LectureApplicationsofPlantGene 1BriefLectureSuperiorityofgeneingineeringinplantbreeding( GeneEngineeredTraits:TheBig l DelayedFruit PollenGeneEngineeredFoods( Plants—GoldenRiceandOtherMolecularFarming(2Learning KnowtheBigSixtraitsthatcanbegeneratedbyplantgeneengineering,alongwithexamples.（了解迄今為止用工 usetechniquesofgeneengineeringintodevelopmentofplantbioreactors(了解發(fā)展趨勢(shì)：分子農(nóng)業(yè)).3Superiorityofgeneengineeringinplantbreeding工程育種，也稱分子育種，具有以下優(yōu)越性Conventionalbreedingworkswiththewholeorganism,whilemolecularbreedingoperatesat availablenarrowgeneticvariabilityinaspeciesandbythenaturalbarriersofcrossing(sexualreproductionandmovedesirablegenesbetweencomple yunrelatedorganisms(.Molecularbreeding（改良質(zhì)量性狀效果好）coupledwithConventionalbreeding（改良數(shù)量性狀效果好Now,successfulfirststeps:disease,pestsandherbicide nutritionalqualityimprovementfruit和花粉控制等6方面(‘bigsix’traits)的成果）.4TheBigSix (抗除草劑 Herbicidesarewidelyusedbyfarmerssoplantsthat morechemicaluse,andpossibledevelopmentofweedsresistanttothechemicals（對(duì)生態(tài)、環(huán)境的影響）5 6Glyphosate草甘膦blocksshikimateShikimatepathway-Biosynthesisofaromaticaminoacids(trp,phe,tyr)NotinGlyphosateGlyphosatebindstoandinhibitsEPSPsynthaseGlyphosateNphosphomethylglycineP-CH2-NH-CH2-COO-

5-烯 酰莽草酸-3-磷酸合SomeEPSPsynthasesfrombacteriaareresistanttoglyphosate(singleaachangeGly96toAla,甘氨酸→丙氨酸)源于細(xì)菌的 ，由 突變，對(duì)草甘膦不敏感！因此，含有 的作 7SoybeanswithGlyphosate(草甘膦 8GeneticallyEngineeredTraits:TheBig (抗蟲 plants.Thegenehasbeenpllacedincorn,cotton,,andpotato,andhasbeen

Naturallyproducedbyplants,areproducedinresponsetowounding. Tobacco,potato,andpeashavebeenengineeredtoresistinsectssuchasweevilsthatdamagecropswhiletheyareinstorage(Seefigure13) thatinsects toprotease9Note:organicfarmersspraycropswithintactBtFunctionofBTClonegenecodingforBTtoxin–ProteintoxinfromBacillusKillscornborer,cornrootwormandcottonbollwormMechanismoftoxinBindstoreceptorsininsectDestroysIonophoreionchannelthatallowsionstoflowacross穿孔，最終導(dǎo)致昆 Corn

Functionofproteaseinhibitor 表達(dá)產(chǎn)物是抑制昆蟲消化酶的活性,饑餓至但抗性強(qiáng)度不如 ApossibleInsectsmaybedevelopedtogetagainsttransgenicplantsGeneticallyEngineeredTraits:TheBigSixContinued… (抗病 Plantsmaybeengineeredwithgenesfor -resistantplantshaveaviralproteincoatgene( isoverproduced,preventingthe fromreproducinginthehostcell,becausetheplantshutsoffthe ’proteincoatgeneinresponsetothe Coatproteingenesareinvolved todiseasessuchas ,tobacco ,and ),havebeenisolatedfromplantsorotherorganismsandmaybetransferredtocropplants. Papaya(木瓜) Cotton(棉花)withGeneticallyEngineeredTraits:TheBigSixContinued… lContent(改良油品質(zhì) pathway(oilsarelipids,whichfattyacidsareapartof). Varietiesofcanolaandsoybeanplantshavebeengeneticallyengineeredtoproduceoilswithbettercookingandnutritionall DelayedFruitRipening(延緩果實(shí)成熟 Allowforcrops,suchastomatoes,tohavealongershelf Tomatoesgenerallyripenand esoftduringshipmenttoastore.Tomatoesareusuallypickedandsprayedwiththeplanthormoneethylenetoinduceripening. 題:如何實(shí)現(xiàn)?)sotheycandevelopmorefreshandtastebeforeripening,andshipmenttomarkets.GeneticallyEngineeredTraits:TheBigSixContinued… PollenControl(花粉育性控制 Hybridcropsarecreatedbycrossin ofthesamecropplant. Forsuccess,plantpollinationmustbecontrolled.Thisisusuallydonebyremovingthemaleflowerpartsbyhandbeforepollleniisreleased.Also,sterilizedplants（雄性不育植物）havebeengeneticallyengineeredwithagenefromthebacteriaBacillus 問題植物雄性不育在生產(chǎn)中有何應(yīng)用價(jià)值Morethan60%ofprocessedfoodsintheUnitedStatescontainingredientsfromgeneticallyengineered12differentgeneticallyengineeredplantshavebeenapprovedintheUnitedStates,withmanyvariationsofeachplant,someapprovedandsomenot. Soybeanhasbeenmodifiedtoberesistanttobroad-spectrumherbicides（廣譜除草劑）. Scientistsin2003removedanantigenfromsoybeancalledP34thatcancauseasevereallergicresponse（過敏反應(yīng)GeneticallyEngineeredBtinsect isthemostcommonuseofengineeredcorn,but isalsoadesiredtrait. Productsincludecornoil（玉米油）,cornsyrup（玉米糖漿）,corn By2002about32%offieldcornintheUnitedStateswas Morethan71%ofthecottoncropin2002was Engineeredcottonsee l（棉籽油）isfoundinpastries,snackfoods,friedfoods,andpeanutbutter.Other （甜菜）andredheartchicory（菊苣）rice(特別是黃金水稻NutritionallyEnhanced—GoldenMorethanonethirdoftheworld’spopulationreliesonriceasafoodstaple,soriceisanattractivetargetforenhancement.GoldenRicewasgeneticallyengineeredtoproducehighlevelsofbeta-carotene(β胡蘿卜素whichisaprecursortovitaminA.VitaminAisneededforpropereyesight.Otherenhancedcropsincludeiron-（富鐵）riceandtomatoeswith

MolecularAnewfieldwhereplantsandanimalsaregeneticallyengineeredtoproduceimportant 品）,vaccines（ andothervaluablecompounds.應(yīng)器）tomass-producechemicalsthatcanaccumulatewithinthecellsuntiltheyareSoybeanshavebeenusedtoproducemonoclonalantibodies（單克隆抗體）withtherapeutic治療結(jié)腸癌的價(jià)值）.Clot-bustingdrugs（血 sobeproducedinriice,corn,andtobacco

MolecularPlantshavebeenengineeredtoproducehumanantibodiesagainstHIV（抗 EpicytePharmaceuticalshasbegunclinicaltrialswithherpesantibodies（皰疹抗體）producedinThereasonsthatusingplantsma