激

光

加

工

工

程高士友激

光

加

工

工

程高1前言1960年一種神奇的光--激光稱為死光(deathray)誕生了。英文是Laser

--

LightAmplificationbyStimulatedEmissionofRadiation，“受激發(fā)射光放大”中每個實詞第一個字母的縮略詞。激光的方向性極好，不易發(fā)散。一束激光發(fā)射到38萬千米外的月球上，光圈的直經(jīng)不過2千米，在地球上看去，只是一個明亮的紅點。利用激光的這一特性，科學(xué)家在1962年測出了地球與月球的精確距離。激光具有穿透透明物質(zhì)的能力，治療眼睛效果特佳，當(dāng)視網(wǎng)膜出了問題需要修補時，視網(wǎng)膜在眼球的后邊，所以手術(shù)很難進行。1963年，弗林克的醫(yī)生利用激光成功地做了視網(wǎng)膜手術(shù)，整個手術(shù)時間才幾千分之一秒，病人甚至不需要麻醉，也不會感到痛苦。激光的相干性很好，用透鏡能把它聚集成極細的光束，任何材料都會被燒熔、氣化?？偣饽軆H相當(dāng)于一只15瓦燈泡一秒鐘發(fā)出的光能的激光束，能將1.5米遠處的一塊厚約2厘米的鋼板打出一個孔。激光上述優(yōu)異的性能，使其在軍事、工業(yè)、通訊、醫(yī)療、農(nóng)業(yè)、科學(xué)研究等許多領(lǐng)域都有充分應(yīng)用。激光現(xiàn)在幾乎是無處不在：激光針灸、激光裁剪、激光切割、激光焊接、激光淬火、激光唱片、激光測距儀、激光陀螺儀、激光鉛直儀、激光手術(shù)刀、激光炸彈、激光雷達、激光槍、激光炮……。激光技術(shù)及其加工應(yīng)用范圍廣，工藝靈活多樣，加工精度高、質(zhì)量好，生產(chǎn)清潔，易實現(xiàn)自動化、柔性化和智能化等優(yōu)點，正逐步取代許多傳統(tǒng)加工技術(shù)。在不久的將來，激光肯定會有更廣泛的應(yīng)用。前言1960年一種神奇的光--激光稱為死光(death2激光導(dǎo)引星，讓地面的望遠鏡能更清晰地做天文觀測。這項技術(shù)被軍方用來偵測衛(wèi)星，比如說，看清衛(wèi)星表面的標(biāo)記來判定國別。天文學(xué)家在夏威夷的Keck天文臺，利用激光導(dǎo)引星，拍攝了第一張銀河系中心的清晰照片，包括黑洞附近區(qū)域。激光導(dǎo)引星，讓地面的望遠鏡能更清晰地做天文觀測。這項技術(shù)被軍32005年激光領(lǐng)域最大的突破是硅激光，英特爾在年初首先報道了連續(xù)波全硅拉曼激光器，作者是HaishengRong。榮海生在南開大學(xué)物理系獲得學(xué)士與碩士學(xué)位，德國海德堡大學(xué)激光光譜博士學(xué)位。1996年加入麻省理工與加州理工學(xué)院合作的項目“激光干涉儀”。2000年到硅谷在NewFocus做光通訊研究。2002年加入英特爾的硅光研究團隊。蘇格蘭南部，2005

1月9日，天空中有奇怪的光和奇形怪狀的物體。被證實是一場激光秀產(chǎn)生的，那里在舉行一場婚禮。兩顆處在不同軌道的衛(wèi)星成功地使用激光實現(xiàn)了信息交換。這項技術(shù)未來可能會應(yīng)用在太空船間的超高速通訊上。因為激光比無線電發(fā)送器頻率高，因此可以在相同的時間內(nèi)傳遞更多的信息。美國佐治亞州理工學(xué)院的一個研究小組最近成功研發(fā)出一種新的激光裝置，它可以自動偵測出10米內(nèi)的數(shù)碼相機或數(shù)碼攝像機鏡頭，并向其發(fā)射一束激光。隨著數(shù)碼相機，特別是帶攝像頭的手機的普及，偷拍確實成了個大問題。阻止偷拍也就成了潛在大市場。預(yù)測，將來這樣的激光干擾裝置會小型化，成為一件飾物樣子，或者安裝在手機上。

2005年激光領(lǐng)域最大的突破是硅激光，英特爾在年初首先報道4激光測量激光測量5激光打標(biāo)

