存儲(chǔ)與搬運(yùn)決策StorageandHandlingDecisionsChapter12“Perfectionisnotattainable,butifwechaseperfection,wecatchexcellence.”VinceLombardiCR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.1產(chǎn)品計(jì)劃三角形ProductinthePlanningTriangleCR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.PLANNINGORGANIZINGCONTROLLINGTransportStrategy?Transportfundamentals?TransportdecisionsCustomerservicegoals?Theproduct?Logisticsservice?Oc.&info.sys.InventoryStrategy?Forecasting?Inventorydecisions?Purchasingandsupplyschedulingdecisions?Storagefundamentals?StoragedecisionsLocationStrategy?Locationdecisions?Thenetworkplanningprocess計(jì)劃組織控制TransportStrategy?Transportfundamentals?TransportdecisionsCustomerservicegoals?Theproduct?Logisticsservice?Oc.&info.sys.InventoryStrategy?Forecasting?Inventorydecisions?Purchasingandsupplyschedulingdecisions?Storagefundamentals?StoragedecisionsLocationStrategy?Locationdecisions?Thenetworkplanningprocess庫(kù)存戰(zhàn)略預(yù)測(cè)客戶服務(wù)目標(biāo)采購(gòu)和供應(yīng)時(shí)間決策存儲(chǔ)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)存儲(chǔ)決策產(chǎn)品物流服務(wù)訂單管理和信息系統(tǒng)庫(kù)存決策運(yùn)輸戰(zhàn)略運(yùn)輸基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)運(yùn)輸決策選址戰(zhàn)略選址決策網(wǎng)絡(luò)規(guī)劃流程2Storage/HandlingDecisionsinInventoryStrategyPLANNINGORGANIZINGCONTROLLINGTransportStrategy?Transportfundamentals?TransportdecisionsCustomerservicegoals?Theproduct?Logisticsservice?Oc.&info.sys.InventoryStrategy?Forecasting?Inventorydecisions?Purchasingandsupplyschedulingdecisions?Storagefundamentals?StoragedecisionsLocationStrategy?Locationdecisions?ThenetworkplanningprocessPLANNINGORGANIZINGCONTROLLINGTransportStrategy?Transportfundamentals?TransportdecisionsCustomerservicegoals?Theproduct?Logisticsservice?Oc.&info.sys.InventoryStrategy?Forecasting?Inventorydecisions?Purchasingandsupplyschedulingdecisions?Storagefundamentals?Storage/handlingdecisionsLocationStrategy?Locationdecisions?ThenetworkplanningprocessCR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.3存儲(chǔ)決策StorageDecisions12.1選址SiteSelection·

Findsaspecificrealestatesiteasastoragelocation·

Weightedchecklistisagoodapproach.Recall,FactorMarginalFactorsWeightsscoresscore125102919............124832

