PAGEPAGE4現(xiàn)在完成時（Thepresentperfecttense）一、構(gòu)成：助動詞have/has＋Vp.p（動詞的過去分詞）二、用法：現(xiàn)在完成時既涉及過去，又聯(lián)系現(xiàn)在。用法一：表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。常與just（剛剛），already（已經(jīng)），never（從來沒有），ever（曾經(jīng)），before（以前），yet（還未），recently(最近),once（一次），twice（兩次），manytimes（很多次），howmanytimes（多少次），sofar（迄今為止），duringthepast（last）threeyears（最近三年來）等連用。副詞的位置：①just常用于肯定句中，放在have/has后.Eg.Hehasjustcome.②never表示否定,放在have/has后.Eg.HehasnevervisitedtheGreatWall.③ever用于疑問句中,句型為:Have/Has＋主語＋ever＋過去分詞？“…曾經(jīng)……過嗎？”用于詢問某人過去的經(jīng)歷。Eg.HaveyoueverbeentotheGreatWall？④before用于句末.Eg.Thewomanhasneverheardofthatbefore.⑤yet用于句末或not之后.Eg.Hasthetrainarrivedyet?No,notyet.⑥already用于肯定句,have/has之后或句末.Eg.Wehavealreadyfinishedit.⑦sofar用于句首或句末.Eg.Sofar,wehavevisitedthemoon.=8\*GB3⑧recently用于句末。Eg.Ihavebeenbusyrecently.用法二：表示過去已經(jīng)開始，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。時間狀語有：①for＋表示一段時間的詞語eg.IhavetaughtEnglishfor18years。②since＋表示過去時間點的詞語eg.Hehasbeenatthisschoolsince1986.③since＋表示過去的時間狀語從句eg.IhavelivedheresinceIwasborn.④since＋一段時間＋ago.eg.Ihaveknownhimsince20yearsago.三、現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)中可以和表示一段時間狀語（for，since，howlong,allone’slife）連用的動詞必須是表示延續(xù)的情況或動作的動詞，即延續(xù)性動詞。如：be，have，know，live，work，study，learn，teach，keep，speak，talk，draw，wait，wear，walk，sleep，drive，write，do，clean等。Eg.Ihavebeenateacherfornearly20years.Howlonghashelivedhere?四、延續(xù)性動詞的現(xiàn)在完成時可和包括“現(xiàn)在”在內(nèi)的（到說話時仍未結(jié)束）表示一段時間的狀語連用。如thismorning，today，thisweek，thesedaysEg.HehasbeentoBeijingthreetimesthisyear.Hehaswrittentwolettersthismorning.（說話時間在上午）Hewrotetwolettersthismorning.（說話時間在下午或晚上）五、英語中還有一些動詞的意義決定它們所表示的動作不能延續(xù),只是一瞬間就結(jié)束的動作,這類動詞叫做“非延續(xù)性動詞”，常見的有：come，go，arrive，reach，see，hear，close，open，leave，begin，start，lose，buy，fall，join，die，getup，become，borrow，lend，find，finish，receive等。這些動詞可用于現(xiàn)在完成時，說明某個動作的結(jié)果還存在，但不能和表示一段時間的狀語（howlong，for，since）連用。eg.Hehascomeback.（√）Hehascomebackfortwohours.（×）※但在否定句中，非延續(xù)性動詞也可用表示一段時間的狀語來修飾.eg.Ihaven’theardfrommyfatherforalongtime.Wehaven’tseenhimsince1999.六、當(dāng)終止性動詞（非延續(xù)性動詞）與表示一段時間的狀語（howlong，since，for，allone’slife）相矛盾時,改正錯句的方法有如下幾種:（1）用副詞ago把現(xiàn)在完成時的句子改為一般過去時.Hehascomebackfortwoweeks.（×）改為:Hecamebacktwoweeksago.（√）Ihavelostmybikefortendays.（×）改為:Ilostmybiketendaysago.（√）（2）用“Itis/hasbeen＋時間＋since＋一般過去時態(tài)”句型來改寫。HehasjoinedtheLeaguefor3years.（×）Itis3yearssincehejoinedtheLeague.(√)Ihaveboughtthebookfor5days.（×）Itis5dayssinceIboughtthebook.（√）Hehasdiedfor20years.（×）Itis20yearssincehedied.（√）（3）用“時間＋haspassed＋since＋一般過去時態(tài)”句型來改寫。Hehaslefthomefor20years.改為:Twentyyearshaspassedsincehelefthome.Hehaslosthispenfor2days.改為:Twodayshaspassedsincehelosthispen.（4）用系表結(jié)構(gòu)來改寫.Hehasdiedfor20years.改為:Hehasbeendeadfor20years.Thefactoryhasopenedsince1999.改為:Thefactoryhasbeenopensince1999.Howlonghasheleft?改為:Howlonghashebeenaway?（5）用相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動詞替代非延續(xù)性動詞。Hehasboughtthebookfortwoweeks.改為:Hehashadthebookfortwoweeks.常見的相應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)換形式如下:borrow/lend→havekept,我借這輛車已經(jīng)5天了。____________________________________________buy→havehad,Lily最近買了很多像這樣的書。____________________________________________finish/end→have/hasbeenover,會議已經(jīng)結(jié)束一小時了。_______________________________________arrive/come/go/reach/getto→have/hasbeenin/at/beenhere/beenthere,他已經(jīng)到了一會了。_____________________begin/start→have/hasbeenon,會議已經(jīng)開始一小時了。___________________________open→have/hasbeenopen,close→have/hasbeenclosed,die→have/hasbeendead,leave→have/hasbeenaway（from）,你來晚了，他已經(jīng)走了很久了。___________________________getup→have/hasbeenup,fallasleep→have/hasbeenasleep,爸爸睡了多久了？___________________________fallill→have/hasbeenill,真可惜！他們自從上周就病了。___________________________gettoknow→have/hasknown,自從五年前我就認(rèn)識他。___________________________become→have/hasbeen,他們自從五年前就已經(jīng)是好朋友了。___________________________return/comeback/getback→have/hasbeenback,join→have/hasbeenin/have/hasbeenamemberof,getaletter→have/hashadaletter,catch/getacold→have/hashadacold,他感冒好幾天了。___________________________begintostudy→have/hasstudied,我學(xué)英語已經(jīng)十多年了。___________________________他參軍已有三年.Hehasjoinedthearmyforthreeyears.（×）改為:Hehasbeeninthearmyforthreeyears/sincethreeyearsago.Hehasbeenasoldierforthreeyears/sincethreeyearsago.Hejoinedthearmythreeyearsago.Itisthreeyearssincehejoinedthearmy.Threeyearshaspassedsincehejoinedthearmy.七、如何通過與一般過去時做比較,進(jìn)一步掌握現(xiàn)在完成時?一般過去時和現(xiàn)在完成時的動作都發(fā)生在過去,但意義卻不同.（1）一般過去時只表示過去的動作或狀態(tài),和現(xiàn)在不發(fā)生關(guān)系?，F(xiàn)在完成時表示過去發(fā)生的某一動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在。eg.IlearnedtenEnglishsongs（說明過去學(xué)過,現(xiàn)在是否記得,不是本句的內(nèi)容）IhavelearnttenEnglishsongs.（learn發(fā)生在過去,但強(qiáng)調(diào)我現(xiàn)在懂英語歌曲）Icleanedtheblackboardhalfanhourago.（只說明“擦”和其發(fā)生的時間）Ihavecleanedtheblackboard.（說明現(xiàn)在黑板是干凈的）Theteacherhaswrittensomenewwordsontheblackboard（黑板上現(xiàn)在有單詞）Theteacherwrotesomenewwordsontheblackboard（黑板上現(xiàn)在沒有單詞）（2）一般過去時可以和表示過去的時間狀語連用,如:yesterday,lastyear,threedaysago,justnow,等?，F(xiàn)在完成時不能和表示過去的時間狀語連用,其時間狀語可以是since…,for…,just,ever,never,before,already,yet,sofar,allone’slife等.八、have/hasbeento,have/hasgoneto與有什么區(qū)別？=1\*GB3①have/hasgoneto意為“到某地去”，說話時該人不在現(xiàn)場，屬于瞬間動詞(暫短性動詞),不與一段時間連用，一般不用第一人稱、第二人稱代詞作句子的主語。eg.—WhereisJim？吉姆在哪里？—HehasgonetoEngland.他去英國了。（尚未回來）Mr.Wangisn'there．HehasgonetoQingdao.王先生不在這里。他去青島了。=2\*GB3②have/hasbeento意為“曾經(jīng)去過某地”(表示人的經(jīng)歷)，現(xiàn)在已不在那里了，后可接次數(shù)，如once，twice，threetimes等，表示“去過某地幾次”，也可和just，never，ever等連用。如：我父親去過北京兩次。___________________________.我從未去過長城。___________________________你去過倫敦幾次？___________________________★have/hasbeenin表示一直呆在某地,常與時間段搭配，如：ShehasbeeninBeijingfornearlytwoweeks.（此時仍在北京）你在這個學(xué)校多久了？___________________________分類記不規(guī)則動詞表（原形—過去式—過去分詞）=1\*GB4㈠A--A—A型spread—spread—spreadcost—cost—costteach—taught—taughtcut—cut—cuttell—told—toldhit—hit—hitthink—thought--thoughthurt—hurt—hurtunderstand—understood—understoodlet—let—letwake—woke/waked—woke/wakedput—put—putwin—won—wonread—read—read=4\*GB4㈣A—B—C型set—set—set(1)A—B—B+en/nshut—shut—shutbeat—beat--beaten=2\*GB4㈡A—B—A型break—broke--brokenbecome—became—becomechoose—chose--chosencome—came—comeforget—forgot—forgottenrunranrunfreeze—froze—frozen=3\*GB4㈢A—B—B型hide—hid--hiddenbring—brought—broughtspeak—spoke—spokenbuild—built—builtwear—wore—wornbuy—bought—boughttear—tore—tornsteal—stole--stolencatch—caught—caught(2)A—B—A+n/endig—dug—dugblow—blew--blownfeel—felt—feltfight—fought—foughtdraw—drew--drawnfind—found—founddrive—drove--drivenget—got—goteat—ate--eatenhang—hung/hanged—hung/hangedfall—fell—fallenhave/has—had—hadgive—gave—givenhear—heard—heardgrow—grew—grownhold—held—heldknow—knew—knownkeep—kept—keptmistake—mistook—mistakenlay—laid—laidride—rode--riddenlearn—learnt/learned—learnt/learnedrise—rose—risenleave—left—leftsee—saw—seenlend—lent—lentshow—showed—shownlose—lost—losttake—took—takenshake—shook--shakenmake—made—made