激光雕刻激光打標(biāo)激光雕刻6激光加工工程課件7激光槍

激光槍8第1章激光在軍事上的應(yīng)用

軍事迷們熱衷于談?wù)摷す馕淦?，真正有直接殺傷力的激光武器（打衛(wèi)星，打坦克那種），還處在研發(fā)階段。第1章激光在軍事上的應(yīng)用軍事迷們熱衷于談?wù)摷す馕淦?，?激光加工工程課件10激光加工工程課件11激光加工工程課件12激光加工工程課件13激光加工工程課件14激光加工工程課件15激光加工工程課件16激光加工工程課件17激光加工工程課件18激光加工工程課件19Lasersarebeingappliedmoreandmorewidelyinthemanufacturingenvironment.Lasersprovideaveryparticularwayofapplyingthermalenergytomaterial,leadingtoawidevarietyofwelding,cutting,andsurfacetreatmentprocesses。DrilltheHoesWeldCutOutMaterialforSewingClothesWeldRazorBladesWeld,Clad,&CutPartsForCarsDrilltheHolesInJetEngineTurbineBladesEngraveTombstones第2章激光在加工中的應(yīng)用（LASERSINTHEMANUFACTURINGENVIRONMENT

）Lasersarebeingappliedmore20激光加工工程課件21激光加工工程課件22激光加工工程課件23激光加工工程課件24激光加工工程課件25激光加工工程課件26LASERHAZARDS

LASERHAZARDS

27LASERHAZARDS

LASERHAZARDS

28LASERHAZARDS

汽車工業(yè)是激光加工應(yīng)用最多的領(lǐng)域之一。據(jù)有關(guān)資料統(tǒng)計，在歐美日工業(yè)發(fā)達國家，有50%~70%的零部件都是采用過激光加工來完成的。激光技術(shù)發(fā)展到今天已經(jīng)成為一門綜合性科學(xué)，激光加工與計算機技術(shù)和材料科學(xué)結(jié)合，利用CAD/CAM和材料科學(xué)的新進展，可以突破傳統(tǒng)的設(shè)計和制造模式；可以大大地改觀汽車制造業(yè)的面貌。作為一種新技術(shù)，激光的應(yīng)用可以說是無限的。只有你想象不到的應(yīng)用，沒有激光做不到的。面對廣闊的市場，激光技術(shù)的大規(guī)模應(yīng)用無疑會給汽車工業(yè)帶來革命性的影響。作為八大高技術(shù)領(lǐng)域之一，國內(nèi)與國外的差距不大，但產(chǎn)業(yè)化有很大的差距。LASERHAZARDS

汽車工業(yè)是激光加工應(yīng)用最多的領(lǐng)域29LASERHAZARDS

激光熔敷技術(shù)誕生以來，作為一種修復(fù)技術(shù)已得到許多重要應(yīng)用。如英國P.R航空發(fā)動機公司將它用于渦輪發(fā)動機葉片的修復(fù)，美國海軍試驗室用于修復(fù)艦船螺旋槳葉。國內(nèi)對此項技術(shù)應(yīng)用也在近年來取得很大進展。中南大學(xué)使用激光熔覆技術(shù)，對石化系統(tǒng)高參數(shù)閥門的密封面進行激光熔覆強化，得到了1mm～3.5mm厚,表面光滑平整的合金層[1]。檢測分析表明，激光熔層的組織性能、與基體的結(jié)合、對基體的熱影響、熔層質(zhì)量與成品率均優(yōu)于等離子噴焊等傳統(tǒng)強化工藝。目前上述修復(fù)工作都采用一維激光熔敷方法，只能解決部分零件的修復(fù)，而且僅是修復(fù)概念上的工作。事實上，在生產(chǎn)中還有大量的復(fù)雜貴重裝備需要三維激光再制造技術(shù)，特別是不能移動的大型設(shè)備需要解決現(xiàn)場修復(fù)問題?？梢灶A(yù)見，隨著該項技術(shù)的發(fā)展與完善，在經(jīng)濟建設(shè)和國防建設(shè)中將發(fā)揮巨大作用。LASERHAZARDS

激光熔敷技術(shù)誕生以來，作為一種修30第3章激光加工系統(tǒng)COMMERCIAL14kWTRANSVERSEFLOWCO2LASE

第3章激光加工系統(tǒng)COMMERCIAL14kWTR31激光加工工程課件32HAAS-LASER4KWNd:YAHAAS-LASER4KWNd:YA33LaserMicromachiningPrototypingLaboratory

LaserMicromachiningPrototypi34激光加工工程課件35LASERSAREVERYGOOD

FOR

Puttinglotsofenergy(heat)inasmallspace

Controllingthatenergy

Affectingselectivelyonematerialversusanother–evenwhenthetwoareinintimatecontact

HighproductionrateADVANTAGESANDDISADVANTAGESOFLASERPROCESSINGAdvantageshighhighprocessingspeedslowthermaldistortionminimalheataffectedzonedegradationoperatesinafullyautomatedenvironmentDisadvantagescapitalintensiverequiresspeciallytrainedoperatorsrequiresgreatercontrolofjointtolerancesLASERSAREVERYGOODFOR

Putt36激光加工工程課件37INDUSTRIALLASERCOMPARISON

＠CO2lasers（10.6microncharacteristicwavelength，pulsedorcontinuouswaveoutput）

continuouswavepoweroutputupto45kWpulsesystemaveragepowerupto6kWreflectiveoptics,especiallyathigherpower

