2021城區(qū)高三英語(yǔ)二模閱讀C篇匯總2021海淀二模CFortoday'sincreasinglyinterconnectedfoodsupplychains,“efficient"iswhatit'ssupposedtobe:Eachcountryspecializesinwhatit'sbestatandputsitontheglobalmarket.Producersandprocessorswithincountriesspecialize,too,asawaytominimizecosts.Asaresult,atleastintheory,pricesstaylow,theworldgetsfedandeveryonewins.However,thecoronaviruscrisisdemonstrateswhatiswrongwiththisapproach.Whenbarrierspreventfoodfromreachingitsmarkets,ordemandsuddenlydropsbothofwhicharehappeningnowthesystemfallsapart.Specializationofthefoodsystemmakesithardtoshiftintodifferentmarketswhendisruptionsarise.Belgium,aleadingexporterofpotatoes,lostsalesnotonlytolocalrestaurantsbutalsotoothercountriesbecauseoflockdowns（封鎖））.AtleasttheBelgianscantrytoeatthepotatoesathome.Thatstrategywon'tworkforeverycrop:Ghana,theworld'stopcocoaexporter,lostmarketswhenpeoplestartedfocusingonbuyingessentialitemsinsteadofchocolate.ThelossinexportincomeinAfricamoregenerallycouldhaveahugeimpactifthepandemiccontinues,asmanycountriesthererelyheavilyonimportedwheatandrice.Thepricesofthesegrainshavesoarednotonlybecauseofrisingdemandforthesegrainsduringthecrisis,butalsobecauseafewcountriesincludingRussiaandVietnamimposedexportrestrictionsoutoffearthatsendingfoodabroadwouldleadtohigherpricesathome.Concentratedmarketsdominatedbyjustahandfulofcompaniesheightenfoodsystemfragility.Forexample,justthreemeatpackingplantsprocessover95percentofCanada'sbeefandnearlyallofitsbeefexports.Now,thosemeatprocessingplantshavehadtotemporarilyshutdownbecauseofoutbreaksofCOVID-19amongworkers.Seeingthespoiledproductsacrosstheworldshouldforceallofustorethinkour"efficientfoodsupplies.Weneedtorejuvenate（使恢復(fù)活力）localandregionalfoodsystemstoreducethevulnerabilitiesthatcomewithbeingtooreliantonimportedandcorporate-dominatedfoods.Thisdoesn'tmeancuttingoffalltradeorabolishingallpackagedfoods,butitdoesmeanbuildingdiversity,andincreasingopportunitiesforsmallandmedium-scaleenterprisestoflourishinshorter,moresustainablefoodsupplychainsthatareclosertohome.Oneplacetostartisforgovernmentstoshifttheirsupportfromthelarge-scale,specializedandexport-orientedfoodsystemtobuildinginfrastructureformorediverselocalfoodsystems.Aroundtheworld.small-scaleandorganicproducershavebeenoverwhelmedwiththesurgeininterestfromcustomerswhowanttobuydirectlyfromfarmersduringthecrisis.Buttheseproducersoftenlacktheinfrastructuretomeetthatdemand.Asgovernmentsaroundtheworldpassstimuluspackagestoaddressthecrisis,buildingmorediverseandlocalizedfoodsystemsshouldbeanobviousinclusion.Intheory,specializationofthefoodsystem.A.adaptstochangesefficientlyB.balancessupplyanddemandC.focusesonessentialitemsD.reducescostsofTheunderlinedword"fragility"inParagraph5means.A.weaknessB.diversityC.unfairnessD.complexityWhatcanwelearnfromthepassage?Afewcountriesrestrictexportstostabilizelocalfoodprices.GrainpricesriseduetoAfrica'sdependenceonimportation.GhanamightbelessaffectedbylockdownsthanBelgiumwas.Packaged-foodconsumptionshouldbeencouragedtoaddressthecrisis.Themainpurposeofthispassageisto.exposefoodsecurityissuesduringthecrisisadvocateestablishingdiverselocalfoodsystemsdiscussthedevelopmentofasustainableeconomyprovetheimportanceofsoundgovernmentpolicies2021西城二模CUrbanplannersmaysoonhaveanewwaytomeasuretrafficjams.Byputtinginthedifferentroutesbywhichvehiclescantravelbetweenlocations,researchershavedevelopedanewcomputeralgorithm（運(yùn)算法貝U）thathelpsquantifyregionsofjamsinurbanareasandsuggestswaysaroundthem.ThestudypublishedintheJournalofPhysics:Complexity,usedtrafficspeedsfromtaxisinNewYorkCitytodemonstratehowroadinfrastructure（基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施）anddriverbehaviorcancreatecomplexroadnetworksthatdifferamongcities.Theteamapproachedtheissuebydesigningacomputeralgorithmtocapturethetopology-orrelationshipbetweenthedifferentroutesbetweenlocations--ofroadnetworks."WefoundthatthemostsignificanttrafficbottlenecksinManhattanseemtoariseasaresultofthecity'sstructurallayout,saidstudyco-authorDanielCarmody."Forexample,thefactthatabridgeentersManhattanatarangewheretrafficisalreadylimitedduetoCentralParkslowstrafficintheareaconsiderably.”TheresearchersperformedacomparativeanalysisusingtrafficpatternsinChengdu,China,totestifthealgorithmworksequallywellinareaswithdifferentlayouts.Manhattanhasalongandthinstructure,whilechengduisround.Therearesignificantdifferencesinthewaytrafficmovesbetweenthesetwodifferentsetups,theresearcherssaid.“ThebottlenecksinChengduseemtoariseduetothefunctionofthebuildingsinaparticulararea,“Carmodysaid."Forexample,itishardtotravelinandoutofthecentralbusinessdistrictinChengdubecauseofthelargeamountoftrafficalone.Beltways,orfasterstreetsaroundbusyareas,haveemergedincirclesaroundthisarea,whichisnotsurprisingbecausethisfeaturewasintentionallybuiltintothecity.”InManhattan,thebridgesandunderpassesthatformtheentryandexitpointscausetrafficslowdowns.However,inlowerManhattanwheredriversseemtoobeythelowerpostedspeedlimits,trafficmovesmoresmoothly,forminganewtrafficbeltwaywiththesouthernendofCentralParkactingasablockbetweenlowerandcentralManhattan.ItsurprisedusthatthereisanemergentbeltwayinsuchabusyareaofManhattan,Carmodysaid."Thisindicatesthat,unlikeinChengdu,beltwaysseemtoarisefromdriverbehaviorevenwhentheyaren'tpartofthestructuralplanofatrafficnetwork.“Theresearchershaveimaginedthatthistechnologycouldgiveurbanplannersameanstoquantifytrafficpatterns,leadingtobettertraffic,Carmodysaid."Asmethodsoftransportationdevelopnewproblemswillemerge,andwehopethatourtoolswillgiveplannersnewwaystomeasurewhatisgoingonwithcitytraffic.”Accordingtothenewstudy,whatcontributestotrafficjamsinManhattan?Thenumberofbottlenecksandbeltways.Thelocationofbridgesandunderpasses.Roadfacilitiesanddriverbehavior.Roadsignsandurbanpopulation.ResearchersalsostudiedCparethelayoutsofthetwocitiesfindbetterinfrastructureforonecitydesigntrafficpatternswiththealgorithmassesstheeffectivenessofthealgorithmWhydovehiclesmovefasterinlowerManhattan?Becauseoflowerpostedspeedlimits.Becausedriversfollowthetrafficrules.Becauseitisplannedinthetrafficnetwork.Becauseabeltwayhasemergedaroundthearea.Whoisthetargetofthisnewcomputeralgorithm?A.Cityplanners.B.Slowerdrivers.C.Infrastructuredevelopers.DRoadsigndesigners.2021東城二模CWhetherhuntingorcompetingforlimitedspaceandresources,humansaretheplanet'ssuperpredator（捕食者）.Asthehumanpopulationexpands,it'sgettingharderforothercreaturestofindsomewheretohideduringtheday.Nownewfindingsindicateanimalsaroundtheworldhavecomeupwithanotherstrategy:Theyarebecomingnocturnal.InapaperpublishedinScience,researchersanalyzed76previousscientificstudiesabouthumanimpactonanimalactivity.Theycomparedanimalsactivityduringthedayandnightinareasofhighhumandisturbance（fromhuntingorfarmingtohikingandotheroutdoorrecreation）andlowhumandisturbance（relativelynaturalconditions）.Theanalysisshowedanimalsarebecominganaverageof1.36timesmorenocturnalduetohighhumandisturbance.Forexample,inPolandwildboarsgofrom48%nocturnalinnaturalforeststo90%nocturnalinurbanareas.Evenactivitiespeopleconsiderrelativelyinnocuous,suchashikingandwildlifeviewing,stronglyaffectedanimalsdailyrhythms."Wehinkthatwe'rdeavingnotraceoftenwhenwe'reoutdoors,butwecanbehavinglastingconsequencesonanimalbehavior,saysKaitlynGaynor,leadresearcherforthestudy.Thisisnotthefirsttimeanimalshavehadtoliveatnight;duringthetimeofdinosaurs,theywerealsonocturnal."Dinosaurswerethisubiquitous（無(wú)處不在的）,scaryforce,andonlyaftertheirextinctiondidmammals（哺孚L動(dòng)物）emergeintothedaylight,Gaynorsays."Andnowhumanshavetakenoverandarepushingotheranimalsbackintothenight.”Scientistssuspectbecomingnocturnalmayhurtthosespecieshighlyadaptedtothesun.Theymightnotbeabletolivewellatnight,whichwouldultimatelyhurttheirchancesofsurvivalandreproduction.Perhapsevenmorealarmingeffectscouldbeinthewiderecosystem.InCaliforniaSantaCruzMountains,coyoteshavebeenmorenocturnalinresponsetohikersandhavestartedtoaltertheirdietsfromdaytimeprey,suchassquirrelsandbirds,tonocturnalprey,suchasratsandrabbits.Exactlyhowecologicalcommunitieswillchange,andwhetheritwillbeforbetterorworse,requiresfurtherstudy.Somenighttimeshiftsmaybenefitbothanimalsandhumans,Gaynornotes.

Forinstance,tigersinNepalareavoidingpotentiallydeadlyconflictswithpeopleastheybecomemorenocturnal.Studieslikethisonewilleventuallyhelpconservationmanagersmakebetterdecisionsabouthowtoprotectecosystems."Wdllneedtounderstandlocaldynamicstoreallyunderstandhowweshouldbechangingmanagementofwildlifepopulationsorhumanactivities,“Gaynornotes,potentialapproachmightbetomanagethetimingofhumanactivitiessothatweleavesomeofthedaylightforotheranimals.”27.Howdoanimalsrespondtoincreasinghumandisturbance?A.Bylimitingfoodintake.C.Bycontrollingpopulation.A.Bylimitingfoodintake.C.Bycontrollingpopulation.WhatdoestheunderlinedwordA.Harmless.B.Recreational.Whydoestheauthormentiondinosaurs?Tohighlighttheimportanceofdaylight.Toindicatethedominationofhumans.Byleavingtheirhabitat.D.Byadjustingdailyroutine.innocuous"inParagraph3probablymean?Organized.D.Irregular.Toillustratemammals'adaptability.Todemonstratedinosaurs'power.Whatcanwelearnaboutanimals'becomingnocturnal?Ithasledtoanewecologicalbalance.Itdemandsmoreconservationareas.Itmayencouragebio-diversity.Itmightbedouble-edged.2021朝陽(yáng)二模CTheRiseofVoiceTechnologyVoicetechnologyhascomealongway.Justafewyearsago,itwouldhavebeenunusable.Butnow,thosewhofollowthetechnologyknowthatithasgotconsiderablybetter.Writingwithyourvoiceraisesseveralinterestingquestions.Howdifficultisitactually?Humanspeechinvolvesalotmorestartingandstoppingwitherrorsandtheneedforrepairingbrokensentencesthanyoumaythink.Evengiftedspeakersmakemistakes.Toturnthespokenwordintoreasonablewritingrequireslotsofplanning.You'llneedsomekindsofnotesorotherorganiserstomakeitwork.Anotherquestionturningspeechintowritingraisesisthestyle.Howwouldwritingmakethechangethatpeoplespeaktheirwritingratherthantype?Chancesarethatitwouldcomeupwithmanymoreshortsentencesandmoreconcretelanguage,whichisgood.Itwouldprobablyalsorelyonpreparedphrasesalotmoreoften,whichisnotavailablewhenyouarespeakingquickly.Toconfirmthis,acolumnwasnotwritten,butdictated（聽(tīng)寫(xiě)）.Itwascomposedfrombriefnoteswrittendownforstructureonly,anditwaseditedforlength,withalloftheoriginalerrorskeptin.Hereweretheresults.Thefirstwasthattheliteralaccuracywasextremelyhigh.Thereweren'tmanycaseswherethesoftwarehadheardonewordincorrectlyandwrittendownanother.Buttheotherresultwasthatthereadabilityofthiscolumnwasratherbad.Obviously,theblameisnotwiththetechnologyatall,whichturnsouttoberathergood.Speakingintowritingreliesonabetterhumanbrainthantheonewecurrentlypossess.Writingishard.There’sareasonitcadoneatthespeedofspeech,inrealtime.Toclarifythematter,thistimeparagraphbreakswereaddedafterthewholewriting.Punctuations（標(biāo),嵐）hadtobespokenaloud,andafterafullstop,thefirstwordinthenewsentencewascapitalizedautomatically.Someminorpunctuationmarkswereaddedtomakeitclearer.Toimproveaccuracy,people“trainedthesoftwarebeforehand,readingaprewrittenpassagealoud.Actuallyitturnsouttobemoreeffective.Alloftheseensurethesatisfactorycompletionofturningspeechintowriting.Languageisthemostimportanttoolforhumaninteraction,andvoiceisonebeautifulpartoflanguage.Withthematurityofmoderntechnology,ithasgivenbirthtoagreatchangeinthehuman-computervoiceinteraction.Accordingtothepassage,whichhelpstoturnspeechintowritingintermsofstyle?A.Thereiscarefulplanninginadvance.B.Errorsandbrokensentencesareavoided.C.Peopletypewordsasfastastheysaythem.D.Thewritingcontainsmorepreparedphrases.Toachievebetterresults,theauthormentionssomechangesfor.A.processingerrorsinacolumnB.addingminorpunctuationmarksC.increasingthenumberofbriefnotesD.integratingshortparagraphsinwriting29.Theauthorsuggeststhat.humanbrainsareresponsibleforpoordictatedwritingwritingwithvoicepromisestoimprovethequalityofwritingwritingisanunnaturalactthatcanhardlybelearnedandimprovedtechnologyhasalongwaytogointhehuman-computervoiceinteraction30.