英語六級閱讀模擬試題及詳解答案AmericanFootballAmericanfootballisauniquesport-itisagameaboutgainingterritoryasmuchasitisaboutscoringpoints.Whentwoteamsstepontoafootballfield,eachisbattlingforeveryinchitcantakefromtheother.Eachteamwantstodefendthefieldthatisbehinditandinvadethefieldinfrontofit.Ultimately,theywanttogainenoughgroundtoscoreatouchdownorfieldgoal.GroundRulesFootballisagameofinchesplayedonafieldmeasuredinyards-Englishmeasurementsareusedtotrackmovementsonthefield.Teamssucceedbasedonhowmanyyardstheyaccumulateorallow.AnofficialNFL(NationalFootballLeague)footballfieldisarectanglethatis120yards(110m)longand53yards.Ifoot(49m)wide.Mostfieldsarecoveredingrassandsetinanoutdoor(open-air}stadium.Somefieldsaremadeofartificialturf,whichyou'llfindinmanyoftheindoorstadiums.Themostessentialpieceofequipmentinafootballgameistheball.OfficialNFLfootballsarehandmadebyWilsonSportingGoodsCo.Thefootballisanoblong(橢圓形的)sphereandhasalengthwisecircumference(周線)andawidth-wisecircumferenceinthemiddleoftheball.Withtheequipmentidentifiedandthefieldset,wecannowplayagame.AnNFLgameisdividedintofourquarterswithanextendedhalftimebreakbetweenquarterstwoandthree.Eachquarteris15minuteslong.lftheteamsaretiedafterfourquartersofplay,theyplayanadditionalovertimeperiodof15minutes.Intheovertime,thefirstteamtoscorewins.Whilethegametimeaddsuptoonehour,itusuallytakesthreetofourhourstoplayagame.Teamscanstoptheclockbyrunningoutofbounds,throwinganincompletepass,orcallingatime-out,ofwhichtheyhavethreeperhalf.Timealsostopsforeachofthetwo-minutewarnings,observedtwominutespriortotheendofthesecondandfourthquarters.Who'sWhoAnNFLrosterallowsfornomorethan53playersonateam.Atanyonetime,only11playersperteamareallowedonthefield.TounderstandanNFLroster,youhavetoidentifythethreeteamswithinateam:theoffense.thedefenseandspecialteams.Eachofthesegroupshasspecializedpositionswithaspecificsetofskills.OffenseAteam'soffenseisresponsiblefortakingtheballdownthefieldtowarditsopponent'sendzone.Todothis.theoffensethrowstheballfromoneplayertoanotherorholdstheballandrunsforward.Herearethebasicoffensivepositions.Quarterback(QB)-Thisplayerthrowstheballtoreceiversorhandsitofftorunningbacks.Thequarterbackisalsoknownasthe"fieldgeneral,"becausehe'stheon-the-fieldleader.Offensivelinemen-Theseplayersprovideblockingforthequarterbackandrunningbacks.Individuallinemanpositionsinclude:Center(C)-Thecenterislocatedinthemiddleoftheline.Thisplayerhikestheballtothequarterbackbybringingtheballupbetweenhislegs.Guards(LG/RG)-Thesetwoplayersflankthecenter.Tackles(LT/RT)-Thetacklesarepositionedontheoutsideofeachguard;teamshavetwotackles.Receivers-Receiversrundownthefieldandcatchballsthrownbythequarterback.Receiversareeitherwidereceivers(WR)ortightends(LTE/RTE).dependingonwheretheyarepositionedonthefield.Runningbacks-Runningbackstaketheballfromthequarterbackandrunupthefield.Dependingonthefomation(arrangementoftheoffensiveplayers,arunningbackmightbecalledatailback(TB),halfback(HB)orfullback(FB).DefenseWhenateamdoesnothavepossessionoftheball,itisondefenseandusesvariousmethodstopreventtheotherteam'soffensefromscoring.Theseplayersmusttackletheoffensiveplayerwhohastheballtostoptheoffensefromadvancing.Defensewillalsotrytotaketheballawayfromtheoffense.Herearethebasicdefensivepositions:Defensivelinemen-Thelinemenputpressureonthequarterbackbytryingtotacklehimbeforehereleasestheball.Theyalsotrytostoprunningbacks.Therearetypicallythreeorfourdefensivelinemen.Linebackers-Whentherearefourlinemen,thereisamiddlelinebacker(MLB)andtwooutsidelinebackers(OLB).Whentherearethreelinemen.therearetwoinsidelinebackers(ILB)andtwooutsidelinebackers.Theirjobistobackupthelinemen.aswellascontainrunnersandcoverreceiversonsomeplays.Cornerbacks(CB)-Thecornerbackspreventthewidereceiversfromcatchingtheballbybreakinguppassesfromthequarterback.Safeties-Thesafetiesplaydeepbehindtherestofthedefensetopreventalongpassorrun.Astrongsafety(SS)linesuponthesideofthefieldwheretherearemoreoffensiveplayers.Thefreesafety(FS)playsadeep,middleposition.SpecialTeamsIfateamhastokicktheball,itusesitsspecial-teamsunit.Thisunitincludestheteam'skickers,theoffensiveline,andplayerswhorundownthefieldtotackleareturner(seebelow).Placekicker-Theplacekickerkickstheballthroughthegoalpoststoscorepointsandkickstheballtotheotherteamtostartthegameandaftereachscoringpossession.Punter-Thepunterfree-kickstheballifhisteamcannotadvancetheballdownthefield.Returner-Duringakickofforpunt,thereturnertriestocatchtheballandreturnitasfarashecan.Aplayercanscoreatouchdownonarcturn.MovingtheBallandFindingtheEndZoneAfootballgamebeginswithacointosstodecidewhichteamwillreceivetheopeningkickoff.Fromtheopeningkickoff,thetwoteamsbattletotakepossessionoftheball.Possessionmeansthatateam'soffensiveunithastheball.Ateamcantakepossessionoftheballinseveralways:Receivingakickoff-Ateamreceivesakickoffatthebeginningofeachhalfandaftertheotherteamscores.Turnover-Ateamrecoversaballdroppedbytheotherteam(fumble)orpicksoffaballthrownbytheotherteam'squarterback(interception).Safety-Aplayeristackledinhisownendzone,meaningtheendzonehisteamisdefending,sotheotherteamgetstheballthoughafreekick.Punt-Thedefensiveteamstopstheoffensiveteamfromgetting10yardsinthreedowns,andtheoffensiveteamfree-kicks,orpunts,theballtotheotherteamonthirddown.Turnoverondowns-TheoffensiveteamfailstoadvancetheballlOyandsinfourdownsandhastosurrendertheballtotheotherteam.Forthosenewtothesportthelasttwoscenariosonthislistmaynotmakesense.OneofthemostconfusingconceptsofAmerican-stylefootballisthedown-and-distancesystem.Everytimeateamtakespossessionoftheball,itisgivenasetoffourdowns,orattempts,tomovetheballl0yards.IftheteamcanmovetheballlOyardsormoreWithinfourdowns,theteamgetsanothersetoffourdownstogoanotherl0yards,andsoon.Forinstance,ifateamadvances3yardsonfirstdown,thenextplayisseconddownwith7yardstogo(secondand7);iftheteamthenadvances5yardsonseconddown,thenextplayisthirdand2;iftheteamthenadvances2ormoreyardsonthirddown,thenextplayisbacktofirstandlO,wichawholenewsetoffourdownsduringwhichtoadvancetheball.1.Thesuccessofateamismeasuredbymeansof_______________________.A)theyardsitgainsB)thefieldgoalsitscoresC)thestrategyitusesD)thetouchdownsitscores2.Whentheteamsneedtoplaytheovertimeperiod,theteamthat__________________wins.A)gainsmoregroundB)getsmoretouchdownsC)scoresbeforetheotherD)getsthefirstpenaltykick3.Howmanytimeoutsaretheteamsallowedtohave?A)Twoforeachquarter.B)Threeforeachhalf.C)Threeforeachquarter.D)Twoforeachhalf.4.WhatisincludedinanNFLroster?A)Alltheplayersontheteam.B)Thesubstituteplayersandcoaches.C)Onlytheplayersallowedonthefield.D)Theoffense,thedefenseandspecialteams.5.Theroleoftheon-the-fieldleaderisplayedby______________________.A)areceiverB)aquarterbackC)arunningbackD)anoffensivelineman6.Usually,offensivelinemenconsistofatleast_______________players.A)threeB)fourC)fiveD)six7.Inthedefenseteam,thedeepestdefensivepositionisplayedby_________________.A)defensivelinemenB)linebackersC)cornerbacksD)safeties8.Kickingaballthroughthegoalpoststogainpointsistheresponsibilityof____________________.9.Therightofateam'sopeningkickoffisusuallydeterminedby___________________.lO.TheoffensiveteamwilllosepossessionoftheballifitfailstogainlOyardsin__________________.答案：1.[定位]根據(jù)題干中的success查找到第1個(gè)小標(biāo)題GroundRules部分的首段第2句。解析：原文中的basedon...表明判斷一個(gè)隊(duì)伍成功與否的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是什么，因此basedon后的介詞賓語為本題答案。其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)在該段均未提及。2.[C][定位]根據(jù)題干中的overtime查找到第1個(gè)小標(biāo)題GroundRules部分的第3段末句。解析：選項(xiàng)C是對原文該句的同義改寫，為本題答案。其他選項(xiàng)與overtimeperiod的內(nèi)容無關(guān)，且在該段也未提及。3.[B][定位]根據(jù)題干中的timeouts查找到第1個(gè)小標(biāo)題GroundRules部分的第4段第2句。解析：原文該句句末的非限制性定語從句表明本題應(yīng)選B。其他選項(xiàng)均無原文依據(jù)。4.[D][定位]根據(jù)題干中的NFLroster查找到第2個(gè)小標(biāo)題Who'sWho部分的'首段。解析：在四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，只有選項(xiàng)B沒有原文依據(jù)，其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)均可在原文找到部分或全部詞語。其中，選項(xiàng)A不正確，因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)橄欖球隊(duì)的全體隊(duì)員可能超過53人，但根據(jù)該段首句，roster里只能包括最多53個(gè)球員的名字，由此可見，選項(xiàng)A與原文不符;選項(xiàng)C中的only顯然過于絕對，與該段首句不符;原文該段第3句暗示不論roster里面有多少成員名字，肯定得包括theoffense，thedefenseandspecialteams，由此可見，選項(xiàng)D為本題答案。本題也可通過對比選項(xiàng)和原文，看看哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)與原文重合度最高，由此也可確定選項(xiàng)D為本題答案。5.[B][定位]根據(jù)題干中的on-the-fieldleader查找到第2個(gè)小標(biāo)題Who'sWho部分的次標(biāo)題Offense下第