＠Nd:YAGlasers（1.06microncharacteristicwavelength，pulsedorcontinuouswaveoutput）poweroutputofcontinuouswaveupto5kWpulsesystemaveragepowerupto2kWfiberopticbeamdeliveryINDUSTRIALLASERCOMPARISON

＠38BEAMDELIVERYUSINGMIRRORS,LENSES

（CO2andNd:YAG

）BEAMDELIVERYUSINGMIRRORS,L39LASERHAZARDS

LASERHAZARDS

Laserscanburnandblind

LASERHAZARDS

LASERHAZARDS

La40Theprototypetoolingindustryisabout300Billiondollarayearindustry.Prototypepartsareoftenusedbydesignerstotestalternativedesigns.Prototypepartscanrangefromconceptualtofunctional.BarkanandIansitidevelopedadetailstudyofthelevelsaprototypingstageswhichcanoccurduringthedesignprocess.Simplemodelsormock-upsareconceptualpartswhichcanbemadefromthesimplestmaterialsandprocesses.Theycanbemadeofplastics,paper,etc.Theycanbeformedbygluing,simplemachining,orbladeshaping.Mock-upspartsdonothavetonecessarilyfittighttolerances.Theprimarypurposeforconceptualpartsis"lookandfeel"attributes.Theyaretypicallyusedintheearlypartofthedesigncycle.Subsystemandmechanicalprototypeshaveawiderangeofmodelclasseswhichveryinlevelofintegrationandtolerances.Partsinthesetwosubclassrangefrommoderatetohighlytighttolerances.Theycanalsobesemi-functionaltofunctional.Thesepartsareusedfordesignvalidation.Oftenthesepartsareusedtodeterminepartfitwithinpackagingrequirements.Thesepartsaremadefromtraditionalprototypingtechniquesorrapidprototypingtechniques.第4章設(shè)計和模型概念Theprototypetoolingindustry41Showpartsaresubsystemprototypeswhichhighaccuracybutareusedprimarilyfordisplayorreviewpurposes.Thesepartsarenottypicallymadeofconventionalengineeringmaterials,butareoftenpaintedordecaledtohaveshowqualityfinishes.Thesepartsaretypicallymadeveryquicklyfromfoams,rendboard,andepoxyplastics.Theyoftenrequiremanualfinishinginsuringtighttolerancesandpartsdimensions.Breadboardsaresubsystemprototypeswhichareverysimplewithlowtolerancesbutexhibitpartfunction.Thesetypesofaretypicallyusedfortestingconceptfunctionorlocalpart/subsystemfunction.Theabilitytomakechangestothesesystemsrapidlyisaprimefeatureofbreadboards.Toolingtobuildsuchprototypesisrelativelysimple,typicallyglue,solder,simplelinkages,etc.Mechanicalprototypesarefunctionalprototypeswhichtypicallysupportallthefunctionsofthefinalmodelbutdonotnecessarilyrepresentthefinalsizeorshapeoftheactualpart.Theseprototypesmayincludeseveralbreadboardprototypes,Toolingforthesetypesofprototypes,typicallyconsistsofofftheshelftechnology.Forexamples,standardhousingmaybeusedforprototypeprinters.Nonstandardmetalandplasticpartsmaybemachinedfromsimplestockmaterials.Showpartsaresubsystemproto42Engineeringprototypesareclassesofmodelswhicharefunctionalprototypeslikethemechanicalprototypesbutaretypicallymadeoutthesameengineeringmaterialasthefinalpart.Thesizeorfootprintoftheprototypesmatchthefinaldesign.Theseprototypesareusedasfinaldesignchecksorlimitedfieldtesting.Lowvolumeprototypecastingprocessesareusedforexoticpartsasopposedtomachiningthemoutofstock.Metalpartsmaybesandcastorgravitypoured.Eventhoughpartsmaybemadefromthedesignintentengineeringmaterial,qualitymaystilldifferfromtheproductionrunparts.Productionprototypesareprototypepartswhicharemadefromthesameengineeringmaterialthatthefinalpartwillbemadeandmanufacturedfromsimilarprocesses.Thepurposeofthesepartsistotestthemanufacturingprocessandproductionpartquality.Theseprototypeswillhavethematerialcharacteristicsofproductionintentmanufacturing.Therefore,earlycycletimescenariosandproductionvolumescanbeforecastedfromtheseprototypes.Also,reliabilityorfailurestudiesontheactualpartcanberunwithprototypes.Unlikemanyengineeringprototypes,thepartscouldbeincludedwithinvalidationcycles.Toolingfortheseprototypesisveryexpenseandusuallyrequirelongleadtimesbecauseactualtoolinginsertsarerequired.AstheFigure2.1belowshows,changestoprototypedesignatthispointisveryexpense.Engineeringprototypesarecla43激光加工工程課件44ConventionalToolingProcessTobuildprototypepartsmanyconventionaltoolingprocessesareused.Therearetwoapproacheswhichareusuallytakentomakeprototypesparts:partsimulationandprocesssimulation.Partsimulationtypicallyinvolvesusingsimpleprocesseslikematerialremovaltojustgetprototypepartsmade.Similarstockmaterialmaybemachinedtogetamodel.Otherpartsimulationincludesthemodels,mock-ups,andlowlevelsimulations.Prototypesbuiltwithprocesssimulationarecast,drawnforged,stamped,etc.tobuildpartswhichwillbesimilartotheproductionintentpieces.Processsimulationsincludethemechanical,engineering,andproductionprototypes.Thetwotypesoftoolingprocessesarecommontobothpartandprocesssimulationsarematerial-removalprocessesandcasting.Joiningprocessesarealsocommonbutwillnotbedescribedexplicitly.ConventionalToolingProcess45Materials-RemovalProcessesTraditionaltoolingprocessesforbuildingpartstypicallyencompassesmaterialremovalprocess.Theseprocessesincludecutting,abrading,burning,anderoding.Cuttingprocessinginvolvesingleormultiplepointcuttingtoolssuchasmillingordrillingbits.Abradingprocessesinvolvegrinding,polishingorsanding.Burninganderodingprocessesinvolveutilizingelectricity,chemicals,heat,orhydrodynamicstoshapeorremovematerial.Millinganddrillingprocessesremovematerialbyusingasinglepointormulti-pointtooltoshearmaterial(chips)awayfromtheworkpiece,thematerialbeingformedintothepart.Theworkpieceistypicallyfixturedsothatthecuttingtoolcanremovematerialbyrotatingthetoolwhilefeedingtheworkpiecetowardthecutter'stoolface.Hightolerancesandsharpcornerscanbeachievedbytheseprocesses.Theseprocessesaretypicallycoupledwithotherconventionaltoolingprocesses.Similarprocessesincludelathing,turning,planningandreaming.Grinding,polishingandsandingprocessesareverysimilartomillinganddrillingoperationsinthatitisachipremovalprocesswiththecuttingtoolbeingtheindividualabrasivegrain.Morechipdeformationoccurswithhighlyabrasiveprocessesbecauseofthehighlynegativerakeanglesofthegrains.Whengrinding,hightemperaturescanbereachedatthesurface.Theseraisedtemperaturescancausetempering,burningorheat-checkingatthesurfaceoftheworkpiece.Heatcheckingiscrackingatthesurfacewhichleadstolowtoughnessandlowfatigueandcorrosionresistance.Thetemperaturegradientswithintheworkpiece.Similarprocessesincludelapping.Materials-RemovalProcesses46Electricaldischargemachiningisamaterialremovalprocesswhicherodesmetalsbysparkdischarges.AshapingtoolcalledtheelectrodedeliversDCpowertotheworkpiece.Theworkpieceissubmergedindielectricfluid.Whenthevoltagepotentialdifferencebetweentheelectrodeandworkpieceissufficientlyhigh,atransientsparkdischargesthroughthefluid,removingasmallamountoftheworkpiece.EventhoughEDMhasalocalizedeffectsontheworkpiece,thefirst500nmofatoolsteelworkpiecemayhaveundergonesignificantphasechanges.Theaveragerateofremovalis10-6to10-4mmwithdischargesrepeatingbetween50kHzto500kHz.Electrochemicalmachiningisanothermaterialremovalprocesswhichunlikeelectroplatingdepositsorbuildupmaterialerodesmaterial.Theworkpieceissubmergedinanelectrolyticfluidwhichisacurrentcarrier.Astheelectrolytemovesovertheworkpiece,metalionsarewashedaway.Thisconstantowingofelectrolytekeepstheionsfromplatingontothetool.Thetoolservesasacathodeandtheworkpieceservesasananode.Thisprocessdoeshaveatendencyoferodingsharpcorners,developingunevenatsections,loosingtighttolerances.Anothersimilarmaterialremovalprocessiselectrochemicalgrinding.Electricaldischargemachining47Thermallyassistedmachiningorhotmachiningusesaheatinputtolowerlocalyieldstrengthtoallowforeasierormoreefficientmachiningrequiringlowercuttingforces.Theheatinputcanbeatorch,electronbeam,laser,orplasmaarc.Becausehightemperaturesareinvolvedanduniformworkpiecetemperaturesarehardtoachieve,themicrostructureofthefullworkpiecemaybeaffected.Ifthehighenergybeamssourcesandmachiningconditionsarewellregulated,onlylocalmicrostructurewillbeaffected.Hydrodynamicmachiningorabrasivewaterjetmachiningisamaterialremovalprocesswhichusesajetofwatertoremovematerial.Thewaterpressurecanbeashighas1600MPa.Uptoadepthof7.5m/minofmaterialcanberemoved.Thisprocessalsohasalocalizedtemperatureanddeformationontheworkpiece.Theseprocessesareneededbecausetheytypicallycanprovidehigherdimensionalaccuracyandsmoothnessofsurfacefinishthancasting,forming,orothershapingprocesses.Also,theycanproducefeatureswithsharpcornersorflatnesswhichcannotbeformedbyothershapingprocesses.Materialremovalprocesstypicallyhasalocalizedinfluenceontheworkpieceorpart.Phasetransformation,plasticdeformation,andsurfaceresidualstressresultingfromremovalprocesses;typicallyoccurveryclosetothecuttingsurfaceandnotwithinthebulkinfluence.Thechipsormaterialremovedabsorbmostoftheheat.Thermallyassistedmachiningo48激光加工工程課件49AstheprecedingFigure2.1shows,theabilitytomakedesignchangesismostcosteffectiveduringtheearlystagesofthedesigncycle.Today,concurrentorsimultaneousengineeringthathavemulti-disciplinedesignteamscannowdesignmanufacturingprocessesalongwithnewparts(2.2).Theabilitytotestpartfeaturesandfunctioninengineeringmaterialsandatthesametimecloselyprototypethemanufacturingprocessescanoccurunderthesenewdesignparadigmswithrapidtooling.Conventionaltoolingmethodsaretoocostlyandrequiretoomuchleadtimetopracticallyusethemtoconstructprototypeparts.Atypicaldiecastinsertcantakeupto4monthstobuildandheattreat.Testingpreliminarydesignswithconventionaltoolingmethodswouldeventuallyreducethenumberofprototypespossibleduringlimiteddesigntimes.Analternativemethodisrequiredtoproducefunctionalprototypingtooling,rapidprototyping.Rapidtoolingistheneededalternativeprocess.Rapidtoolingistheuseofsolidfroufrouprocessestorapidlyconstructdieinsertorotherformingtoolstobuildactualpartsinsimulatedmanufacturingrigs.Rapidtoolingmethodsaretypicallyfasterandlessexpensivethanconventionaltoolingmethods.AstheprecedingFigure2.1sh50謝謝謝謝51激