Weightedscore2864StorageDecisions(Cont’d)CR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.512.2設(shè)計(jì)與運(yùn)作規(guī)劃12.2.1確定設(shè)施的規(guī)模簡(jiǎn)單地說(shuō)，規(guī)模是指?jìng)}庫(kù)建筑的總?cè)莘e——長(zhǎng)、寬和高。1.無(wú)趨勢(shì)規(guī)模確定問題2.有趨勢(shì)規(guī)模確定3.對(duì)規(guī)模確定方法的評(píng)述6Spacerequirements,sq.ft.RentedspacePrivately-operatedspaceTimeMixedStrategyforWarehouseSpaceNeedforsomespaceisseasonalCR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.12-57DeterminationofaMixedWarehouseStrategyfora60,000sq.ft.Privately-OperatedWarehousePrivatespaceexceededCR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.8設(shè)備配置? 配置在一個(gè)高吞吐量的設(shè)備中影響處理成本，但不重要? 正方形或長(zhǎng)方形的形狀是最好的。L形的設(shè)計(jì)差，除非使用輸送機(jī)。?對(duì)高吞吐量的設(shè)施單層設(shè)計(jì)是流行的，并且土地成本不太高9StorageDecisions(Cont’d)CR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.10空間布局局在建筑物物中配置置儲(chǔ)物架架和過道道空間布局局影響建建筑規(guī)模模和尺寸寸站臺(tái)布置置由建筑物物的側(cè)邊邊和需要要的卡車車數(shù)量決決定11StorageDecisions(Cont’d)CR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.12設(shè)施評(píng)價(jià)價(jià)FacilityEvaluation假設(shè)圣路路易斯的的某倉(cāng)庫(kù)庫(kù)考慮降降低制造造商和顧顧客之間間的運(yùn)輸輸成本。。目前的的出貨量量直接來(lái)來(lái)自紐約約的制造造商。在在倉(cāng)庫(kù)有有10美美元/擔(dān)擔(dān)的處理理成本。。DirectshipmentsCR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.13設(shè)施評(píng)價(jià)價(jià)FacilityEvaluationSupposeapoolpointatSt.Louisisbeingconsideredtolowertransportationcostsbetweenmanufactureranditscustomers.Shipmentscurrentlyaremadedirectlyfromthemanufacturer’sinventoryinNewYork.Thereisa$10/cwt.handlingchargeatthepoolpoint.DirectshipmentsCR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.14FacilityEvaluation(Cont’d)ShipmentsthroughpoolpointNow,addhandlingcostof$10/cwt.400cwt.=$4,000foratotalcostof$15,472+4,000=$19,472.ConclusionNobenefittousingthepoolpoint.CR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.15WhenisaPoolPointLikelytobeanAdvantage?當(dāng)裝運(yùn)規(guī)規(guī)模小當(dāng)需求短短缺當(dāng)運(yùn)輸?shù)牡慕?jīng)濟(jì)性性是重要要的當(dāng)池點(diǎn)（（中轉(zhuǎn)庫(kù)庫(kù)）的運(yùn)運(yùn)營(yíng)成本本相對(duì)于于運(yùn)輸成成本比較較低對(duì)服務(wù)而而言，轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)時(shí)間間不重要要CR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.16WhenisaPoolPointLikelytobeanAdvantage?WhenshipmentsizesaresmallWhendemandisfarfromsourcepointsWhentransportationrateeconomiesaresignificantWhenpoolpointoperatingcostsarelowrelativetotransportationcostsWhentransfertimesareinsignificanttoserviceCR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.1712.3物料搬搬運(yùn)系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)控制成本本搬運(yùn)通常常是勞動(dòng)動(dòng)密集型型活動(dòng)原則成本本降低通通過以下下途徑：：減少搬運(yùn)運(yùn)距離一次性處處理單位位數(shù)量增增加一次訂單單，一次次揀貨提高儲(chǔ)存存密度18降低成本本也可以以通過以以下活動(dòng)動(dòng)實(shí)現(xiàn)：：精心規(guī)劃劃建筑物物的物理理布局訂單置于于分揀區(qū)區(qū)自動(dòng)化或或者輔助助機(jī)械取取代人力力通過計(jì)算算機(jī)系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)幫助計(jì)計(jì)劃建筑筑物內(nèi)的的工作流流程19HandlingDecisionsCR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.20物料搬運(yùn)運(yùn)系統(tǒng)選選擇管理層在在確定物物料搬運(yùn)運(yùn)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)進(jìn)行分析析中，應(yīng)應(yīng)考慮的的問題：：（1）外外部的物物料搬運(yùn)運(yùn)系統(tǒng)（（例如托托盤的使使用）（2）倉(cāng)倉(cāng)庫(kù)設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)對(duì)設(shè)備備的選擇擇限制（3）系系統(tǒng)內(nèi)貨貨物性質(zhì)質(zhì)和規(guī)模模對(duì)設(shè)備備選擇的的影響（4）貨貨物的特特性是系系統(tǒng)選擇擇的決定定性因素素（5）為為了應(yīng)付付意外情情況而留留出的余余地也會(huì)會(huì)影響系系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)。21物料搬運(yùn)運(yùn)系統(tǒng)選選擇確定因素素：自動(dòng)化水水平托盤尺寸寸存儲(chǔ)數(shù)量量吞吐量水水平產(chǎn)品特性性應(yīng)急計(jì)劃劃金融分析析處理系系統(tǒng)的方方案22HandlingDecisions(Cont’d)CR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.23產(chǎn)品布局局的決策策1.存貨貨布局2.存貨貨的排列列3.庫(kù)存存定位法法24存貨布局局的方法法一、往返返揀貨二、揀貨貨員制定定路徑三、指定定每位工工作人員員的揀貨貨區(qū)，揀揀貨員在在其工作作區(qū)域內(nèi)內(nèi)使用往往返揀貨貨或揀貨貨員制定定路徑的的方式進(jìn)進(jìn)行揀貨貨25HandlingDecisions(Cont’d)CR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.26體積-訂訂單指數(shù)數(shù)儲(chǔ)存貨物物所需的的平均空空間（立立方英尺尺）與該該貨物的的日平均均訂單數(shù)數(shù)量的比比值。數(shù)值低的的貨物應(yīng)應(yīng)盡可能能靠近出出貨點(diǎn)放放置。27HandlingDecisions(Cont’d)·Cube-per-orderindex·Layoutexample-Bypopularity-Bycube-ByCPOThecube-per-orderindexistheratioofaproduct’saveragerequiredcubicfootageforstoragetotheaveragenumberofdailyordersonwhichtheitemisrequested.Theproductswiththelowestindexvaluearelocatednearesttheoutbounddock.CR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.28

Product

(1)

ItemSize,

cu.ft.

