺席的原因是他確實有事情要做。考查名詞性從句。Thereasonfor...isthat...意為“……的原因是……”。5.isknowntoallisthattheDiaoyuIslandshavebelongedtoChinasinceancienttimes.A.AsB.ItC.WhatD.That【答案】C【解析】句意：釣魚島自古就屬于中國，這是眾所周知的。考查名詞性從句。What引導的是主語從句，并在主語從句中作主語。6.makesthebooksoextraordinaryisthecreativeimaginationofthewriter.A.ThatB.WhatC.whoD.which【答案】B【解析】句意：讓這本書非比尋常的是作者具有創(chuàng)造性的想象力。根據句子結構得知is之前的是主語部分，主語部分為從句，從句中需要主語。that在句中既不作成分又無意義。根據句意，選what表示"...的東西或事情"。7.oneofyoubreaksthewindowwillhavetopayforit.A.WhoeverB.WhateverC.whicheverD.wherever【答案】C【解析】句意：無論你們當中哪一個人弄壞窗戶都得為之賠償。根據句子結構，主語willhavetopay，之前為主語從句，根據句意判斷應選whichever“無論哪一個”引導主語從句并在從句中作定語修飾one。8.Itremainstobeseenthenewlyformedcommittee’spolicycanbeputintopractice.A.thatB.whichC.whatD.whether【答案】D【解析】句意：新形成的委員會政策是否能被付諸實踐還有待觀察。題中It為形式主語，真正的主語是空后面的主語從句，，由于從句中不缺少主語、賓語或表語，可排除連接帶詞which和what.“有待觀察”的事情是不確定的事情而不是表示陳述，所以排除that而用whether表示“是否”。9.yousaidatthemeetingdescribesabrightfutureforthecompany.A.WhenB.HowC.WhatD.That【答案】C【解析】句意：你在會上所說的話為公司描繪了一個美好的未來。when和how是副詞，在引導主語從句時只能在句中作狀語，what引導主語從句時在句中作主語、賓語等；that引導主語從句時只起連接詞的作用，在從句中補充當任何成分。由于said后缺賓語因此選what。10.Themanisseriouslyill.Hethinksitdoesn’tmatterhewilldie,butwhatmattersmuchishowhelives.A.howB.thatC.whyD.what【答案】A【解析】句意：那個人病得很重。他認為他怎么死不重要，重要的是他怎么活著。該題中it為形式主語，hewilldie為主語從句，根據句意應選how引導主語從句，并在從句中作方式狀語。11.drewhisattention,hetoldme,waswhatshewasinside,notherappearance.A.WhatB.ThatC.WhichD.Who【答案】A【解析】句意：他告訴我，吸引他注意的是她的內在而不是她的外表。從句子結構可知，hetoldme為插入語，第一個was之前為主語從句，之后為表語從句。在主語從句中，需要引導詞作主語措意應選what表示“吸引他注意力的事情是”。12.intheschoolregulationthatstudentsshouldnotwearlonghairorjewels.A.ItisrequiredB.WhatisrequiredC.WhatrequiresD.Itrequired【答案】A【解析】句意：學校的規(guī)則要求學生不應該留長發(fā)或帶珠寶。根據句子結構that引導的從句是全句的主語，且與require是被動關系，所以用itisrequired。13.Itneveroccurredtomeyoucouldsucceedinpersuadinghimtochangehismind.A.whichB.whatC.thatD.if【答案】C【解析】句意：我從未想到你能成功說服他改變主意。根據句子結構，that引導的句子是真正的主語，that在句中既不充當成分也不含有意義，只起引導主語從句的作用。根據句意選that。14.It’sobvioustothestudentstheyshouldgetwellpreparedfortheirfuture.A.asB.thatC.whichD.whether【答案】B【解析】句意：對于學生來說很明顯他們要為他們的將來做好準備。it是形式主語，代替theyshouldgetwellpreparedfortheirfuture，這句是真正的主語。且引導詞在主語從句中沒有作任何成分，且沒有任何實際意義，故用that。15.somepeopleregardasadrawbackisseenasaplugbymanyothers.A.WhetherB.WhatC.ThatD.How【答案】B【解析】句意：被一些人當作是缺點的東西卻被許多其他的人看作優(yōu)點。whatsomepeopleregardasadraw