光

加

工

工

程高士友激

光

加

工

工

程高52前言1960年一種神奇的光--激光稱為死光(deathray)誕生了。英文是Laser

--

LightAmplificationbyStimulatedEmissionofRadiation，“受激發(fā)射光放大”中每個實詞第一個字母的縮略詞。激光的方向性極好，不易發(fā)散。一束激光發(fā)射到38萬千米外的月球上，光圈的直經(jīng)不過2千米，在地球上看去，只是一個明亮的紅點。利用激光的這一特性，科學(xué)家在1962年測出了地球與月球的精確距離。激光具有穿透透明物質(zhì)的能力，治療眼睛效果特佳，當(dāng)視網(wǎng)膜出了問題需要修補時，視網(wǎng)膜在眼球的后邊，所以手術(shù)很難進行。1963年，弗林克的醫(yī)生利用激光成功地做了視網(wǎng)膜手術(shù)，整個手術(shù)時間才幾千分之一秒，病人甚至不需要麻醉，也不會感到痛苦。激光的相干性很好，用透鏡能把它聚集成極細的光束，任何材料都會被燒熔、氣化?？偣饽軆H相當(dāng)于一只15瓦燈泡一秒鐘發(fā)出的光能的激光束，能將1.5米遠處的一塊厚約2厘米的鋼板打出一個孔。激光上述優(yōu)異的性能，使其在軍事、工業(yè)、通訊、醫(yī)療、農(nóng)業(yè)、科學(xué)研究等許多領(lǐng)域都有充分應(yīng)用。激光現(xiàn)在幾乎是無處不在：激光針灸、激光裁剪、激光切割、激光焊接、激光淬火、激光唱片、激光測距儀、激光陀螺儀、激光鉛直儀、激光手術(shù)刀、激光炸彈、激光雷達、激光槍、激光炮……。激光技術(shù)及其加工應(yīng)用范圍廣，工藝靈活多樣，加工精度高、質(zhì)量好，生產(chǎn)清潔，易實現(xiàn)自動化、柔性化和智能化等優(yōu)點，正逐步取代許多傳統(tǒng)加工技術(shù)。在不久的將來，激光肯定會有更廣泛的應(yīng)用。前言1960年一種神奇的光--激光稱為死光(death53激光導(dǎo)引星，讓地面的望遠鏡能更清晰地做天文觀測。這項技術(shù)被軍方用來偵測衛(wèi)星，比如說，看清衛(wèi)星表面的標(biāo)記來判定國別。天文學(xué)家在夏威夷的Keck天文臺，利用激光導(dǎo)引星，拍攝了第一張銀河系中心的清晰照片，包括黑洞附近區(qū)域。激光導(dǎo)引星，讓地面的望遠鏡能更清晰地做天文觀測。這項技術(shù)被軍542005年激光領(lǐng)域最大的突破是硅激光，英特爾在年初首先報道了連續(xù)波全硅拉曼激光器，作者是HaishengRong。榮海生在南開大學(xué)物理系獲得學(xué)士與碩士學(xué)位，德國海德堡大學(xué)激光光譜博士學(xué)位。1996年加入麻省理工與加州理工學(xué)院合作的項目“激光干涉儀”。2000年到硅谷在NewFocus做光通訊研究。2002年加入英特爾的硅光研究團隊。蘇格蘭南部，2005