(2)

Expected

Numberof

Orders/Yr.

(3)

Average

Inventory,

Units

(4)=(2)/250

Average

Number

ofDaily

Ordersa

(5)=(1)′(3)

Required

Storage

Space,

cu.ft.

(6)=(5)/(4)

Cube-

Per-Order

Index

A

6.0

6,750

800

27

4,800

177.8

B

4.0

15,750

16,000

63

64,000

1015.9

C

1.0

11,250

25,120

45

25,120

558.2

D

8.0

25,500

18,600

102

148,800

1458.8

E

3.0

17,750

12,533

71

37,599

529.6

F

5.0

3,500

3,936

14

19,680

1405.7

G

15.0

6,250

907

25

13,605

544.2

Totals

86,750

77,896

313,604

aBasedon250sellingdaysperyear

ProductLayoutExampleBasicdataBycubeByCPOBypopularityCR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.12-2929DDF,DDInboundraildockC,BB,FA,EE,G,CLayoutbyCPOLowestindexvaluesOutboundtruckdockHighestindexvalues30活動(dòng)分析析布局按活動(dòng)刻刻畫法得得出的一一個(gè)高吞吞吐量倉(cāng)倉(cāng)庫(kù)的區(qū)區(qū)域布局局高吞吐量量的藥品品儲(chǔ)存庫(kù)庫(kù)的布局局返品大宗散貨貨促銷商品品保稅貨物物整箱貨散箱貨收貨31LayoutbyActivityProfilingDatamineorderstodetermineactivitydistributions.Layoutwarehousespaceaccordingtoactivitylevels.Ahigh-throughputwarehouselayoutfordrugstorereplenishment高吞吐量量的藥品品儲(chǔ)存庫(kù)庫(kù)的布局局3212.4訂單-揀貨操操作提高搬運(yùn)運(yùn)效率的的訂單處處理產(chǎn)品排序序揀貨員分分區(qū)訂單分割割貨物批量量處理CR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.33HandlingDecisions(Cont’d)存儲(chǔ)安排排StockArrangement廣場(chǎng)布局局On-the-squarelayout角盤布局局AngularpalletplacementCR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.34HandlingDecisions(Cont’d)OrderhandlingforincreasedhandlingefficiencyProductsequencingonpickerlistPickerzoningandthe““bucketbrigade”O(jiān)rdersplittingMultipleorderpickingperpickingpassStockArrangementOn-the-squarelayoutAngularpalletplacementCR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.35(a)On-the-squarepalletplacementStoragebayCenterlineofaisle(b)

AngularpalletplacementStoragebayCenterlineofaislePalletLayoutinWarehousesTop-downviewofstoragebays36HandlingDecisions(Cont’’d)IncreasescubeutilizationStockArrangement·

On-the-squarepalletlayout·

Angularpalletlayout存儲(chǔ)定位識(shí)別法Stocklocator-identificationmethods·

固定定位器識(shí)別法Fixedlocator-identificationmethod·

隨機(jī)定位識(shí)別方法Randomlocator-identificationmethod·

區(qū)域定位ZonelocationCR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.37HandlingDecisions(Cont’’d)IncreasescubeutilizationStockArrangement·

On-the-squarepalletlayout·

AngularpalletlayoutStocklocator-identificationmethods·

Fixedlocator-identificationmethod·

Randomlocator-identificationmethod·

ZonelocationCR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.38EquipmentSelectionOne-timepurchaseofequipmentofdifferenttypescanbedecidedonbasisofpresentvalueanalysis,orbyselectingthealternativewiththelowestNPV.whereNPV=netpresentvalueofequipmentoveritsusefullife($)I=initialinvestment($)C=annualoperatingcost($)i=thediscount,orhurdle,ratethatsuchinvestmentsareexpectedtoreturnSn=salvagevalueinyearn($)n=usefullifeoftheequipment(years)CR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.39EquipmentSelection(Cont’’d)ProblemTwotypeAforklifttruckscandothesameworkasthreetypeBtrucks.Additionaldataare:CR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.40EquipmentSelection(Cont’’d)SolutionSolvetheNPVequationforthetwoalternatives.FortrucktypeA,FortrucktypeB,ChoosetwotypeAtrucksCR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.41EquipmentReplacementAfinancialproblemAlternativesarecomparedthroughpresentvalueanalysisTypicaldesignconcernsdifferingdegreesofautomation,capacity,andequipmentlife.ExampleAforklifttruckthatcosts$3,000andrequires$200tooperateinitsfirstyear,butoperatingcostsincreaseattherateof$30peryearsquaredthereafter.Technologicalimprovementreducesoperatingcostsby$20peryear.Thenormallifeofatruckis10yearsandthetruckcanbesoldforitsremainingundepreciatedvalue.Adiscou