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A.Whypeoplefullyintendtoturnspeechintowriting.B.Whatrolevoicetechnologyplaysinimprovingreadability.Wherethehuman-computervoiceinteractionisatanadvantage.Howvoicetechnologyenablesthechangefromspeechintowriting.2021豐臺(tái)二模CAccordingtostatisticspublishedbytheBPI（BuyingPowerIndex）acoupleofmonthsago,digitalstreaming（流媒體）nowaccountsfor80percentofthemusicconsumptionintheUK.DespitetheincrediblegrowthofonlinestreamingplatformslikeiTunes,ApplemusicandTidaloverthepast15years,amoretraditionalmediumhasalsoseenareturnofinterestandsalesinthemusicindustry.In2020,almostoneinfiveofallalbumspurchasedintheUKisvinyl（黑膠唱片）,andithasonceagainbecomethemostpopularphysicalmusicalmedium.Withdigitalstreamingsoeasyandconvenient,whyaresomanypeopledrawntotraditional8records?Someexpertsclaimthatvinylisaphysicalmediumforexperiencingmusic,somethingtangible（有形的］）toholdandown.Formostpeople,havingsomethingtangibleandinteractingwithitgivesdepthtotheexperienceofmusic.Listeningtoanalbumandtouchingitthewaytheartistintendedcanmakethemfeelmoreconnectedtothemusicandtheartistrecordsarephysicalproductsthatcanbenotonlydisplayedbutalsogifted,shared,tradedandpasseddownthroughgenerations.Soundqualityisanotherhottopic.alotofmusicloversfeelthattheanaloguesound（模擬聲音）vinyloffersissuperiortomoderndigitalaudio,particularlywithregardstothecompressedformatsstreamingplatformsuse.There'sacommonbe-isf^ioatanalogueaudiohasawarmer,fullersoundthandigitisedmusic.Forvinylfollowers,theverydefecttraditionalrecordersoftenhave,suchasthefamiliarcracklewhentherecordstarts,bringthemusictolifeinadifferentway.There'saritualisticaspecttovinylthatalotofpeoplearedrawnto,too.Theactofputtingarecordon--carefullyremovingtherecordfromthesleeve,placingitontherecordplayerandgentlydroppingtheneedleontherightgroove（凹槽）isamoreassiduous（——絲不茍的）,mindfulwayofengagingwithmusic.Whenyou'relisteningtovinyl,youcan'ttapabuttonan（aboutyourdaywhilethestreamingserviceprovideshoursofmusic.Youneedtostayclosetotherecordplayertomovetheneedleandfliptherecordover.It'sclearthatthevinylinterestiswellunderway,andvinylrecordsaretrulymakingacomeback.Inanincreasinglydigitalsociety,there'ssomethingtobesaidforanalogueexperiences.Perhapsoneofthegreatthingsaboutbeingalivethe2lstcenturyisourabilitytohavethebestofbothworldsthetimelessappealofphysicalrecordsalongsidetheeasyaccesstovastmusiclibrariesthatstreamingoffers.WhatarethestatisticspublishedbytheBPIusedtoshow?A.Anincreaseinmusicconsumption.B.Therecoveryofmusicindustry.C.Acomebackofaphysicalmedium.D.Theacceptanceofonlinestreaming.Accordingtosomeexperts,whydoesvinylinterestmanypeople?A.Itattractspeoplebyitsrealisticfeel.B.Itsharesanewwaytoenjoymusic.C.Itofferssimpleaccesstodifferentmusic.D.Itprovidespeoplewithperfectsoundeffect.Theunderlinedword"ritualistic"inPara4meanssomethingA.overlookedbysocietyB.updatedveryfrequentlyC.performedaspartofaceremonyD.keptforalongtimewithoutchangingHowdoesthewriterfeelaboutthefuturedevelopmentofthemusicmedia?A.Traditionalrecordswillgetunderway.B.Theanalogueexperiencesmaymattermore.C.Vinylsaleswillboomwithtechnologicaladvance.D.Thereshouldbeagoodmixofoldandnew.2021房山二模CAuniquepositioningtechnologyPOINTERisbeingdevelopedtopinpointfirefightersinsidebuildingswhereotherpositioningtechnologiesfail.