1月9日，天空中有奇怪的光和奇形怪狀的物體。被證實是一場激光秀產(chǎn)生的，那里在舉行一場婚禮。兩顆處在不同軌道的衛(wèi)星成功地使用激光實現(xiàn)了信息交換。這項技術(shù)未來可能會應(yīng)用在太空船間的超高速通訊上。因為激光比無線電發(fā)送器頻率高，因此可以在相同的時間內(nèi)傳遞更多的信息。美國佐治亞州理工學(xué)院的一個研究小組最近成功研發(fā)出一種新的激光裝置，它可以自動偵測出10米內(nèi)的數(shù)碼相機或數(shù)碼攝像機鏡頭，并向其發(fā)射一束激光。隨著數(shù)碼相機，特別是帶攝像頭的手機的普及，偷拍確實成了個大問題。阻止偷拍也就成了潛在大市場。預(yù)測，將來這樣的激光干擾裝置會小型化，成為一件飾物樣子，或者安裝在手機上。

2005年激光領(lǐng)域最大的突破是硅激光，英特爾在年初首先報道55激光測量激光測量56激光打標(biāo)

激光雕刻激光打標(biāo)激光雕刻57激光加工工程課件58激光槍

激光槍59第1章激光在軍事上的應(yīng)用

軍事迷們熱衷于談?wù)摷す馕淦?，真正有直接殺傷力的激光武器（打衛(wèi)星，打坦克那種），還處在研發(fā)階段。第1章激光在軍事上的應(yīng)用軍事迷們熱衷于談?wù)摷す馕淦鳎?0激光加工工程課件61激光加工工程課件62激光加工工程課件63激光加工工程課件64激光加工工程課件65激光加工工程課件66激光加工工程課件67激光加工工程課件68激光加工工程課件69激光加工工程課件70Lasersarebeingappliedmoreandmorewidelyinthemanufacturingenvironment.Lasersprovideaveryparticularwayofapplyingthermalenergytomaterial,leadingtoawidevarietyofwelding,cutting,andsurfacetreatmentprocesses。DrilltheHoesWeldCutOutMaterialforSewingClothesWeldRazorBladesWeld,Clad,&CutPartsForCarsDrilltheHolesInJetEngineTurbineBladesEngraveTombstones第2章激光在加工中的應(yīng)用（LASERSINTHEMANUFACTURINGENVIRONMENT

）Lasersarebeingappliedmore71激光加工工程課件72激光加工工程課件73激光加工工程課件74激光加工工程課件75激光加工工程課件76激光加工工程課件77LASERHAZARDS

LASERHAZARDS

78LASERHAZARDS

LASERHAZARDS

79LASERHAZARDS

汽車工業(yè)是激光加工應(yīng)用最多的領(lǐng)域之一。據(jù)有關(guān)資料統(tǒng)計，在歐美日工業(yè)發(fā)達國家，有50%~70%的零部件都是采用過激光加工來完成的。激光技術(shù)發(fā)展到今天已經(jīng)成為一門綜合性科學(xué)，激光加工與計算機技術(shù)和材料科學(xué)結(jié)合，利用CAD/CAM和材料科學(xué)的新進展，可以突破傳統(tǒng)的設(shè)計和制造模式；可以大大地改觀汽車制造業(yè)的面貌。作為一種新技術(shù)，激光的應(yīng)用可以說是無限的。只有你想象不到的應(yīng)用，沒有激光做不到的。面對廣闊的市場，激光技術(shù)的大規(guī)模應(yīng)用無疑會給汽車工業(yè)帶來革命性的影響。作為八大高技術(shù)領(lǐng)域之一，國內(nèi)與國外的差距不大，但產(chǎn)業(yè)化有很大的差距。LASERHAZARDS

汽車工業(yè)是激光加工應(yīng)用最多的領(lǐng)域80LASERHAZARDS

激光熔敷技術(shù)誕生以來，作為一種修復(fù)技術(shù)已得到許多重要應(yīng)用。如英國P.R航空發(fā)動機公司將它用于渦輪發(fā)動機葉片的修復(fù)，美國海軍試驗室用于修復(fù)艦船螺旋槳葉。國內(nèi)對此項技術(shù)應(yīng)用也在近年來取得很大進展。中南大學(xué)使用激光熔覆技術(shù)，對石化系統(tǒng)高參數(shù)閥門的密封面進行激光熔覆強化，得到了1mm～3.5mm厚,表面光滑平整的合金層[1]。檢測分析表明，激光熔層的組織性能、與基體的結(jié)合、對基體的熱影響、熔層質(zhì)量與成品率均優(yōu)于等離子噴焊等傳統(tǒng)強化工藝。目前上述修復(fù)工作都采用一維激光熔敷方法，只能解決部分零件的修復(fù)，而且僅是修復(fù)概念上的工作。事實上，在生產(chǎn)中還有大量的復(fù)雜貴重裝備需要三維激光再制造技術(shù)，特別是不能移動的大型設(shè)備需要解決現(xiàn)場修復(fù)問題?？梢灶A(yù)見，隨著該項技術(shù)的發(fā)展與完善，在經(jīng)濟建設(shè)和國防建設(shè)中將發(fā)揮巨大作用。LASERHAZARDS

激光熔敷技術(shù)誕生以來，作為一種修81第3章激光加工系統(tǒng)COMMERCIAL14kWTRANSVERSEFLOWCO2LASE

第3章激光加工系統(tǒng)COMMERCIAL14kWTR82激光加工工程課件83HAAS-LASER4KWNd:YAHAAS-LASER4KWNd:YA84LaserMicromachiningPrototypingLaboratory

LaserMicromachiningPrototypi85激光加工工程課件86LASERSAREVERYGOOD

FOR

Puttinglotsofenergy(heat)inasmallspace

Controllingthatenergy

Affectingselectivelyonematerialversusanother–evenwhenthetwoareinintimatecontact

HighproductionrateADVANTAGESANDDISADVANTAGESOFLASERPROCESSINGAdvantageshighhighprocessingspeedslowthermaldistortionminimalheataffectedzonedegradationoperatesinafullyautomatedenvironmentDisadvantagescapitalintensiverequiresspeciallytrainedoperatorsrequiresgreatercontrolofjointtolerancesLASERSAREVERYGOODFOR

Putt87激光加工工程課件88INDUSTRIALLASERCOMPARISON

＠CO2lasers（10.6microncharacteristicwavelength，pulsedorcontinuouswaveoutput）

continuouswavepoweroutputupto45kWpulsesystemaveragepowerupto6kWreflectiveoptics,especiallyathigherpower

＠Nd:YAGlasers（1.06microncharacteristicwavelength，pulsedorcontinuouswaveoutput）poweroutputofcontinuouswaveupto5kWpulsesystemaveragepowerupto2kWfiberopticbeamdeliveryINDUSTRIALLASERCOMPARISON