“Evenwithalloftheadvancesmadeinfirefightingtechnology,westilllosefartoomanyfirefighterseachyear,"saidGregPricewholeadsS&T'sfirstresponderresearch—and—developmentprograms."Wewantthemtoknowthatwehavetheirbacks,thatweareworkingtogivethemthetoolstheyneedtoensuretheirownsafety.POINTERisoneofthoselife-savingsolutions.”UnlikepositioningtechnologiessuchasGPSorradio-frequencyidentification,POINTERdoesn'tuseradiowaves.Thoughradiowavesofferareliablemeanstodetermineyourlocationinarelativelyopenspace,theycanbecomeunpredictableifyougoindoorsorfindyourselfsurroundedbyhighbuildings.Thismaybeminorannoyancewhentryingtofindthelocationofanappointment,butitcouldbealife-or-deathsituationwhentryingtolocatefirefightersinaburningbuilding.ThePOINTERsystemiscomposedofthreeparts:areceiver,transmitter,andbasestation.Thefirefighterwearsthereceiver,whichiscurrentlythesizeofacellphonebutexpectedtobecomemuchsmallerafterfurtherdevelopment.AtransmitterthatcanbeattachedtoemergencyvehiclesoutsidethebuildinggeneratestheMQSfields,whichtravelthroughthebuilding,pinginganyreceiverslocatedinsideoverrangeofabout230feet(70meters)inthecurrentversionofthesystem.Thisrangecanbeextendedbutisn'neededinmostfire-serviceapplications.Thereceiversdetectthefieldsdeterminetheir3Dlocation,andthensendthatdatabackoutsidethebuildingtoalaptop(thebasestation).Visualizationsoftwareshowswherethefirefightersarein3Dspacewithinanaccuracyofafewinches.NotonlycanPOINTERhelpfirefightingteamslocateteammembersthroughwalls,MOSfieldscanalsodeterminetheorientationofthereceiver.“Thisisaveryexcitingtechnologythataddsanotherdimensiontofirefighterssituationalawareness,“saidJPL'sEdChow,thePOINTERprogrammanager,“Firefighterscanbetrackedinrealtimeand,iftheybecomeunresponsive,theirteammemberscanseeiftheyaretrappedunderdebrisoriftheyareinjuredsoarescuecanbemounted.”ThePOINTERteamisnowplanningtocarryoutalivewebcastofatechnicaldemonstrationinsideatwo-levelsingle-familyhomeinPasadena,California,nearthecampusofCaltech,whichmanagesJPLforNASA.Furtherfieldtestsinavarietyoffirefightingscenariosarebeingplannedthrough2021,andacommercialversionofPOINTERwillbemadeavailabletofiredepartmentsin2022.WhydoestheauthorquotewhatGregPricesaid?ToemphasizethenecessityandimportanceofdevelopingPOINTER.Tointroducetheadvancesmadeinfirefightingpositioningtechnology.TocomparetheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofPOINTERandGPS.TodemonstratethereliabilityofPOINTERtolocatefirefightersinsidebuildings.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“pingingin"Paragraphprobablymean?A.Sendingmessagesto.B.Addingdimensionto.C.Protectingthesafetyof.D.Shuttingtheconnectionwith.Paragraph4ismainlytalkingabout.A.howPOINTERistestedB.whatPOINTERisC.whyPOINTERisdevelopedD.howPOINTERworksWhatcanbeinferredaboutPOINTERfromthepassage?A.Itmaybeonlyadream.ItwillserveNASAonly.Itwillcomeintousesoon.D.Itmayhavepassedfieldtests.2021順義二模CHaveyoueverheardofinvisibleink?Youmayhaveseenitinmovies.Whenlightisshoneonthepaperwhichinvisibleinkiswrittenon,youcanreadit!Asmagicalasthisseems,thechangeincolorisduetoscience.Theinkisabsorbinghigherenergylightandgivinglowerenergylight.Thisreactio