＠89BEAMDELIVERYUSINGMIRRORS,LENSES

（CO2andNd:YAG

）BEAMDELIVERYUSINGMIRRORS,L90LASERHAZARDS

LASERHAZARDS

Laserscanburnandblind

LASERHAZARDS

LASERHAZARDS

La91Theprototypetoolingindustryisabout300Billiondollarayearindustry.Prototypepartsareoftenusedbydesignerstotestalternativedesigns.Prototypepartscanrangefromconceptualtofunctional.BarkanandIansitidevelopedadetailstudyofthelevelsaprototypingstageswhichcanoccurduringthedesignprocess.Simplemodelsormock-upsareconceptualpartswhichcanbemadefromthesimplestmaterialsandprocesses.Theycanbemadeofplastics,paper,etc.Theycanbeformedbygluing,simplemachining,orbladeshaping.Mock-upspartsdonothavetonecessarilyfittighttolerances.Theprimarypurposeforconceptualpartsis"lookandfeel"attributes.Theyaretypicallyusedintheearlypartofthedesigncycle.Subsystemandmechanicalprototypeshaveawiderangeofmodelclasseswhichveryinlevelofintegrationandtolerances.Partsinthesetwosubclassrangefrommoderatetohighlytighttolerances.Theycanalsobesemi-functionaltofunctional.Thesepartsareusedfordesignvalidation.Oftenthesepartsareusedtodeterminepartfitwithinpackagingrequirements.Thesepartsaremadefromtraditionalprototypingtechniquesorrapidprototypingtechniques.第4章設(shè)計和模型概念Theprototypetoolingindustry92Showpartsaresubsystemprototypeswhichhighaccuracybutareusedprimarilyfordisplayorreviewpurposes.Thesepartsarenottypicallymadeofconventionalengineeringmaterials,butareoftenpaintedordecaledtohaveshowqualityfinishes.Thesepartsaretypicallymadeveryquicklyfromfoams,rendboard,andepoxyplastics.Theyoftenrequiremanualfinishinginsuringtighttolerancesandpartsdimensions.Breadboardsaresubsystemprototypeswhichareverysimplewithlowtolerancesbutexhibitpartfunction.Thesetypesofaretypicallyusedfortestingconceptfunctionorlocalpart/subsystemfunction.Theabilitytomakechangestothesesystemsrapidlyisaprimefeatureofbreadboards.Toolingtobuildsuchprototypesisrelativelysimple,typicallyglue,solder,simplelinkages,etc.Mechanicalprototypesarefunctionalprototypeswhichtypicallysupportallthefunctionsofthefinalmodelbutdonotnecessarilyrepresentthefinalsizeorshapeoftheactualpart.Theseprototypesmayincludeseveralbreadboardprototypes,Toolingforthesetypesofprototypes,typicallyconsistsofofftheshelftechnology.Forexamples,standardhousingmaybeusedforprototypeprinters.Nonstandardmetalandplasticpartsmaybemachinedfromsimplestockmaterials.Showpartsaresubsystemproto93Engineeringprototypesareclassesofmodelswhicharefunctionalprototypeslikethemechanicalprototypesbutaretypicallymadeoutthesameengineeringmaterialasthefinalpart.Thesizeorfootprintoftheprototypesmatchthefinaldesign.Theseprototypesareusedasfinaldesignchecksorlimitedfieldtesting.Lowvolumeprototypecastingprocessesareusedforexoticpartsasopposedtomachiningthemoutofstock.Metalpartsmaybesandcastorgravitypoured.Eventhoughpartsmaybemadefromthedesignintentengineeringmaterial,qualitymaystilldifferfromtheproductionrunparts.Productionprototypesareprototypepartswhicharemadefromthesameengineeringmaterialthatthefinalpartwillbemadeandmanufacturedfromsimilarprocesses.Thepurposeofthesepartsistotestthemanufacturingprocessandproductionpartquality.Theseprototypeswillhavethematerialcharacteristicsofproductionintentmanufacturing.Therefore,earlycycletimescenariosandproductionvolumescanbeforecastedfromtheseprototypes.Also,reliabilityorfailurestudiesontheactualpartcanberunwithprototypes.Unlikemanyengineeringprototypes,thepartscouldbeincludedwithinvalidationcycles.Toolingfortheseprototypesisveryexpenseandusuallyrequirelongleadtimesbecauseactualtoolinginsertsarerequired.AstheFigure2.1belowshows,changestoprototypedesignatthispointisveryexpense.Engineeringprototypesarecla94激光加工工程課件95ConventionalToolingProcessTobuildprototypepartsmanyconventionaltoolingprocessesareused.Therearetwoapproacheswhichareusuallytakentomakeprototypesparts:partsimulationandprocesssimulation.Partsimulationtypicallyinvolvesusingsimpleprocesseslikematerialremovaltojustgetprototypepartsmade.Similarstockmaterialmaybemachinedtogetamodel.Otherpartsimulationincludesthemodels,mock-ups,andlowlevelsimulations.Prototypesbuiltwithprocesssimulationarecast,drawnforged,stamped,etc.tobuildpartswhichwillbesimilartotheproductionintentpieces.Processsimulationsincludethemechanical,engineering,andproductionprototypes.Thetwotypesoftoolingprocessesarecommontobothpartandprocesssimulationsarematerial-removalprocessesandcasting.Joiningprocessesarealsocommonbutwillnotbedescribedexplicitly.ConventionalToolingProcess96Materials-RemovalProcessesTraditionaltoolingprocessesforbuildingpartstypicallyencompassesmaterialremovalprocess.Theseprocessesincludecutting,abrading,burning,anderoding.Cuttingprocessinginvolvesingleormultiplepointcuttingtoolssuchasmillingordrillingbits.Abradingprocessesinvolvegrinding,polishingorsanding.Burninganderodingprocessesinvolveutilizingelectricity,chemicals,heat,orhydrodynamicstoshapeorremovematerial.Millinganddrillingprocessesremovematerialbyusingasinglepointormulti-pointtooltoshearmaterial(chips)awayfromtheworkpiece,thematerialbeingformedintothepart.Theworkpieceistypicallyfixturedsothatthecuttingtoolcanremovematerialbyrotatingthetoolwhilefeedingtheworkpiecetowardthecutter'stoolface.Hightolerancesandsharpcornerscanbeachievedbytheseprocesses.Theseprocessesaretypicallycoupledwithotherconventionaltoolingprocesses.Similarprocessesincludelathing,turning,planningandreaming.Grinding,polishingandsandingprocessesareverysimilartomillinganddrillingoperationsinthatitisachipremovalprocesswiththecuttingtoolbeingtheindividualabrasivegrain.Morechipdeformationoccurswithhighlyabrasiveprocessesbecauseofthehighlynegativerakeanglesofthegrains.Whengrinding,hightemperaturescanbereachedatthesurface.Theseraisedtemperaturescancausetempering,burningorheat-checkingatthesurfaceoftheworkpiece.Heatcheckingiscrackingatthesurfacewhichleadstolowtoughnessandlowfatigueandcorrosionresistance.Thetemperaturegradientswithintheworkpiece.Similarprocessesincludelapping.Materials-RemovalProcesses97Electricaldischargemachiningisamaterialremovalprocesswhicherodesmetalsbysparkdischarges.AshapingtoolcalledtheelectrodedeliversDCpow